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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Grenl A, Blasi B. Meta-Analysis and Systematic Literature Review of the Genus Pneumocystis in Pet, Farm, Zoo, and Wild Mammal Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1081. [PMID: 37998885 PMCID: PMC10672670 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic literature search on Pneumocystis in 276 pet, farm, zoo, and wild mammal species resulted in 124 publications originating from 38 countries that were analyzed descriptively and statistically, for which inclusion and exclusion criteria were exactly defined. The range of recorded Pneumocystis prevalence was broad, yet in half of the citations a prevalence of ≤25% was documented. Prevalence was significantly dependent on the method used for Pneumocystis detection, with PCR revealing the highest percentages. Pet animals showed the lowest median Pneumocystis prevalence, followed by farm, wild, and zoo animals. In contrast, pet and farm animals showed higher proportions of high-grade infection levels compared to zoo and wild mammals. Only in individual cases, all of them associated with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia, was an underlying immunosuppression confirmed. Acquired immunosuppression caused by other diseases was frequently discussed, but its significance, especially in highly immunosuppressive cases, needs to be clarified. This meta-analysis supported a potential influence of the social and environmental factors of the host on Pneumocystis transmission in wildlife, which must be further elucidated, as well as the genetic diversity of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.G.); (B.B.)
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Weiss V, Weidinger P, Matt J, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Nowotny N, Weissenböck H. Rustrela Virus-Associated Encephalomyelitis ('Staggering Disease') in Cats from Eastern Austria, 1994-2016. Viruses 2023; 15:1621. [PMID: 37631964 PMCID: PMC10458416 DOI: 10.3390/v15081621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical cases of 'staggering disease', a nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis associated with gait abnormalities in cats, have been documented for decades in Sweden. In Austria, an increased incidence was observed in the 1990s. Only recently, rustrela virus (RusV) was identified as the causative agent of this clinicopathologic disease entity. In this retrospective study, we analyzed a total of 23 brain and spinal cord samples from Austrian cats with the pathohistological diagnosis of nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis and clinical signs consistent with staggering disease from 1994 to 2016 using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and in situ hybridization. We were able to detect RusV nucleic acids in seven of the examined samples. Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) could be excluded in all cases via immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR. This study confirms that RusV has been a relevant etiological agent of nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis of cats in a geographically and temporally limited disease cluster in Austria, mainly in the 1990s. The geographic distribution of the positive samples in this study is consistent with earlier reports on 'staggering disease' in Austria. Further studies are necessary to confirm the reservoir host of 'staggering disease' in Austria, as well as investigations on the disappearance of this disease and its possible zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Weiss
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.W.); (J.M.); (C.W.-L.)
| | - Pia Weidinger
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.W.); (N.N.)
| | - Julia Matt
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.W.); (J.M.); (C.W.-L.)
| | | | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (P.W.); (N.N.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (V.W.); (J.M.); (C.W.-L.)
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3
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Bertram CA, Marzahl C, Bartel A, Stayt J, Bonsembiante F, Beeler-Marfisi J, Barton AK, Brocca G, Gelain ME, Gläsel A, du Preez K, Weiler K, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Breininger K, Aubreville M, Maier A, Klopfleisch R, Hill J. Cytologic scoring of equine exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage: Performance of human experts and a deep learning-based algorithm. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:75-85. [PMID: 36384369 PMCID: PMC9827485 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221137582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is a relevant respiratory disease in sport horses, which can be diagnosed by examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells using the total hemosiderin score (THS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility of annotators and to validate a deep learning-based algorithm for the THS. Digitized cytological specimens stained for iron were prepared from 52 equine BALF samples. Ten annotators produced a THS for each slide according to published methods. The reference methods for comparing annotator's and algorithmic performance included a ground truth dataset, the mean annotators' THSs, and chemical iron measurements. Results of the study showed that annotators had marked interobserver variability of the THS, which was mostly due to a systematic error between annotators in grading the intracytoplasmatic hemosiderin content of individual macrophages. Regarding overall measurement error between the annotators, 87.7% of the variance could be reduced by using standardized grades based on the ground truth. The algorithm was highly consistent with the ground truth in assigning hemosiderin grades. Compared with the ground truth THS, annotators had an accuracy of diagnosing EIPH (THS of < or ≥ 75) of 75.7%, whereas, the algorithm had an accuracy of 92.3% with no relevant differences in correlation with chemical iron measurements. The results show that deep learning-based algorithms are useful for improving reproducibility and routine applicability of the THS. For THS by experts, a diagnostic uncertainty interval of 40 to 110 is proposed. THSs within this interval have insufficient reproducibility regarding the EIPH diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof A. Bertram
- University of Veterinary Medicine
Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin,
Germany
| | - Christian Marzahl
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika
AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin,
Germany
- Alexander Bartel, Department of Veterinary
Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie
Universität Berlin, Koenigsweg 67, Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jason Stayt
- Novavet Diagnostics, Bayswater, Western
Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Agnes Gläsel
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen,
Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Maier
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Hill
- Novavet Diagnostics, Bayswater, Western
Australia
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Reif J, Renzhammer R, Brunthaler R, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Auer A, Kreutzmann H, Fux R, Ladinig A, Unterweger C. Reproductive failure in an Austrian piglet-producing farm due to porcine circovirus genotype 2d. Acta Vet Hung 2022. [PMID: 35895490 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Infections of pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can lead to various clinical conditions including reproductive disorders (PCV2-RD). In general, a transplacental infection of fetuses leads to mummification and stillbirth. So far, PCV2-RD has mainly been described in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) herds or farms with a high proportion of gilts. From December 2018 to February 2019, a high abundance of mummified fetuses (15.5%) was observed in two farrowing groups in an Austrian piglet-producing farm. PCV2 DNA was detected using qPCR in organs of all six investigated fetuses (2.07 × 108-1.09 × 1012 PCV2) genome equivalents/g tissue and via in situ hybridisation in organs from five fetuses, while histologic lesions were not observed in a single fetal heart. All isolates were sequenced and identified as PCV2d. After the implementation of a regular vaccination of all sows against PCV2, the abundance of mummified fetuses dropped to 3.5% in May 2019. In contrast to previous reports about PCV2-RD, this farm was neither an SPF herd nor a start-up herd with a high proportion of gilts. The implementation of regular PCV2 vaccination helped to reduce the abundance of mummified fetuses substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Reif
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - René Renzhammer
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - René Brunthaler
- 2 Institute of Pathology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- 2 Institute of Pathology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Auer
- 3 Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Fux
- 4 Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Unterweger
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Strohmayer C, Klang A, Kummer S, Walter I, Jindra C, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Redmer T, Kneissl S, Brandt S. Tumor Cell Plasticity in Equine Papillomavirus-Positive Versus-Negative Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020266. [PMID: 35215208 PMCID: PMC8875230 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is a common malignant tumor in humans and animals. In humans, papillomavirus (PV)-induced HNSCCs have a better prognosis than papillomavirus-unrelated HNSCCs. The ability of tumor cells to switch from epithelial to mesenchymal, endothelial, or therapy-resistant stem-cell-like phenotypes promotes disease progression and metastasis. In equine HNSCC, PV-association and tumor cell phenotype switching are poorly understood. We screened 49 equine HNSCCs for equine PV (EcPV) type 2, 3 and 5 infection. Subsequently, PV-positive versus -negative lesions were analyzed for expression of selected epithelial (keratins, β-catenin), mesenchymal (vimentin), endothelial (COX-2), and stem-cell markers (CD271, CD44) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF; keratins/vimentin, CD44/CD271 double-staining) to address tumor cell plasticity in relation to PV infection. Only EcPV2 PCR scored positive for 11/49 equine HNSCCs. IHC and IF from 11 EcPV2-positive and 11 EcPV2-negative tumors revealed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition events, with vimentin-positive cells ranging between <10 and >50%. CD44- and CD271-staining disclosed the intralesional presence of infiltrative tumor cell fronts and double-positive tumor cell subsets independently of the PV infection status. Our findings are indicative of (partial) epithelial–mesenchymal transition events giving rise to hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal and stem-cell-like tumor cell phenotypes in equine HNSCCs and suggest CD44 and CD271 as potential malignancy markers that merit to be further explored in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Strohmayer
- Clinical Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Andrea Klang
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.K.); (C.W.-L.)
| | - Stefan Kummer
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.K.); (I.W.)
| | - Ingrid Walter
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.K.); (I.W.)
- Institute of Morphology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.K.); (C.W.-L.)
| | - Torben Redmer
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Sibylle Kneissl
- Clinical Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-12-5077-5308
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Blasi B, Sipos W, Knecht C, Dürlinger S, Ma L, Cissé OH, Nedorost N, Matt J, Weissenböck H, Weissenbacher-Lang C. Pneumocystis spp. in Pigs: A Longitudinal Quantitative Study and Co-Infection Assessment in Austrian Farms. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010043. [PMID: 35049984 PMCID: PMC8779942 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While Pneumocystis has been recognized as both a ubiquitous commensal fungus in immunocompetent mammalian hosts and a major opportunistic pathogen in humans responsible for severe pneumonias in immunocompromised patients, in pigs its epidemiology and association with pulmonary diseases have been rarely reported. Nevertheless, the fungus can be quite abundant in porcine populations with up to 51% of prevalence reported so far. The current study was undertaken to longitudinally quantify Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. suis and other pulmonary pathogens in a cohort of 50 pigs from five Austrian farms (i.e., 10 pigs per farm) with a history of respiratory disease at five time points between the first week and the fourth month of life. The fungus was present as early as the suckling period (16% and 26% of the animals in the first and the third week, respectively), yet not in a high amount. Over time, both the organism load (highest 4.4 × 105 copies/mL) and prevalence (up to 88% of positive animals in the third month) increased in each farm. The relative prevalence of various coinfection patterns was significantly different over time. The current study unravelled a complex co-infection history involving Pneumocystis and other pulmonary pathogens in pigs, suggesting a relevant role of the fungus in the respiratory disease scenario of this host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Blasi
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (B.B.); (N.N.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Wolfgang Sipos
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (W.S.); (C.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Christian Knecht
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (W.S.); (C.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Sophie Dürlinger
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (W.S.); (C.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Liang Ma
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.M.); (O.H.C.)
| | - Ousmane H. Cissé
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.M.); (O.H.C.)
| | - Nora Nedorost
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (B.B.); (N.N.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Julia Matt
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (B.B.); (N.N.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (B.B.); (N.N.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (B.B.); (N.N.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(1)-25077-2413
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7
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Weissenböck H, Ebinger A, Gager AM, Thaller D, Höper D, Lichtmannsperger K, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Matt J, Beer M. A novel enterovirus in lambs with poliomyelitis and brain stem encephalitis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:227-234. [PMID: 34874614 PMCID: PMC9305294 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An Austrian organic dairy sheep farm experienced cases of recumbency and sudden deaths in 3- to 4-week-old lambs. Two animals were subjected to thorough clinical and pathological investigations. Pathohistological analysis identified severe nonsuppurative myelitis and mild nonsuppurative encephalitis. A reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for the recently discovered ovine picornavirus causing comparable lesions scored negative. By next-generation sequencing-based metagenomics, a nearly complete genome of a novel enterovirus could be detected and assembled. In situ hybridization using a specifically designed probe revealed robust signals in affected motoneurons of the spinal cord suggesting a causative role of the novel virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnt Ebinger
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Gager
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Thaller
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Matt
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald, Germany
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8
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Kureljušić B, Savić B, Milićević V, Jezdimirović N, Radanović O, Žutić J, Weissenbacher-Lang C. Investigation of possible aetiological/triggering factors in porcine ear necrosis syndrome at a farrow-to-feeder pig system. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:161-168. [PMID: 34106876 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At a commercial farrow-to-feeder pig system with 2,100 sows in Serbia, lesions resembling porcine ear necrosis syndrome were observed in 80% of the weaned pigs at 45-50 days of age. Pathomorphological examinations were carried out on 10 pigs that had been found dead. The gross lesions ranged from mild, superficial dermatitis to severe, deep inflammation with exudation, ulceration and necrosis. Histopathological examination revealed erosive and ulcerative dermatitis of the pinna with neutrophilic and lymphocytic infiltration and bacterial colonies in the crusts. Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA strain), Staphylococcus hyicus and Streptococcus group C were cultivated from eight, S. hyicus from two ear tissue scraping samples. All 10 samples were positive for treponemes and phylogenetic analysis of two polymerase chain reaction products confirmed the relationship to Treponema (T.) medium/vincentii and Treponema pedis. Treponemes were also detected in seven oral swabs that were analysed to obtain evidence of the transmission of this bacterium by ear biting. The contribution of non-infectious factors to this misbehaviour could not be ruled out as the crude protein concentration of the feed was inappropriate and the climate of the pig house was suboptimal. The concentrations of selected mycotoxins in the feed were not elevated. However, the contribution of both infectious and non-infectious factors to the onset of disease was most probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Kureljušić
- 1Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Božidar Savić
- 1Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Milićević
- 1Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Jezdimirović
- 1Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Oliver Radanović
- 1Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jadranka Žutić
- 1Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Unterweger C, Brunthaler R, Auer A, Fux R, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Ladinig A. Reconsideration of the diagnostic criteria required for PCV2 reproductive disease. Vet J 2021; 272:105660. [PMID: 33941334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes a variety of clinical conditions including PCV2-associated reproductive disease (PCV2-RD) characterized by late term abortions and mummifications. The generally accepted diagnostic triad includes the presence of reproductive disorders, the histopathological finding of myocarditis, and detection of moderate to high viral loads within the heart tissue. A new threshold of 109 PCV2 genome equivalents (GE)/g heart tissue is suggested to fulfil the third criterion using the diagnostic settings of quantitative real time PCR and in situ hybridization of 30 fetal heart tissues. The need to identify histopathological lesions in fetal heart tissue appears to be invalid or overestimated in confirming a diagnosis of PCV2-RD, at least at the individual fetus level. The highest viral loads (1012 GE/g tissue) were detected in autolyzed and mummified piglets and were identified as PCV2d, although concurrent detection of PCV2d + a and PCV2d + b also occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Unterweger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - R Brunthaler
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Auer
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Fux
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department for Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - C Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Cissé OH, Ma L, Dekker JP, Khil PP, Youn JH, Brenchley JM, Blair R, Pahar B, Chabé M, Van Rompay KKA, Keesler R, Sukura A, Hirsch V, Kutty G, Liu Y, Peng L, Chen J, Song J, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Xu J, Upham NS, Stajich JE, Cuomo CA, Cushion MT, Kovacs JA. Genomic insights into the host specific adaptation of the Pneumocystis genus. Commun Biol 2021; 4:305. [PMID: 33686174 PMCID: PMC7940399 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii, the fungal agent of human Pneumocystis pneumonia, is closely related to macaque Pneumocystis. Little is known about other Pneumocystis species in distantly related mammals, none of which are capable of establishing infection in humans. The molecular basis of host specificity in Pneumocystis remains unknown as experiments are limited due to an inability to culture any species in vitro. To explore Pneumocystis evolutionary adaptations, we have sequenced the genomes of species infecting macaques, rabbits, dogs and rats and compared them to available genomes of species infecting humans, mice and rats. Complete whole genome sequence data enables analysis and robust phylogeny, identification of important genetic features of the host adaptation, and estimation of speciation timing relative to the rise of their mammalian hosts. Our data reveals insights into the evolution of P. jirovecii, the sole member of the genus able to infect humans. Cissé, Ma et al. utilize genomic data from Pneumocystis species infecting macaques, rabbit, dogs and rats to investigate the molecular basis of host specificity in Pneumocystis. Their analyses provide insight to the specific adaptations enabling the infection of humans by P. jirovecii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousmane H Cissé
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Liang Ma
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - John P Dekker
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pavel P Khil
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jung-Ho Youn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Robert Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Magali Chabé
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rebekah Keesler
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Antti Sukura
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vanessa Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Geetha Kutty
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Song
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nathan S Upham
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, ARI, USA
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside-California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Christina A Cuomo
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Melanie T Cushion
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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11
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Schmal-Filius E, Nedorost N, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Weissenböck H. A retrospective study on the presence of selected infectious agents in lung samples of cats with pneumonia. Acta Vet Hung 2020; 68:275-284. [PMID: 33221738 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The causative role of some infectious agents found in cases of feline pneumonia is under debate, because they are also part of the physiological microbiota of the respiratory tract of healthy animals. In this retrospective study, archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-wax-embedded lung samples of 69 severe and lethal cases of pneumonia in cats were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the detection of nine selected infectious agents: Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma felis, M. gateae, Chlamydia felis, feline herpesvirus type 1, feline coronavirus, canine distemper virus, and Toxoplasma gondii. The intention was to elucidate their immediate involvement in pneumonia formation. Due to the cross-reactivity of the applied antibodies, a species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for both targeted Mycoplasma species was applied additionally. In the 42 cases (60.9%) positive for at least one pathogen, several agents were present in a high proportion of the samples (P. multocida - 34.8%, B. bronchiseptica - 29.0%), while others were present in a moderate (feline herpesvirus type 1 - 18.8%, M. gateae - 13.0%, M. felis - 10.1%) or low percentage (T. gondii - 1.4%). All samples were negative for C. felis, feline coronavirus and canine distemper virus. Mixed infections of up to four pathogens were more frequent than single infections. Mycoplasma preferably colonised lung tissue damaged by other pathogens because they never occurred as single infections. Pasteurella multocida, B. bronchiseptica, M. felis, feline herpesvirus type 1 and T. gondii showed abundant replication within lung lesions, thus suggesting a prominent role in pneumonia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schmal-Filius
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Nedorost
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Ma L, Chen Z, Huang DW, Cissé OH, Rothenburger JL, Latinne A, Bishop L, Blair R, Brenchley JM, Chabé M, Deng X, Hirsch V, Keesler R, Kutty G, Liu Y, Margolis D, Morand S, Pahar B, Peng L, Van Rompay KKA, Song X, Song J, Sukura A, Thapar S, Wang H, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Xu J, Lee CH, Jardine C, Lempicki RA, Cushion MT, Cuomo CA, Kovacs JA. Diversity and Complexity of the Large Surface Protein Family in the Compacted Genomes of Multiple Pneumocystis Species. mBio 2020; 11:e02878-19. [PMID: 32127451 PMCID: PMC7064768 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02878-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis, a major opportunistic pathogen in patients with a broad range of immunodeficiencies, contains abundant surface proteins encoded by a multicopy gene family, termed the major surface glycoprotein (Msg) gene superfamily. This superfamily has been identified in all Pneumocystis species characterized to date, highlighting its important role in Pneumocystis biology. In this report, through a comprehensive and in-depth characterization of 459 msg genes from 7 Pneumocystis species, we demonstrate, for the first time, the phylogeny and evolution of conserved domains in Msg proteins and provide a detailed description of the classification, unique characteristics, and phylogenetic relatedness of five Msg families. We further describe, for the first time, the relative expression levels of individual msg families in two rodent Pneumocystis species, the substantial variability of the msg repertoires in P. carinii from laboratory and wild rats, and the distinct features of the expression site for the classic msg genes in Pneumocystis from 8 mammalian host species. Our analysis suggests multiple functions for this superfamily rather than just conferring antigenic variation to allow immune evasion as previously believed. This study provides a rich source of information that lays the foundation for the continued experimental exploration of the functions of the Msg superfamily in Pneumocystis biology.IMPORTANCEPneumocystis continues to be a major cause of disease in humans with immunodeficiency, especially those with HIV/AIDS and organ transplants, and is being seen with increasing frequency worldwide in patients treated with immunodepleting monoclonal antibodies. Annual health care associated with Pneumocystis pneumonia costs ∼$475 million dollars in the United States alone. In addition to causing overt disease in immunodeficient individuals, Pneumocystis can cause subclinical infection or colonization in healthy individuals, which may play an important role in species preservation and disease transmission. Our work sheds new light on the diversity and complexity of the msg superfamily and strongly suggests that the versatility of this superfamily reflects multiple functions, including antigenic variation to allow immune evasion and optimal adaptation to host environmental conditions to promote efficient infection and transmission. These findings are essential to consider in developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zehua Chen
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Leidos BioMedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ousmane H Cissé
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie L Rothenburger
- Department of Pathobiology, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lisa Bishop
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Magali Chabé
- Université Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Xilong Deng
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vanessa Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebekah Keesler
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Geetha Kutty
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Margolis
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Serge Morand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Li Peng
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xiaohong Song
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Song
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Antti Sukura
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sabrina Thapar
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Honghui Wang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chao-Hung Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Claire Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard A Lempicki
- Leidos BioMedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Melanie T Cushion
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christina A Cuomo
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Cuvertoret-Sanz M, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Lunardi M, Brunthaler R, Coma M, Weissenböck H, Segalés J. Coinfection with Entamoeba polecki and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in a pig with severe diarrhea. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:298-302. [PMID: 30741127 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719829800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric disease in pigs is usually of multifactorial etiology, including infectious and non-infectious factors. In many cases of endemic diarrhea in weaner-to-finisher pigs, the combination of 2 or more microorganisms leads to aggravation of intestinal lesions and, consequently, clinical signs. We autopsied a 4-mo-old fattening pig with diarrhea and diagnosed severe fibrinonecrotizing typhlocolitis. Numerous spiral-shaped bacteria and amoeba-like PAS-positive protozoa were observed in the cecal and colonic mucosa and submucosa. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was detected by PCR from colonic content. By in situ hybridization, large numbers of Entamoeba polecki were found within the lamina propria and submucosa; moderate numbers of Blastocystis sp. and scattered trichomonads were present in intestinal content. In addition, Entamoeba polecki, Balantidium spp., Blastocystis sp., and Trichomonas sp. were also detected by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cuvertoret-Sanz
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
| | - Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
| | - Madeleine Lunardi
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
| | - René Brunthaler
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
| | - Mònica Coma
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
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14
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Klang A, Högler S, Nedorost N, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Pákozdy Á, Lang B, Weissenböck H. Hippocampal necrosis and sclerosis in cats: A retrospective study of 35 cases. Acta Vet Hung 2018; 66:269-280. [PMID: 29958521 DOI: 10.1556/004.2018.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal necrosis and hippocampal sclerosis in cats is a neuropathological entity which is a major concern in feline epilepsy. The aim of our study was to identify associated pathologic brain lesions possibly serving as aetiological triggers in this condition. Therefore, the formalin-fixed and paraffin waxembedded brain tissue of 35 cats diagnosed with hippocampal necrosis or sclerosis was examined retrospectively. In 26 cats inflammatory infiltrates could be found in the hippocampus or adjacent brain regions. Fifteen out of these animals demonstrated mild to moderate infiltrations by lymphocytes and complement deposition in the hippocampus similar to human limbic encephalitis, seven showed unspecific, predominantly non-suppurative inflammation, and two demonstrated suppurative inflammation of the hippocampus or adjacent brain regions. Additionally, one cat was diagnosed with central nervous manifestation of feline infectious peritonitis virus and another one with cerebral Toxoplasma gondii infection. Intracranial neoplasia was present in five cases altogether. Three of them comprised meningioma which was present additionally to lesions resembling limbic encephalitis in two cases, and a dentate gyrus alteration in one case. The other two tumour-associated cases comprised oligodendroglioma. Structural alterations of the dentate gyrus together with hippocampal sclerosis were encountered in three cases in total. Besides the case associated with a meningioma, one case demonstrated lesions resembling limbic encephalitis. A vascular infarct in the temporal lobe was encountered in one cat. In four cases no lesions other than hippocampal necrosis or sclerosis were found. The involvement of feline immunodeficiency virus infections, which may be able to produce hippocampal lesions, was not encountered in the cats examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Klang
- 1 Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Högler
- 1 Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Nedorost
- 1 Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- 1 Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ákos Pákozdy
- 2 Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clinical Department of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bethan Lang
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, England
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- 1 Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Herbich E, Ladinig A, Griessler A, Ritzmann M, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Hennig-Pauka I, Heissenberger B. Feldstudie zur simultanen Vakzination gegen das porzine Circovirus Typ 2 und Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Ziel war zu prüfen, ob die an einer oder zwei Injektionsstellen durchgeführte simultane Applikation zweier Vakzinen gegen das porzine Circovirus Typ 2 (PCV2) bzw. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo.) bei Saugferkeln ebenso wirksam ist wie die Verabreichung der einzelnen Impfstoffe. Material und Methoden: 598 Ferkel bildeten bei gemischter Aufstallung fünf Versuchsgruppen. Das Plazebo Porcilis® Diluvac forte sowie die Vakzinen Porcilis® M HYO („M HYO“) und Porcilis® PCV („PCV“) wurden jeweils in der 1. und 3. Lebenswoche (LW) wie folgt appliziert: Gruppe A: Plazebo/PCV, Gruppe B: M HYO/M HYO, Gruppe C: Plazebo/Plazebo, Gruppe D: M HYO/M HYO + PCV (kombinierte Einzeldosis), Gruppe E: Plazebo/M HYO + PCV (getrennte Injektionsstellen). Die Wirkung der simultanen Impfung wurde anhand von Tageszunahmen, pathomorphologischer Lungenveränderungen, Morbidität, Mortaliät und der Immunantwort gegen die verwendeten Antigene bestimmt. Die Verträglichkeit der simultanen Vakzination wurde anhand lokaler und systemischer Impfreaktionen bewertet. Ergebnisse: Die phasenweise schlechte Bestandsgesundheit, bedingt durch Saugferkeldurchfälle (n = 111) in der 1.–3. LW, ließ sich nicht eindeutig mit PCV2 in Zusammenhang bringen. Dennoch zeigten alle geimpften Tiere tendenziell höhere Tageszunahmen als die Kontrolltiere. Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen hinsichtlich Lungenveränderungen, Morbidität und Mortalität waren nicht signifikant. M.-hyo.- und PCV2-spezifische Antikörpertiter lagen bei geimpften Tieren signifikant höher als bei nicht geimpften. Bei je einem Ferkel der Gruppen A (PCV2) und C (Plazebo) kam es zu lokalen Impfreaktionen. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: In Betrieben mit suboptimaler Bestandsgesundheit lässt sich ein positiver Effekt beider Impfungen nachweisen. Die simultane Impfung gegen PCV2 und M. hyo. hatte keine negativen Auswirkungen. In Bezug auf die Steigerung der durchschnittlichen Tageszunahmen war der Effekt der simultanen Impfungen dem der Einzelimpfungen gleichwertig. Der Einsatz der Simultanimpfung gegen M. hyo. und PCV2, der Vorteile hinsichtlich Arbeitsaufwand und Tierschutz bringt, kann daher in der Praxis befürwortet werden.
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16
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Guija-De-Arespacochaga A, Klang A, Weissenböck H, Künzel F. Pneumocystosis in dogs: meta-analysis of 43 published cases including clinical signs, diagnostic procedures, and treatment. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:26-35. [PMID: 29145787 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717742429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated 43 published cases of dogs with confirmed Pneumocystis infection regarding the value of clinical parameters indicating the presence of the disease as well as tools for the detection of the pathogen. The assessed parameters included clinical signs, laboratory findings, results of thoracic radiography, autopsy, histopathology, methods for the detection of Pneumocystis, as well as medical therapy. Pneumocystosis was diagnosed most often in certain breeds (Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Miniature Dachshund) with a predisposition for impaired immunity. The median age of the dogs was 1 y. Chronic therapy-resistant respiratory signs, such as tachypnea, dyspnea, and cough, along with leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and hypogammaglobulinemia, were the most frequently described clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities. Pneumocystosis can be masked by coinfections with other respiratory pathogens, and the successful detection of Pneumocystis organisms is of major relevance. Several detection methods have been used in the past, but only a few provide reliable results. In 2017, the cytologic evaluation of Giemsa-stained bronchoalveolar lavage samples is generally used, even if sensitivity is only moderate. More reliable results can be achieved using special stains or sensitive molecular techniques. Fast and reliable detection of Pneumocystis is the essential basis for appropriate treatment and higher survival chances for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Abigail Guija-De-Arespacochaga
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Klang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Künzel
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Pathology Platform (Guija-De-Arespacochaga), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Nedorost N, Knecht C, Hennig-Pauka I, Huber M, Voglmayr T, Weissenböck H. Comparison of Pneumocystis nucleic acid and antibody profiles and their associations with other respiratory pathogens in two Austrian pig herds. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185387. [PMID: 28945819 PMCID: PMC5612756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. suis (PCS) nucleic acid and antibody profiles on two Austrian-farrow-to-finish farms were investigated. Furthermore, associations with other respiratory pathogens were evaluated. Respiratory specimen and sera from pigs of five age classes between the 1st week and the 3rd month of life as well as samples from sows were analyzed. On Farm A, PCS infection occurred early in life. The suckling piglets were already infected in the 1st week of life and the pigs remained positive until the 3rd month of life. On Farm B, pigs were infected later, between 3 and 4 months of age. The maximum PCS nucleic acid load on Farm A was 8.3 log10 genome copies/mL BALF, whereas on Farm B the PCS burden was significantly lower, with 4.0 log10 genome copies/mL BALF. Anti-PCS antibodies were detected in sows, as maternal antibodies in suckling piglets and as an immunological reaction to infection. On both farms, PCS infection was accompanied by several co-infections. On Farm A, there were concurrent infections with PRRSV, a virulent strain of Haemophilus parasuis, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. On Farm B, PCS was accompanied by infections with swine influenza virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and a non-virulent strain of Haemophilus parasuis. The results clearly show that the PCS profiles can vary between farms. Younger pigs may be more susceptible as they had higher PCS burdens. It is possible that PCS may contribute to a respiratory disease in pigs and further investigation of its potential role is warranted.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Fungal/analysis
- Antibodies, Fungal/blood
- Austria
- Coinfection/immunology
- Coinfection/microbiology
- Coinfection/veterinary
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/blood
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Fungal/analysis
- DNA, Fungal/blood
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/blood
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- Haemophilus Infections/immunology
- Haemophilus Infections/microbiology
- Haemophilus Infections/veterinary
- Haemophilus parasuis/genetics
- Haemophilus parasuis/isolation & purification
- Male
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/microbiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Pneumocystis carinii/genetics
- Pneumocystis carinii/immunology
- Pneumocystis carinii/pathogenicity
- Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal/immunology
- Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/immunology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/veterinary
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/microbiology
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/virology
- Sus scrofa
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Swine Diseases/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Nedorost
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Klang A, Kneissl S, Pirker A, Shibly S, von Ritgen S, Weissenböck H, Künzel F. Pneumocystis carinii infection with severe pneumomediastinum and lymph node involvement in a Whippet mixed-breed dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:757-762. [PMID: 28548623 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717710237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3.5-y-old Whippet mixed-breed dog was presented with a history of respiratory distress, exercise intolerance, and generalized demodicosis. Hematologic alterations included marked leukocytosis and neutrophilia. Radiographic examination showed a diffuse interstitial and mild peripheral alveolar lung pattern and pneumomediastinum. Because the cytologic examination of the bronchoalveolar aspirate was not diagnostic and a persistent perforation of the upper respiratory tract could not be ruled out, the dog was submitted to thoracoscopy, and subsequently the left cranial lung lobe as well as mediastinal and sternal lymph nodes were resected. Pulmonary pneumocystosis with spread to the thoracic lymph nodes was suspected after histologic investigation of lung and lymph nodes, which was confirmed by in situ hybridization, PCR, and subsequent Sanger sequencing. We document a rare, simultaneous occurrence of severe pulmonary and thoracic lymph node pneumocystosis with spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a dog. Definitive diagnosis was achieved through the use of Grocott methenamine silver staining, in situ hybridization, and PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Klang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sibylle Kneissl
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Pirker
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarina Shibly
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie von Ritgen
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Künzel
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Fuchs-Baumgartinger, Klang, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Diagnostic Imaging (Kneissl), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Small Animal Surgery (Pirker), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine Small Animals (Shibly, Künzel), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive-Care Medicine (von Ritgen), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Kureljušić B, Nedorost N, Matula B, Schießl W, Stixenberger D, Weissenböck H. Retrospective Analysis of Bacterial and Viral Co-Infections in Pneumocystis spp. Positive Lung Samples of Austrian Pigs with Pneumonia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158479. [PMID: 27428002 PMCID: PMC4948769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of this study was the retrospective investigation of viral (porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), torque teno sus virus type 1 and 2 (TTSuV1, TTSuV2)) and bacterial (Bordetella bronchiseptica (B. b.), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. h.), and Pasteurella multocida (P. m.)) co-infections in 110 Pneumocystis spp. positive lung samples of Austrian pigs with pneumonia. Fifty-one % were positive for PCV2, 7% for PRRSV, 22% for TTSuV1, 48% for TTSuV2, 6% for B. b., 29% for M. h., and 21% for P. m. In 38.2% only viral, in 3.6% only bacterial and in 40.0% both, viral and bacterial pathogens were detected. In 29.1% of the cases a co-infection with 1 pathogen, in 28.2% with 2, in 17.3% with 3, and in 7.3% with 4 different infectious agents were observed. The exposure to Pneumocystis significantly decreased the risk of a co-infection with PRRSV in weaning piglets; all other odds ratios were not significant. Four categories of results were compared: I = P. spp. + only viral co-infectants, II = P. spp. + both viral and bacterial co-infectants, III = P. spp. + only bacterial co-infectants, and IV = P. spp. single infection. The evaluation of all samples and the age class of the weaning piglets resulted in a predomination of the categories I and II. In contrast, the suckling piglets showed more samples of category I and IV. In the group of fattening pigs, category II predominated. Suckling piglets can be infected with P. spp. early in life. With increasing age this single infections can be complicated by co-infections with other respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Branislav Kureljušić
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nora Nedorost
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Matula
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schießl
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Stixenberger
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ilgūnas M, Bukauskaitė D, Palinauskas V, Iezhova TA, Dinhopl N, Nedorost N, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Weissenböck H, Valkiūnas G. Mortality and pathology in birds due to Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) homocircumflexum infection, with emphasis on the exoerythrocytic development of avian malaria parasites. Malar J 2016; 15:256. [PMID: 27146519 PMCID: PMC4857288 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Species of avian malaria parasites (Plasmodium) are widespread, but their virulence has been insufficiently investigated, particularly in wild birds. During avian malaria, several cycles of tissue merogony occur, and many Plasmodium spp. produce secondary exoerythrocytic meronts (phanerozoites), which are induced by merozoites developing in erythrocytic meronts. Phanerozoites markedly damage organs, but remain insufficiently investigated in the majority of described Plasmodium spp. Avian malaria parasite Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) homocircumflexum (lineage pCOLL4) is virulent and produces phanerozoites in domestic canaries Serinus canaria, but its pathogenicity in wild birds remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathology caused by this infection in species of common European birds. Methods One individual of Eurasian siskin Carduelis spinus, common crossbill Loxia curvirostra and common starling Sturnus vulgaris were exposed to P. homocircumflexum infection by intramuscular sub-inoculation of infected blood. The birds were maintained in captivity and parasitaemia was monitored until their death due to malaria. Brain, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, and a piece of breast muscle were examined using histology and chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) methods. Results All exposed birds developed malaria infection, survived the peak of parasitaemia, but suddenly died between 30 and 38 days post exposure when parasitaemia markedly decreased. Numerous phanerozoites were visible in histological sections of all organs and were particularly easily visualized after ISH processing. Blockage of brain capillaries with phanerozoites may have led to cerebral ischaemia, causing cerebral paralysis and is most likely the main reason of sudden death of all infected individuals. Inflammatory response was not visible around the brain, heart and muscle phanerozoites, and it was mild in parenchymal organs. The endothelial damage likely causes dysfunction and failure of parenchymal organs. Conclusion Plasmodium homocircumflexum caused death of experimental passerine birds due to marked damage of organs by phanerozoites. Patterns of phanerozoites development and pathology were similar in all exposed birds. Mortality was reported when parasitaemia decreased or even turned into chronic stage, indicating that the light parasitaemia is not always indication of improved health during avian malaria. Application of traditional histological and ISH methods in parallel simplifies investigation of exoerythrocytic development and is recommended in avian malaria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikas Ilgūnas
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | | | | | - Nora Dinhopl
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Nedorost
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Nedorost N, Knecht C, Hennig-Pauka I, Weissenböck H. Establishment of a quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. suis in bronchoalveolar lavage samples from pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:257-62. [PMID: 27026107 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716641158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases in pigs are mostly polymicrobial, and the involved pathogens can vary from farm to farm. The impact of Pneumocystis carinii (P. c.) f. sp. suis on respiratory disorders has not been comprehensively appraised because tests were limited to lung tissue samples and, for this reason, it was not possible to detect the fungus in living animals. In the present study, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from 12 pigs and oral fluid samples from 9 pigs were tested for the presence of Pneumocystis by quantitative real-time PCR. The results from these 2 clinical specimens were compared with Pneumocystis quantities in lung tissue samples. Pneumocystis quantities in BALF correlated significantly to those in lung tissue. BALF has proved to be an adequate specimen for detection of various respiratory pathogens in pigs, and the collection procedure directly on farms is also well established. In contrast to the BALF results, all oral fluid samples were negative. Thus, specimens from the lower respiratory tract should generally be preferred for the detection of Pneumocystis Additionally, under farm conditions, oral fluid is mainly collected in the form of collective samples per pen. In the present study, oral swab sampling of individual pigs was intended but failed in 3 of 12 pigs because they did not salivate sufficiently. As a conclusion, only BALF can be recommended as a useful tool for Pneumocystis herd monitoring in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Nedorost, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, AustriaUniversity Clinic for Swine (Knecht, Hennig-Pauka), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Nedorost
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Nedorost, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, AustriaUniversity Clinic for Swine (Knecht, Hennig-Pauka), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Nedorost, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, AustriaUniversity Clinic for Swine (Knecht, Hennig-Pauka), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Nedorost, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, AustriaUniversity Clinic for Swine (Knecht, Hennig-Pauka), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine (Weissenbacher-Lang, Nedorost, Weissenböck), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, AustriaUniversity Clinic for Swine (Knecht, Hennig-Pauka), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Stadler J, Zoels S, Fux R, Hanke D, Pohlmann A, Blome S, Weissenböck H, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Ritzmann M, Ladinig A. Emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in southern Germany. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:142. [PMID: 26135732 PMCID: PMC4487554 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last years, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused devastating enteric diseases in the US and several countries in Asia, while outbreaks in Europe have only been reported sporadically since the 1980s. At present, only insufficient information is available on currently circulating PEDV strains in Europe and their impact on the European swine industry. In this case report, we present epidemic outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea in three farms in South-Western Germany. CASE PRESENTATION Epidemic outbreaks of diarrhea affecting pigs of all age groups were reported in three farms, one fattening farm and two piglet producing farms, in South-Western Germany between May and November 2014. In the fattening farm yellowish, watery diarrhea without evidence of mucus or blood was associated with a massive reduction of feed consumption. Severity of clinical signs and mortality in young suckling pigs varied significantly between the two affected sow farms. While mortality in suckling piglets reached almost 70 % in one sow herd, no increase in suckling piglet mortality was observed in the second sow farm. In all three cases, PEDV was confirmed in feces and small intestines by RT-qPCR. Phylogenetic analyses based on full-length PEDV genomes revealed high identity among strains from all three herds. Moreover, the German strains showed very high nucleotide identity (99.4 %) with a variant of PEDV (OH851) that was isolated in the United States in January 2014. This strain with insertions and deletions in the S-gene (so called INDEL strains) was reported to show lower virulence. Slightly lower identities were found with other strains from the US and Asia. CONCLUSION Phylogenetic information on the distribution of PEDV strains in Europe is severely lacking. In this case report we demonstrate that acute outbreaks of PEDV occurred in southern Germany in 2014. Current strains were clearly different from isolates found in the 1980s and were closely related to a PEDV variant found in the US in 2014. Moreover, the present case report indicates that variant strains of PEDV, containing insertions and deletions in the S gene, which were reported to be of lower virulence, might be able to cause high mortality in suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Susanne Zoels
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Binanti D, Mostegl MM, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Nedorost N, Weissenböck H. Detection of Pneumocystis infections by in situ hybridization in lung samples of Austrian pigs with interstitial pneumonia. Med Mycol 2014; 52:196-201. [PMID: 23859080 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.809631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. suis is a fungus multiplying in the respiratory tract of pigs which occasionally is associated with interstitial pneumonia. Identification of Pneumocystis in tissue samples is considered difficult and there are only scarce data on its occurrence in European pigs. This investigation presents an in situ hybridization (ISH) procedure for identification of Pneumocystis spp. in paraffin wax embedded tissue samples and its application for labeling the agent in lung samples of pigs with interstitial pneumonia. Thirty-two out of 100 lung samples from pigs on Austrian farms were identified as positive, five of them with multiple, 12 with moderate and 15 with few organisms but Grocott’s methenamine silver staining demonstrated that only 20 cases were unequivocally positive for Pneumocystis carinii. In addition to interstitial pneumonia Pneumocystis-positive pigs were more frequently affected with granulomatous pneumonia than Pneumocystis-negative pigs. Frequently concurrent infections with different viral or bacterial lung pathogens were noted but there was no positive correlation between Pneumocystis- and PCV-2-infections. With other infections, no clear-cut differences between Pneumocystis-positive and Pneumocystis-negative animals were found. This study shows that Pneumocystis infections occur frequently in Austrian pigs with interstitial pneumonia. It remains to be shown which are the factors triggering severe multiplication and whether infection with Pneumocystis alone is able to induce lung disease in pigs.
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Nedorost N, Weissenböck H. Finding your way through Pneumocystis sequences in the NCBI gene database. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 61:537-55. [PMID: 24966006 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocystis sequences can be downloaded from GenBank for purposes as primer/probe design or phylogenetic studies. Due to changes in nomenclature and assignment, available sequences are presented with a variety of inhomogeneous information, which renders practical utilization difficult. The aim of this study was the descriptive evaluation of different parameters of 532 Pneumocystis sequences of mitochondrial and ribosomal origin downloaded from GenBank with regard to completeness and information content. Pneumocystis sequences were characterized by up to four different names. Official changes in nomenclature have only been partly implemented and the usage of the "forma specialis", a special feature of Pneumocystis, has only been established fragmentary in the database. Hints for a mitochondrial or ribosomal genomic origin could be found, but can easily be overlooked, which renders the download of wrong reference material possible. The specification of the host was either not available or variable regarding the used language and the localization of this information in the title or several subtitles, which limits their applicability in phylogenetic studies. Declaration of products and geographic origin was incomplete. The print version of this manuscript is completed by an online database which contains detailed information to every accession number included in the meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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Haake M, Palzer A, Rist B, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Fachinger V, Eggen A, Ritzmann M, Eddicks M. Influence of age on the effectiveness of PCV2 vaccination in piglets with high levels of maternally derived antibodies. Vet Microbiol 2014; 168:272-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Voglmayr T, Weissenböck H, Pyrek R, Waxenecker F, Hofstetter U, Hoelzle K, Hoelzle LE, Welle M, Bruns G, Ritzmann M. [Investigation of potential causes for the development of porcine ear necrosis: different study designs--comparable results?]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2013; 126:378-387. [PMID: 24199379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During the last years two studies for the investigation of the etiology of porcine ear necrosis were carried out at the Clinic for Swine of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna. In study 1, parameters, which are discussed in this context, were collected by veterinary practitioners by completing specially designed questionnaires in farms with symptoms of the porcine ear necrosis syndrome. In study 2, samples of piglets and feed were collected for laboratory analysis of the most important infectious agents as well as mycotoxins. In the present manuscript, the results of both projects were compared. Even if the selection criteria of both studies differed, the affected age class was comparable (5.5 to ten weeks of life in study 1 and six to ten weeks of life in study 2). The herd-specific prevalence of the porcine ear necrosis syndrome varied considerably with percentages between 2 and 10, respectively, to 100%. The evaluation of questionnaires in study 1 showed that 51% of the farms had problems with cannibalism. Particles of plant material, which were frequently seen on the histologic slides of study 2, could have got into the tissue by chewing the ears of the pen mates or cannibalism. Whereas in study 1 the negative effect of parameters as high pig density, suboptimal climate, missing enrichment material and bad quality of feed and water were considered, in study 2 all these factors were checked at sample collection and ruled out as precursor for cannibalism. In both studies bacterial agents proved to be a crucial co-factor for the expansion of the necroses to deeper tissue layers, whereas viral pathogens were classified less important. In both projects it was not possible to estimate the direct impact of infectious agents and mycotoxins as direct trigger of the necroses as well as their participation as co-factors or precursor in the sense of an immunosuppression or previous damage of blood vessels or tissue.
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Stricker TM, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Ritzmann M, Ladinig A. A study to assess the compatibility of simultaneous use of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (EU-type) vaccine and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine under field conditions. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2013; 126:189-196. [PMID: 23758032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines against M. hyopneumoniae and PRRSV are often administered at the same time. The administration of the two vaccines mixed in one syringe (simultaneous use) would save labour and increase animal welfare by reducing the number of injections. The aim of this study was to verify under field conditions, if the simultaneous administration of the two vaccines, would be comparable to the administration of the individual vaccines. 1000 piglets were divided into five groups and were either non vaccinated or vaccinated against M. hyopneumoniae and/or PRRSV-EU-type. Body weight, local reactions, morbidity and mortality were measured and clinical examinations were carried out. Blood samples were analysed serologically for the presence of antibodies against PRRSV and M. hyopneumoniae by ELISA. M. hyopneumoniae-induced lung lesion scoring (with a maximum score of 55 points) was performed at the slaughterhouse. In the 1000 pigs included in this study, no clinically relevant local or systemic reactions were observed following vaccination. No significant differences in average daily weight gain (ADWG), mortality, clinical parameters or in the prevalence of pneumonia and pleuritis at the slaughterhouse were detected between the different study groups. Significant differences were observed for the serological results, with M. hyopneumoniae antibody positive pigs in the vaccinated groups being significantly higher than in the non-vaccinated groups. Regarding the severity code of the lung lesions of the affected lungs, the lung scores from the simultaneously vaccinated pigs were significantly lower (0.92) than those from non-vaccinated pigs (1.77). Due to the low infectious pressure of both PRRSV and M. hyopneumoniae on this farm, we have to conclude that efficacy of the vaccines could not adequately be tested.
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Heißenberger B, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Hennig-Pauka I, Ritzmann M, Ladinig A. Efficacy of vaccination of 3-week-old piglets with Circovac® against porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Herbich E, Heissenberger B, Ladinig A, Griessler A, Ritzmann M, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Hennig-Pauka I. [Field trial on the simultaneous vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2013; 41:279-288. [PMID: 24126996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to investigate whether a combined or concurrent application of two vaccines against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo.) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in suckling piglets can be as effective as the single use of both products. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 598 piglets were allocated to five groups. In the 1st and 3rd weeks of life the placebo Porcilis® Diluvac forte and the two vaccines Porcilis® M HYO ("M HYO") and Porcilis® PCV ("PCV") were administered according to the following scheme: group A: placebo/PCV; group B: M HYO/M HYO; group C: placebo/placebo; group D: M HYO/M HYO + PCV (combined single dose); group E: placebo/M HYO + PCV (different injection sites). Lung lesions due to M. hyo. infection were recorded at slaughter, and average daily weight gain, morbidity, mortality, serum PCV2 load and specific humoral immune responses were compared between the groups. Local and systemic side effects were recorded. RESULTS Sporadic impairment of the herd health status due to piglet diarrhoea (n = 111) from the 1st to 3rd weeks of life were not associated with M. hyo. or PCV2. A tendency towards a higher average daily weight gain was found in vaccinated pigs compared to the control group. Slight differences between groups in terms of lung lesions, morbidity and mortality were not significant. M. hyo. and PCV2 antibody-titers were significantly higher in vaccinated than in non-vaccinated pigs. One pig from both group A (PCV2) and group C (placebo) displayed local reactions at the vaccination site. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A positive effect on animal health can be achieved by vaccination against M. hyo. and PCV2 in herds with suboptimal health status. A simultaneous vaccination either by a combined or concurrent application has no negative effect on health status. Simultaneous vaccination yielded the same positive effect on average daily weight gain as single vaccinations. Therefore, a simultaneous vaccination against M. hyo. and PCV2, which reduces workload and is beneficial for animal welfare, can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Herbich
- Mag. med. vet. Erwin Herbich, Abteilung für Biomedizinische Forschung, Medizinische Universität Wien, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Wien (AKH), Leitstelle 1Q, Währinger Gürtel 18-20/1Q, A-1090 Wien, E-Mail:
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Weissenbacher-Lang C, Voglmayr T, Waxenecker F, Hofstetter U, Weissenböck H, Hoelzle K, Hoelzle LE, Welle M, Ogris M, Bruns G, Ritzmann M. Porcine ear necrosis syndrome: a preliminary investigation of putative infectious agents in piglets and mycotoxins in feed. Vet J 2012; 194:392-7. [PMID: 22784419 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the causative factors of porcine ear necrosis syndrome (PENS) in 72 pigs, 5.5-10 weeks in age housed on nine farms. Biopsy samples of ear pinnae were collected from all piglets for bacteriology, histopathology and in situ hybridization for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). At the same time, serum samples were taken for serological analysis and viral PCR, and feed was sampled for mycotoxin analysis. The initial lesion of PENS seemed to be a focal epidermal necrosis. Streptococci were isolated from 44 and staphylococci from 36 pinnae. PCV2 could not be detected by in situ hybridization or qPCR. Seven piglets were positive for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and one for Mycoplasma suis. One piglet had antibodies against Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis. No infectious agents were found in 15 samples. Positive virology and parasitology were often found alongside positive bacteriology. Deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and ergot alkaloids were detected in feed. The findings suggest that PENS is multifactorial in origin and that although infectious agents can be involved in the development of the syndrome they are not the exclusive triggering factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weissenbacher-Lang
- Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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