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Suh J, Ham S, Chae C. Divergent clinical outcomes depending on the sequential infection order of porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110060. [PMID: 38520754 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This study compared the different sequential order of infection of porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Thirty-six pigs were allocated randomly across six different groups. Pigs underwent various inoculation sequences: M. hyopneumoniae administered 14 days before PCV2d, simultaneous PCV2d-M. hyopneumoniae, PCV2d given 14 days before M. hyopneumoniae, PCV2d only, M. hyopneumoniae only, or a mock inoculum. Overall, the pigs inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae 14 days prior to PCV2d (Mhyo-PCV2 group) and those inoculated simultaneously with PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2+Mhyo group) displayed notably higher clinical disease severity and experienced a significant decrease of their average daily weight gain than pigs inoculated with PCV2d 14 days prior to M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2-Mhyo group). M. hyopneumoniae infection potentiated PCV2 blood and lymph node viral loads, as well as PCV2-associated lesions, while the infection of PCV2d did not impact the intensity of M. hyopneumoniae infection. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) sera levels were significantly increased in the Mhyo-PCV2 and PCV2+Mhyo groups as compared to the PCV2-Mhyo, PCV2, and Mhyo groups. The most important information was that the potentiation effect of M. hyopneumoniae on PCV2d was found only in pigs inoculated with either M. hyopneumoniae followed by PCV2d (Mhyo-PCV2 group) or a simultaneous inoculation of PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2+Mhyo group). The sequential infection order of PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae resulted in divergent clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyeong Ham
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Opriessnig T, Xiao CT, Mueller NJ, Denner J. Emergence of novel circoviruses in humans and pigs and their possible importance for xenotransplantation and blood transfusions. Xenotransplantation 2024; 31:e12842. [PMID: 38501706 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As sequencing is becoming more broadly available, virus discovery continues. Small DNA viruses contribute to up to 60% of the overall virus load in pigs. Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are small DNA viruses with a single-stranded circular genome. They are common in pig breeds and have not been properly addressed for their potential risk in xenotransplantation. Whereas PCV1 is non-pathogenic in pigs, PCV2 has been associated with various disease manifestations. Recently two new circoviruses have been described, PCV3 and PCV4. While PCV4 is currently present mainly in Asia, PCV3 is widely distributed, and has been identified in commercial pigs, wild boars, and pigs generated for xenotransplantation. In one case PCV3 was transmitted by pigs to baboons via heart transplantation. PCV3 pathogenicity in pigs was controversial initially, however, the virus was found to be associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), reproductive failure, and multisystemic inflammation. Inoculation studies with PCV3 infectious clones confirmed that PCV3 is pathogenic. Most importantly, recently discovered human circoviruses (CV) are closely related to PCV3. METHODS Literature was evaluated and summarized. A dendrogram of existing circoviruses in pigs, humans, and other animal species was created and assessed at the species level. RESULTS We found that human circoviruses can be divided into three species, human CV1, CV2, and CV3. Human CV2 and CV3 are closest to PCV3. CONCLUSIONS Circoviruses are ubiquitous. This communication should create awareness of PCV3 and the newly discovered human circoviruses, which may be a problem for blood transfusions and xenotransplantation in immune suppressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, UK
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Nicolas J Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Denner
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Deng Y, Sheng Y, Zhang G, Sun Y, Wang L, Ji P, Zhu J, Wang G, Liu B, Zhou EM, Cai X, Tu Y, Hiscox JA, Stewart JP, Mu Y, Zhao Q. A novel strategy for an anti-idiotype vaccine: nanobody mimicking neutralization epitope of porcine circovirus type 2. J Virol 2024; 98:e0165023. [PMID: 38271227 PMCID: PMC10878242 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01650-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective method to protect humans and animals from diseases. Anti-idiotype vaccines are safer due to their absence of pathogens. However, the commercial production of traditional anti-idiotype vaccines using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (mAb and pAb) is complex and has a high failure rate. The present study designed a novel, simple, low-cost strategy for developing anti-idiotype vaccines with nanobody technology. We used porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as a viral model, which can result in serious economic loss in the pig industry. The neutralizing mAb-1E7 (Ab1) against PCV2 capsid protein (PCV2-Cap) was immunized in the camel. And 12 nanobodies against mAb-1E7 were screened. Among them, Nb61 (Ab2) targeted the idiotype epitope of mAb-1E7 and blocked mAb-1E7's binding to PCV2-Cap. Additionally, a high-dose Nb61 vaccination can also protect mice and pigs from PCV2 infection. Epitope mapping showed that mAb-1E7 recognized the 75NINDFL80 of PCV2-Cap and 101NYNDFLG107 of Nb61. Subsequently, the mAb-3G4 (Ab3) against Nb61 was produced and can neutralize PCV2 infection in the PK-15 cells. Structure analysis showed that the amino acids of mAb-1E7 and mAb-3G4 respective binding to PCV2-Cap and Nb61 were also similar on the amino acids sequences and spatial conformation. Collectively, our study first provided a strategy for producing nanobody-based anti-idiotype vaccines and identified that anti-idiotype nanobodies could mimic the antigen on amino acids and structures. Importantly, as more and more neutralization mAbs against different pathogens are prepared, anti-idiotype nanobody vaccines can be easily produced against the disease with our strategy, especially for dangerous pathogens.IMPORTANCEAnti-idiotype vaccines utilize idiotype-anti-idiotype network theory, eliminating the need for external antigens as vaccine candidates. Especially for dangerous pathogens, they were safer because they did not contact the live pathogenic microorganisms. However, developing anti-idiotype vaccines with traditional monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies is complex and has a high failure rate. We present a novel, universal, simple, low-cost strategy for producing anti-idiotype vaccines with nanobody technology. Using a neutralization antibody against PCV2-Cap, a nanobody (Ab2) was successfully produced and could mimic the neutralizing epitope of PCV2-Cap. The nanobody can induce protective immune responses against PCV2 infection in mice and pigs. It highlighted that the anti-idiotype vaccine using nanobody has a very good application in the future, especially for dangerous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Deng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Yamin Sheng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Guixi Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Pinpin Ji
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Baoyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yabin Tu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shannxi, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
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Chen YS, Lee CY, Wu CC, Kao PL, Chen TA, Huang Y, Chung WB, Kuo TY, Chen C. Efficacy evaluation of a bivalent subunit vaccine against classical swine fever virus and porcine circovirus type 2. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2997. [PMID: 38316873 PMCID: PMC10844208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53624-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are two of the most devastating and economically significant pathogens affecting pig populations worldwide. Administration of a combination of vaccines against swine pathogens has been demonstrated to be as efficacious as the administration of single vaccines. In this study, we developed and tested a novel bivalent subunit vaccine against CSFV and PCV2. The safety and efficacy of this vaccine were demonstrated in mice and specific pathogen-free (SPF) piglets. In addition to investigating the serological responses after immunization, challenge studies with both viruses were also conducted. The results showed that this CSFV/PCV2 bivalent vaccine elicited a high level of neutralizing antibodies against both viruses and provided protection in challenge studies. In conclusion, the CSFV/PCV2 bivalent vaccine is safe and effective against CSFV or PCV2 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-San Chen
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ye Lee
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Wu
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Kao
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Tai-An Chen
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yahui Huang
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Chung
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Yung Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Charles Chen
- Schweitzer Biotech Company Ltd, Taipei City, Taiwan.
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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5
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Meurens F, Zhu J, Renois F. [Viral co-infections targeting the porcine respiratory system: Consequences and limits of the experimental systems]. Virologie (Montrouge) 2024; 28:9-21. [PMID: 38450664 DOI: 10.1684/vir.2024.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Coinfections affecting the porcine respiratory system have often been overlooked, in favor of mono-infections, even though they are significantly more common in the field. In pigs, the term 'porcine respiratory complex' is used to describe coinfections involving both viruses, such as, for example, the swine influenza type A virus (swIAV), the porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), as well as bacteria. Until recently, most studies were primarily focused on clinical aspects and paid little attention to the molecular consequences of coinfections. This narrative review addresses the consequences of coinfections in the porcine respiratory system involving viruses. When possible, interactions that can occur between viruses are briefly presented. Conversely, research involving bacteria, protozoa, and fungi has not been considered at all. Finally, the main limitations complicating the interpretation of results from coinfection/superinfection studies are considered, and prospects in this exciting field of health research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Meurens
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie porcine et avicole, Faculté de Médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S2M2, Canada
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P R China
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Xiao H, Qin Z, Xu B, Long M, Wu Q, Guo X, Zhang H, Li Z, Wu W. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 Alleviates the Immunosuppressive Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:14. [PMID: 38251231 PMCID: PMC10819842 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) can contaminate a wide range of crops and foods. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a kind of immunosuppressive virus, which can cause porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVD) in pig farms infected with PCV2. Pigs are extremely sensitive to DON, and PCV2-infected pig farms are often contaminated with DON. Our previous studies indicated that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 (B10) has the potential to alleviate the toxicity of mycotoxins. The research was aimed at investigating the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 on the immunosuppressive effects caused by both DON and PCV2 infection. The results indicated that the expression of the PCV2 capsid protein CAP was significantly decreased after pretreatment with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10. Then, the effects of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 pretreatment on the type I interferon, antiviral protein and the antiviral signal pathway cGAS-STING was further investigated. The findings displayed that the expression of the type I interferon and antiviral protein were increased, while the IL-10 were decreased after pretreatment with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10. The inhibition of DON on the cGAS-STING signal pathway was relieved. Furthermore, it was found that this intervention effect was produced by inhibiting autophagy. In summary, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 can mitigate the immunosuppressive effects of PCV2 and DON by inhibiting the production of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Xiao
- Joint Research Center for Foodborne Functional Factors and Green Preparation, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (H.X.); (Z.Q.); (B.X.); (X.G.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Zihui Qin
- Joint Research Center for Foodborne Functional Factors and Green Preparation, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (H.X.); (Z.Q.); (B.X.); (X.G.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Baocai Xu
- Joint Research Center for Foodborne Functional Factors and Green Preparation, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (H.X.); (Z.Q.); (B.X.); (X.G.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xinyi Guo
- Joint Research Center for Foodborne Functional Factors and Green Preparation, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (H.X.); (Z.Q.); (B.X.); (X.G.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Huayue Zhang
- Joint Research Center for Foodborne Functional Factors and Green Preparation, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (H.X.); (Z.Q.); (B.X.); (X.G.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Zelin Li
- Joint Research Center for Foodborne Functional Factors and Green Preparation, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (H.X.); (Z.Q.); (B.X.); (X.G.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Wenda Wu
- Joint Research Center for Foodborne Functional Factors and Green Preparation, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (H.X.); (Z.Q.); (B.X.); (X.G.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
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Wang Y, Yang DA, Zhao K, Laven R, Jiang P, Yang Z. Comparison of four clinical sample types for detection and investigation of PCV3 prevalence in the pig farrowing room. Prev Vet Med 2023; 221:106076. [PMID: 37976967 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly described circovirus that has been identified in pig populations across the globe. The virus is associated with multiple diseases including reproductive and systemic diseases. As effective vaccines are lacking, surveillance is crucial for PCV3 control, but there are currently, few side-by-side comparisons of the efficacy of different samples for the detection of PCV3. This study collected four sample types, including colostrum, udder skin wipes, placental umbilical cord blood, and processing fluid from 134 litters in a sow farm from July to September 2021 for PCV3 detection based on quantitative PCR tests. Udder skin wipes showed the highest detection rates (76.9%), while 71.6% of the processing fluid, 49.3% of the placental umbilical cord, and 29.1% of the colostrum samples were positive. Logistic regression analysis suggested that the detection rates of udder skin wipes and processing fluid were similar (odds ratio for processing fluid vs udder skin wipes was 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-1.32), but the two tests were probably not identifying the same population as infected, as the agreement between the samples was only moderate (Gwet's AC1: 0.65). In this study, we were able to demonstrate that PCV3 was present in the farrowing room throughout the period from birth to weaning using udder skin wipes, although viral load decreased over time. The odds of PCV3 detection in colostrum from 2-parity sows was three times higher (95% CI 1.4-6.8) than that of primiparous sows, while the odds of PCV3 detection in sows with mummified fetuses was 2.7 times higher (95% CI 1.1-6.6) than sows with no mummified fetuses. In conclusion, these results indicate that udder skin wipes have high detection rates in infected animals over the whole period from birth to weaning and would thus be suitable samples for PCV3 surveillance in the farrowing rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, the Belt and Road International Sci-Tech Innovation Institute of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunization, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danchen Aaron Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, the Belt and Road International Sci-Tech Innovation Institute of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunization, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Richard Laven
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, the Belt and Road International Sci-Tech Innovation Institute of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunization, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, the Belt and Road International Sci-Tech Innovation Institute of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunization, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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8
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Park KH, Cho H, Suh J, Oh T, Park Y, Park S, Sohn E, Chae C. Field evaluation of novel plant-derived porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine related to subclinical infection. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2703-2710. [PMID: 37665771 PMCID: PMC10650242 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this field trial was to evaluate the efficacy of a new plant-based porcine circovirus type 2a (PCV2a) vaccine. This vaccine was a recombinant capsid subunit PCV2a vaccine based on the Nicotiana benthamiana expression system. METHODS Three farms were selected for the study based on their history of subclinical PCV2 infection. A total of 40 18-day-old pigs were randomly allocated to either vaccinated or unvaccinated groups (20 pigs per group; 10 = male and 10 = female). Pigs received a 2.0-mL dose of the plant-based PCV2a vaccine intramuscularly at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, whereas unvaccinated pigs were administered a single dose of phosphate buffered-saline at the same age. RESULTS Vaccination had a positive effect on pig growth performance compared to that of unvaccinated pigs on all three of the farms. Vaccination of pigs with a plant-based PCV2a vaccine induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies titres against PCV2d and PCV2d-specific interferon-γ secreting cells which resulted in the reduction of PCV2d viral load and reduced lymphoid lesions severity. CONCLUSIONS The results of this field trial demonstrated cross-protection of PCV2d by a plant-based PCV2a vaccine and a positive effect of pig growth performance with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Hwan Park
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Park
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park ComplexPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Soohong Park
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park ComplexPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Ju Sohn
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park ComplexPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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9
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Silva E, Medina-Ramirez E, Pavulraj S, Gladue DP, Borca M, Chowdhury SI. A Triple Gene-Deleted Pseudorabies Virus-Vectored Subunit PCV2b and CSFV Vaccine Protect Pigs against a Virulent CSFV Challenge. Viruses 2023; 15:2143. [PMID: 38005821 PMCID: PMC10674279 DOI: 10.3390/v15112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) remains one of the most economically significant viral diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars worldwide. To develop a safe and effective vaccine against CSF, we have constructed a triple gene-deleted pseudorabies virus (PRVtmv)-vectored bivalent subunit vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) and CSFV (PRVtmv+). In this study, we determined the protective efficacy of the PRVtmv+ against virulent CSFV challenge in pigs. The results revealed that the sham-vaccinated control group pigs developed severe CSFV-specific clinical signs characterized by pyrexia and diarrhea, and became moribund on or before the seventh day post challenge (dpc). However, the PRVtmv+-vaccinated pigs survived until the day of euthanasia at 21 dpc. A few vaccinated pigs showed transient diarrhea but recovered within a day or two. One pig had a low-grade fever for a day but recovered. The sham-vaccinated control group pigs had a high level of viremia, severe lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. In contrast, the vaccinated pigs had a low-moderate degree of lymphocytopenia and thrombocytopenia on four dpc, but recovered by seven dpc. Based on the gross pathology, none of the vaccinated pigs had any CSFV-specific lesions. Therefore, our results demonstrated that the PRVtmv+ vaccinated pigs are protected against virulent CSFV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediane Silva
- US Department of Agricultural, ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.M.-R.); (D.P.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Elizabeth Medina-Ramirez
- US Department of Agricultural, ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.M.-R.); (D.P.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Selvaraj Pavulraj
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- US Department of Agricultural, ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.M.-R.); (D.P.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Manuel Borca
- US Department of Agricultural, ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.S.); (E.M.-R.); (D.P.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Shafiqul I. Chowdhury
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
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10
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Suh J, Ham S, Oh T, Chae C. Cross-protection of a porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV-2a/b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae trivalent vaccine against a dual PCV-2e and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae challenge. Can J Vet Res 2023; 87:297-302. [PMID: 37790269 PMCID: PMC10542952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this experimental study was to determine the cross-protection of a new trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV-2a/b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Pigs were vaccinated intramuscularly at 21 days of age, then challenged at 42 days of age with a dual PCV-2e and M. hyopneumoniae challenge. Growth performance was significantly improved during the experimental period (21 to 63 days of age) in vaccinated-challenged pigs compared to unvaccinated-challenged pigs. Pigs that were vaccinated and challenged elicited a significant amount of PCV-2e- and M. hyopneumoniae-specific interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) and reduced the levels of PCV-2e viremia and laryngeal shedding. The results of the present study demonstrated that a trivalent vaccine provided cross-protection against a dual PCV-2e and M. hyopneumoniae challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyeong Ham
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Vaishali, Gupta R, Kumar M, Bansal N, Vivek, Kumar P, Kumar P, Jindal N. Coinfection of porcine astrovirus and other porcine viruses in diarrheic pigs in Haryana, India. Arch Virol 2023; 168:246. [PMID: 37676345 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 306 rectal swabs from diarrheal pigs of various ages (0-3 weeks, 3-6 weeks, and >6 weeks) were collected from 54 piggery units in different climatic zones in Haryana state, India. These samples were tested for the presence of porcine astrovirus (PAstV), porcine rotavirus group A (PRV-A), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of the 306 samples tested, 153 (50%), 108 (35.3%), 32 (10.6%), and three (0.9%) tested positive for PAstV, PCV-2, PRV-A, and CSFV, respectively. A single infection was detected in 135 samples, while mixed infections were found in 77 samples: 70 with two viruses and seven samples with more than two. PAstV was detected most frequently (55.31%) in pigs aged 3-6 weeks. PCV-2 was more predominant in pigs aged 0-3 weeks (36.53%), whereas PRV-A was more common in pigs aged 3-6 weeks (11.3%). CSFV was observed in the age group of 0-3 weeks (1.92%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of lineages 2 and 4 of PAstV in this region. Thus, it can be concluded that one or more than one virus is circulating in piggery units in Haryana, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Nitish Bansal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Vivek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India.
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12
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Cao Z, Ling X, Sun P, Zheng X, Zhang H, Zhong J, Yin W, Fan K, Sun Y, Li H, Sun N. Matrine Targets Intestinal Lactobacillus acidophilus to Inhibit Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11878. [PMID: 37569261 PMCID: PMC10418747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry across the world. Matrine is a natural compound that has been shown to regulate intestinal flora and has anti-PCV2 activity in mouse models. PCV2 infection can lead to changes in intestinal flora. The intestinal flora has proved to be one of the important pharmacological targets of the active components of Traditional Chinese Medicine. This study aimed to determine whether matrine exerts anti-PCV2 effects by regulating intestinal flora. In this study, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was used to evaluate the effect of matrine on the intestinal flora of PCV2-infected Kunming (KM) mice. The expression of the Cap gene in the liver and the ileum, the relative expression of IL-1β mRNA, and the Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) gene in the ileum of mice were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). ELISA was used to analyze the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in small intestinal fluid. L. acidophilus was isolated and identified from the feces of KM mice in order to study its anti-PCV2 effect in vivo. The expression of the Cap gene in the liver and the ileum and the relative expression of L. acidophilus and IL-1β mRNA in the ileum were determined by qPCR. The results showed that matrine could reduce the relative expression of IL-1β mRNA by regulating intestinal flora, and that its pharmacological anti-PCV2 and effect may be related to L. acidophilus. L. acidophilus was successfully isolated and identified from the feces of KM mice. The in vivo experiment revealed that administration of L. acidophilus also reduced the relative expression of IL-1β mRNA, and that it had anti-PCV2 effects in PCV2-infected mice. It was found that matrine could regulate the abundance of L. acidophilus in the gut of mice to exert an anti-PCV2 effect and inhibit PCV2-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Cao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (Z.C.)
| | - Xiaoya Ling
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (Z.C.)
| | - Panpan Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (Z.C.)
| | - Xiaozhong Zheng
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Hua Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (Z.C.)
| | - Jia Zhong
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (Z.C.)
| | - Wei Yin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (Z.C.)
| | - Kuohai Fan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Yaogui Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (Z.C.)
| | - Hongquan Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (Z.C.)
| | - Na Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; (Z.C.)
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13
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Thakor JC, Sahoo M, Karam Pal Singh, Rajendra Singh, Salauddin Qureshi, Ajay Kumar, Pradeep Kumar, Sagar Patel, Rohit Singh, Nihar Ranjan Sahoo. Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) in Indian pigs: a slaughterhouse survey. Vet Ital 2023; 59:23-38. [PMID: 37994635 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.2935.20591.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is an unequivocally leading cause of economic losses to the pig industry. To investigate the pathogens associated with PRDC, a total of 900 lungs with gross lesions and 125 lungs with no appreciable gross lesions were collected from the abattoirs and subjected to pathological investigation for distribution of lesions/and types of exudates, as well as to molecular confirmation of bacterial and viral pathogens by PCR. The pneumonic lungs showed the higher prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. (31.22%), with evidence of M. hyorhinis, P. multocida (21.33%), S. suis (18.66%), B. bronchiseptica (16.77%), and viral pathogens as porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) (28.11%), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (2.7%) and swine influenza virus (SIV) (1.2%). On histopathological examination, high prevalence of bronchopneumonia (37.88%) followed by enzootic pneumonia‑like lung lesions (11.44%), and interstitial pneumonia (7.44%) was recorded in the majority of affected pigs. The winter season was found to be more conducive for highest prevalence of pneumonia as compared to other seasons. The present study reports the high prevalence of PRDC in slaughtered pigs of India. M. hyorhinis showing the EP‑like lesions, PCV2 and their combination were likely to be the prime contributors of PRDC in Indian pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India; ICAR-DFMD-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- ICAR-CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India.
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Salauddin Qureshi
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Sagar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Rohit Singh
- ICAR-CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Sahoo
- ICAR-DFMD-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
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14
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Kasimov V, Wille M, Sarker S, Dong Y, Shao R, Hall C, Potvin D, Conroy G, Valenza L, Gillett A, Timms P, Jelocnik M. Unexpected Pathogen Diversity Detected in Australian Avifauna Highlights Potential Biosecurity Challenges. Viruses 2023; 15:143. [PMID: 36680183 PMCID: PMC9865187 DOI: 10.3390/v15010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Birds may act as hosts for numerous pathogens, including members of the family Chlamydiaceae, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), avipoxviruses, Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CoAHV1) and Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 1 (PsAHV1), all of which are a significant biosecurity concern in Australia. While Chlamydiaceae and BFDV have previously been detected in Australian avian taxa, the prevalence and host range of avipoxviruses, CoAHV1 and PsAHV1 in Australian birds remain undetermined. To better understand the occurrence of these pathogens, we screened 486 wild birds (kingfisher, parrot, pigeon and raptor species) presented to two wildlife hospitals between May 2019 and December 2021. Utilising various qPCR assays, we detected PsAHV1 for the first time in wild Australian birds (37/486; 7.61%), in addition to BFDV (163/468; 33.54%), Chlamydiaceae (98/468; 20.16%), avipoxviruses (46/486; 9.47%) and CoAHV1 (43/486; 8.85%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BFDV sequences detected from birds in this study cluster within two predominant superclades, infecting both psittacine and non-psittacine species. However, BFDV disease manifestation was only observed in psittacine species. All Avipoxvirus sequences clustered together and were identical to other global reference strains. Similarly, PsAHV1 sequences from this study were detected from a series of novel hosts (apart from psittacine species) and identical to sequences detected from Brazilian psittacine species, raising significant biosecurity concerns, particularly for endangered parrot recovery programs. Overall, these results highlight the high pathogen diversity in wild Australian birds, the ecology of these pathogens in potential natural reservoirs, and the spillover potential of these pathogens into novel host species in which these agents cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilli Kasimov
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | - Michelle Wille
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Yalun Dong
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | - Renfu Shao
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | - Clancy Hall
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | - Dominique Potvin
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | - Gabriel Conroy
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | | | - Amber Gillett
- Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, QLD 4519, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | - Martina Jelocnik
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
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15
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Ahaduzzaman M, Nath C, Hossain MS. Evidence of circulation of beak and feather disease virus in captive psittacine and non-psittacine birds in Bangladesh. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2567-2575. [PMID: 36056957 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is an emerging pathogen in many parts of the world that is responsible for causing beak and feather disease in birds. Since the virus is highly persistent in the environment and spreads by contact, birds raised in captivity are at a high risk of infection. Breeding, trading, and rearing of captive birds are becoming increasingly popular in many countries, including Bangladesh, increasing the risk of BFDV infection. However, it is unknown whether BFDV is circulating in captive birds in Bangladesh. This study was designed to conduct the first pilot survey to test the hypothesis that BFDV is circulating in Bangladesh. Feather samples were collected from 100 birds of 10 psittacine and two non-psittacine species from a breeding flock, three live-bird markets (LBMs), and two household flocks. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the rep gene, together with sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. This study confirmed that BFDV is circulating in Bangladesh, with a positivity rate of 37%. The majority (78.38%) of PCR-positive birds were asymptomatic. The detection rate was higher in birds from the breeding flock (54.05%) than in LBMs (37.84%) and household flocks (8.11%) (P = 0.01). No significant variation was observed when considering the species (P = 0.14) and sex (P = 0.75) of the birds. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the BFDV isolates found in LBMs and household flocks are genetically related to isolates from breeding flocks in the area as well as to many other isolates from different regions of the world. Further research needs to be done to determine the impact of this virus in the wider population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahaduzzaman
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chattogram, Bangladesh.
| | - Chandan Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saddam Hossain
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chattogram, Bangladesh
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16
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Hung LC. Carboxyl-Terminal Decoy Epitopes in the Capsid Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Are Immunogenicity-Enhancers That Elicit Predominantly Specific Antibodies in Non-Vaccinated Pigs. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112373. [PMID: 36366471 PMCID: PMC9693397 DOI: 10.3390/v14112373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of the carboxyl-terminus (C-terminus) of the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2a (PCV2a) and PCV2a vaccines, this study aimed to explore its unrevealing cryptic epitope and its relation to PCV2-infected herd immunity. To discover the C-terminus of the capsid protein of PCV2a, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated in this work. Two mAbs bound the two minimal linear epitopes (229PPLKP233 and 228DPPLNP233 (or 229PPLNP233)), which were located at the C-terminus of the capsid proteins of PCV2a and PCV2b, respectively. One mAb bound to the minimal linear epitope (220QFREFNLK227, peptide P82), but it neither bound the virus-like particle (VLP) of PCV2a nor produced positive staining in PCV2a-infected cells by immunofluorescence assay. Further, the residues 220-227 were not accessible on the surface of the VLP on the three-dimensional model, but the residues 228-231 extend toward the VLP exterior. Immunoassays were conducted in this study to screen anti-viral peptide-specific IgGs, which could differentiate vaccinated pigs from non-vaccinated ones. The data show two 220QFREFNLKDPPLKP233-containing peptides had a significantly higher binding reactivity with sera from PCV2-infected pigs in the control group than with sera from the VLP-vaccine group, particularly seen in sera from swine aged 15 weeks to 24 weeks. However, the peptide P82 had not this phenomenon in that test. This study confirmed that C-terminal epitopes play an important role in PCV2-induced decoy of swine humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chu Hung
- Animal Drugs Inspection Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Miaoli County 35054, Taiwan; ; Tel.: +88-637584811
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
- Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Tainan 71246, Taiwan
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17
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Wang X, Zhang S, Shang H, Wang C, Zhou F, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Gao P, Li N, Liu D, Shen M, Zhu R, Shi Y, Wei K. Evaluation of the antiviral effect of four plant polysaccharides against duck circovirus. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:446-457. [PMID: 36148714 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, outbreaks of duck circovirus (DuCV) are frequently occurring worldwide due to secondary infections caused by post infection-induced immunosuppression. Due to a lack of preventive drugs and vaccines, the waterfowl industry losses are ever increasing. In this study, we extracted Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), pine pollen polysaccharides (PPPS), Aloe vera polysaccharides (AVE), and Ficus carica polysaccharides (FCPS) from Astragalus, pine pollen, aloe, and F. carica leaves, respectively. We randomly divided 150 one-day-old Cherry Valley ducks into five groups, which were inoculated with the DuCV solution and orally administered APS, PPPS, AVE, FCPS, and phosphate buffer saline (PBS), respectively. We collected the duck immune organs and serum samples at 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 days post-infection (dpi). Using clinical symptom analysis, molecular biology experiments, and serological experiments, we proved that plant polysaccharides could (a) improve the duck immunity, (b) reduce the viral load, and (c) mitigate DuCV-induced damage to immune organs, with both APS and PPPS having significant effects. Moreover, we detected viral load and cytokines within the first 8 dpi. Since the body's innate immunity could inhibit viral replication within five days of virus infection, 1-5 dpi was the best treatment time. Among the four polysaccharides showing in vitro anti-apoptotic activity, APS and PPPS significantly inhibited the DuCV infection-induced apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Overall, since our findings show APS and PPPS having significant anti-DuCV effects both in vivo and in vitro, they can be promising candidates for preventing DuCV infection in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hongqi Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Shandong Feicheng Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Health Center, Taian, China
| | - Yunxuan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Panpan Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ning Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Defeng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Youfei Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
| | - Kai Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
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Sahoo M, Pathak M, Patel SK, Saikumar G, Upmanyu V, Thakor JC, Kumar P, Singh R, Singh K, Sahoo NR. Pathomorphology, immunohistochemical, and molecular detection of an atypical porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) due to PCV-2d-2 in naturally affected grower pigs of India. Microb Pathog 2022; 171:105738. [PMID: 36038085 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is of great economic significance to porcine industry worldwide. PCV-2 variants and genotypes, alternating world over, are the etiological agent of several clinical syndromes such as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and others in pigs. This study is reporting an atypical manifestation of PDNS in twelve grower pigs, 3- to - 4.5 months age and either sex, died of the disease, with predominant lesions of nephropathy and no obvious clinical lesions in skin. Necropsy examination of pigs showed lesions of petechial -to- ecchymotic hemorrhages in the kidneys and in the right auricular musculature of the hearts. Microscopic lesions in H & E sections of the kidneys showed acute glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, and vasculitis, but the skin morphology and architecture remained unaltered in contrast to the pathognomonic lesions of PDNS described in the literature. Other syndromic associations of PDNS in these cases included-perimyocarditis, interstitial pneumonia, depleted lymphoid tissues, tonsillitis, enteritis, and meningo-encephalitis. The lesional sites in duplicate paraffin tissue sections of kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen, lymph nodes, intestine, and brain demonstrated PCV-2 antigen in the cytoplasm of cells as highlighted by the intense immunolabeling on IHC staining. The PCV-2 positive organs reconfirmed by PCR, targeting ORF2 gene, which yielded 481bp size of products. The sequencing results of 481bp products on phylogenetic analysis showed 94% similarity with that of PCV-2 sequences in the database that grouped into PCV2d-2 genotype. The present report confirms, probably for the first time, the atypical PDNS cases due to PCV2d-2 genotype in naturally affected grower pigs of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India.
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - G Saikumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India.
| | - Vikramaditya Upmanyu
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India; Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Karampal Singh
- ICAR-CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Sahoo
- ICAR-DFMD-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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19
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Xu Y, Yang Y, Zou X, Li C, Zhu Y, Qin Y, Li Y, Sheng YN, Liu Y, Peng G, Xu X, Zhang S, Zhao Q. [Characterization of the antigens in inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines and virus-like particle vaccines by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2022; 38:2948-2958. [PMID: 36002423 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.210937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to detect the antigens in porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS). With purified inactivated PCV2 and PCV2 virus-like particles (VLP) as references, two inactivated vaccines (a and b) and two VLP vaccines (c and d) for PCV2 from four manufacturers were analyzed by HPSEC-MALLS after demulsification. The antigen peaks in HPSEC-MALLS were identified by PCV2 antigen test strips, Western blotting and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The repeatability and linearity of the method were investigated. The results showed the virus antigens in the two inactivated vaccines were eluted at about 13.3 min in HPSEC. The molecular weight of these antigens was 2.61×106 (±4.34%) Da and 2.40×106 (±2.51%) Da, respectively, as calculated by MALLS. The antigen peaks of the two VLP vaccines also appeared at 13.3 min and the molecular weight was 2.09×106 (±2.94%) Da and 2.88×106 (±11.85%) Da, respectively, which was close to the theoretical molecular weight of PCV2. Moreover, an antigen peak of VLP vaccine c was observed at 11.4 min and the molecular weight was 4.37×106 (±0.42%) Da. The antigen was verified to be the dimer of VLP by TEM. Vaccine d and purified Cap VLP antigens were tested repeatedly, and the RSD of the peak area (n=3) was all < 1.5%, indicating that the method was repeatable. The purified VLP were diluted in serial and tested for linearity. The result suggested good linear relationship between the peak area of VLP or VLP aggregates and the protein concentration of the sample with R2 of 0.999 and 0.997, respectively. Thus, the method met the requirement for quantification and aggregate analysis. This method is accurate and efficient in in vitro quality evaluation and improvement of PCV2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xingqi Zou
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cui Li
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yixian Qin
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ya Nan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yebing Liu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guorui Peng
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoai Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qizu Zhao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
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20
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Gao Y, Wang H, Wang S, Sun M, Fang Z, Liu X, Cai X, Tu Y. Self-Assembly of Porcine Parvovirus Virus-like Particles and Their Application in Serological Assay. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081828. [PMID: 36016450 PMCID: PMC9413485 DOI: 10.3390/v14081828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is widely prevalent in pig farms. PPV is closely related to porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and porcine circovirus disease (PCVD), which seriously threatens the healthy development of the pig industry. Although commercial antibody detection kits are available, they are expensive and unsuitable for large-scale clinical practice. Here, a soluble VP2 protein of PPV is efficiently expressed in the E. coli expression system. The VP2 protein can be self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) in vitro. After multiple steps of chromatography purification, PPV-VLPs with a purity of about 95% were obtained. An indirect, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA), comparable to a commercial PPV kit, was developed based on the purified PPV-VLPs and was used to detect 487 clinical pig serum samples. The results showed that the I-ELISA is a simple, cost-effective, and efficient method for the diagnosis of clinical pig serum and plasma samples. In summary, high-purity, tag-free PPV-VLPs were prepared, and the established VLP-based I-ELISA is of great significance for the sero-monitoring of antibodies against PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Shanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xinran Liu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York, NY 10591, USA
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (Y.T.); Tel.: +86-451-51051768 (Y.T.); Fax: +86-451-51997166 (X.C. & Y.T.)
| | - Yabin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (Y.T.); Tel.: +86-451-51051768 (Y.T.); Fax: +86-451-51997166 (X.C. & Y.T.)
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21
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Meßmer C, Rubbenstroth D, Mohr L, Peus E, Schreiber T, Rautenschlein S. Pigeon Rotavirus A as the cause of systemic infection in juvenile pigeons (young pigeon disease). Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2022; 50:293-301. [PMID: 36067771 DOI: 10.1055/a-1909-2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations suggested pigeon associated Rotavirus Typ A genotype G18P[17] (RVA) as a causative agent of the classical 'young pigeon disease' (YPD). YPD was first described in the late 1980 s as an acute, mainly seasonally recurring disorder of mostly juvenile domestic pigeons (Columba livia) with clinical signs such as anorexia, dairrhea, vomiting, congested crops, weight loss and occasionally mortality. Various studies in the past indicated a multifactorial nature of YPD. Several pathogens, such as pigeon circovirus 1, avian adenoviruses and Escherichia coli were also suggested, but none of these could reproduce the disease experimentally. However, the impact of other pathogens on the clinical development of YPD cannot be excluded and requires further investigation. This present review summarizes available information on RVA-induced disease in pigeons, its association with YPD, the transmission, and diagnosis of the infection, and on prophylactic strategies to prevent RVA outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Meßmer
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover
| | | | - Lydia Mohr
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover
| | - Elisabeth Peus
- Clinic for Pigeons of the German Pigeon Breeders Association
| | - Tim Schreiber
- Clinic for Pigeons of the German Pigeon Breeders Association
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22
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Zhang S, Wang L, Wang L, Yu N, Dong Y, Hu J. Combined Antibody Tagged HRP Gold Nanoparticle Probe for Effective PCV2 Screening in Pig Farms. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3361-3369. [PMID: 35937078 PMCID: PMC9346410 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s364795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes immune repression and intercurrent infections in pigs, resulting in a huge economic loss to the pig breeding industry. Additionally, the spread of PCV2 in pig farms can pollute the living environment of the residents in the farm’s vicinity, which increases the rate of infections. Therefore, rapid and sensitive detection methods are needed for disease prevention and timely environmental cleaning. Methods This research describes a highly sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that utilizes gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in a functional, specific antibody labeled probe for the detection of PCV2. Due to their high specific surface area and histocompatibility, AuNPs were used as carriers of HRP labeled anti-PCV2 antibodies to amplify the detection signal. Results Compared to conventional sandwich ELISA procedures, this method resulted in higher sensitivity (51-fold) and a shorter assay time with a limit of detection of 195 TCID50/mL. The cross-reactivity assay demonstrated that this assay was PCV2 specific. Conclusion The amplified Ab (HRP) labeled AuNPs probe provides a sensitive analytical approach for the determination of the traces of the PCV2 antigen in early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lei Wang, Jianhe Hu, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Eastern HuaLan Avenue, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-373-3040718, Email ;
| | - Lirong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lei Wang, Jianhe Hu, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Eastern HuaLan Avenue, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-373-3040718, Email ;
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23
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Yuan XM, Yuan QC, Feng SM, Deng ZB. Evaluation of the protective efficacy of virus-like particles based on PCV 2b and 2d subtypes against mixed challenge in mice. Pol J Vet Sci 2022; 25:195-205. [PMID: 35861994 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2022.141803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important swine pathogen and, although small, it has the highest evolution rate among DNA viruses. Commercial PCV2 commercial vaccines are inactivated PCV2 isolates or a subunit vaccine based on the Cap protein of PCV2. Currently, PCV2 VLPs of individual subtype vaccines are available. Although the main prevalent genotype worldwide is PCV2b, the emerging subtype PCV2d subtype is also increasingly associated with PCV disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of VLP based on the PCV2b and 2d subtypes against the mixed challenge of two hypotype PCV2 in mice. Thirty-six female SPV Kunming mice were immunized twice with PCV2b and 2d VLPs, then challenged with PCV2b and PCV2d, to assess the immunogenicity and effectiveness of the VLPs. Vaccination of the mice with PCV2b and 2d VLPs elicited a robust antibody response specific for the PCV2. The virus load detected in the 2b and 2d spleen vaccine group was the lowest compared to other groups. Furthermore, there was no pathological damage in the HE stained sections of the 2b and 2d spleen vaccine, and no virus was detected in the immunohistochemical sections. Our data suggest that the mixed PCV2b and 2d VLP vaccine could protect mice from challenge with the mixed infection of PCV2b and PCV2d..
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Affiliation(s)
- X M Yuan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda road, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Q C Yuan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda road, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - S M Feng
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda road, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Z B Deng
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda road, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China
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24
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Gan F, Hou L, Xu H, Liu Y, Chen X, Huang K. PCV2 infection aggravates OTA-induced immunotoxicity in vivo and in vitro. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 235:113447. [PMID: 35358920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), frequently existing in the food and feeds, could induce immunotoxicity. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), as a primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease, also could induce immunosuppression. However, it is still unknown whether PCV2 infection impacts OTA-induced immunotoxicity. The pigs and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) were used as the model in the present experiment. The results in vivo indicated that PCV2 infection exacerbated OTA-induced immunotoxicity, NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, and TLR4 and MyD88 mRNA and protein expression in spleen. The results in vitro showed that OTA at 7.0 and 9.0 μM decreased cell viability and increased LDH release of PAMs without PCV2 infection. However, with PCV2 infection, OTA at 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 μM significantly decreased cell viability and increased LDH release compared with absence of PCV2 infection. In addition, OTA at 5.0 and 7.0 μM significantly increased Annexin V/PI-positive rate, apoptosis of nuclear, γ-H2AX foci, IL-1α and TNF-α expression in PAMs with PCV2 infection compared with absence of PCV2 infection. In addition, PCV2 infection enhanced OTA-induced TLR4 and MyD88 mRNA and protein expression and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. Knockdown of TLR4 alleviated the exacerbating effects of PCV2 infection on OTA-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis and DNA damage in PAMs. These results indicated that PCV2 infection aggravated OTA-induced immunotoxicity and reduced the dose of OTA-induced immunotoxicity via TLR4/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway, which could provide basis for establishing limits for OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine,Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine,Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine,Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine,Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine,Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine,Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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25
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CAO MX, WANG XR, HU WY, YIN D, REN CZ, CHEN SY, YU ML, WEI YY, HU TJ. Regulatory effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on the oxidative stress and histone acetylation induced by porcine circovirus type 2. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:600-609. [PMID: 35125373 PMCID: PMC9096040 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) exists widely in swine populations worldwide, and healthy PCV2 virus carriers have enhanced the severity of the infection, which is becoming more difficult to control. This study investigated the regulatory effect of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on the oxidative stress and histone acetylation modification induced by PCV2 in vitro and in mice. In vitro, PNS significantly increased the scavenging capacities of superoxide anion radicals (O2•-) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and reduced the content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced by PCV2 in porcine alveolar macrophages (3D4/2). In addition, PNS decreased the protein expression level of histone H4 acetylation (Ac-H4) by increasing the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in PCV2-infected 3D4/2 cells. In vivo, PNS enhanced the scavenging capacities of •OH and O2•- and reduced the content of H2O2 in the spleens of PCV2-infected mice. PNS also reduced the protein expression level of histone H3 acetylation (Ac-H3) by reducing the activity of histone acetylase (HAT) and increasing the activity of HDAC in the spleens of PCV2-infected mice. PCV2 infection activated oxidative stress and histone acetylation in vitro and in mice, but PNS ameliorated this oxidative stress. The research can provide experimental basis for exploring the antioxidant effect and the regulation of histone acetylation of PNS on PCV2-infected 3D4/2 cells and mice in vitro and in vivo, and provide new ideas for the treatment of PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Xia CAO
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Xin-Rui WANG
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Wen-Yue HU
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan YIN
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Chun-Zhi REN
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Si-Yu CHEN
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular
Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University,
Foshan, China
| | - Mei-Ling YU
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying-Yi WEI
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
| | - Ting-Jun HU
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
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26
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Yang S, Lee JY, Oh T, Park KH, Cho H, Suh J, Min KD, Ham HJ, Chae C. Comparative growth performance of 3 types of combination vaccines containing porcine circovirus 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae under field conditions. Can J Vet Res 2022; 86:93-101. [PMID: 35388232 PMCID: PMC8978288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this field trial was to compare the effect of 3 different types of combination vaccines on growth performance in pigs under field conditions. The vaccines compared were: a trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2a and 2b (PCV-2a/b); and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; a mixable bivalent vaccine containing PCV-2a and M. hyopneumoniae; and a ready-to-use bivalent vaccine containing PCV-2a and M. hyopneumoniae. Two farms were selected on the basis of their history of subclinical PCV-2d infection and enzootic pneumonia. A total of 120 pigs on each farm was randomly divided into 4 groups of 30 pigs each. The trivalent-vaccinated group from both farms outperformed each bivalent-vaccinated group in terms of growth performance. Growth performance was significantly improved during the fattening period (70 to 175 d of age) in the mixable bivalent-vaccinated group compared with the ready-to-use bivalent-vaccinated group on 1 farm. The trivalent-vaccinated group elicited higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) against PCV-2d, while simultaneously decreasing the levels of PCV-2d load in blood when compared with the mixable and ready-to-use bivalent-vaccinated groups. The trivalent-vaccinated group also elicited higher levels of IFN-γ-SC against M. hyopneumoniae and lower levels of M. hyopneumoniae load in the larynx when compared with the mixable and ready-to-use bivalent-vaccinated groups. The results of the present study demonstrated that a trivalent vaccine containing PCV-2a/b and M. hyopneumoniae resulted in a more productive parameter, higher immune responses, and less blood-viral and mycoplasmal larynx-loads when compared with the mixable and ready-to-use bivalent vaccines despite the presence of ongoing subclinical PCV-2d infection and enzootic pneumonia on the farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Hyejean Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Kyung-Duk Min
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Hee Jin Ham
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
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Jin QY, Feng LL, Wang YB, Li P, Yang JF, Teng M, Chai SJ, Xing GX, Zhang GP. Rapid screening of monoclonal antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2 using colloidal gold-based paper test. Pol J Vet Sci 2022; 25:27-34. [PMID: 35575997 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2022.140837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A proof of concept for using paper test as a suitable method in the production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) is reported. The paper test which detects antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) using colloidal gold-labelled capsid protein as the antigen probe was applied exclusively in the screening of anti-PCV2 MAbs. It allowed the detection of 118 single cell clones within 30 min using naked eyes. MAbs with specific binding to authentic epitopes on the virus were selected using a blocking strategy in which the antibody was pre-incubated with PCV2 viral sample before applying to the test paper. Five hybridomas secreting MAbs against the capsid protein were obtained, with only three of them capable of binding to PCV2. The results were validated and confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence assay. The paper test is simple, rapid, and independent on professional technicians and proves to be an excellent approach for the screening of MAbs against specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y Jin
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - L L Feng
- Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Y B Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - P Li
- School of Life Sciences and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - J F Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - M Teng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - S J Chai
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - G X Xing
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - G P Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
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Um H, Yang S, Oh T, Cho H, Park KH, Suh J, Chae C. A field efficacy trial of a trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2a and 2b, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in three herds. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:578-590. [PMID: 34687172 PMCID: PMC8959324 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This field trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a new trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2a and 2b (PCV2a/b), and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae at three independent locations. METHODS Three farms were selected based on their history of PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae co-infection. Each farm housed a total of 60, 3-day-old pigs that were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups. Pigs were administered the trivalent vaccine intramuscularly with either a 1.0 ml dose at 3 and 24 days of age or a 2.0 ml dose at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. RESULTS Clinically, the average daily weight gain of the one-dose and two-dose vaccinated groups within all three farms was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of unvaccinated animals during the growing (70-112 days of age), finishing (112-175 days of age) and overall (3-175 days of age) stages of production. One-dose and two-dose vaccinated animals elicited neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ-secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC), which reduced the amount of PCV2 in terms of blood load and reduced the severity of lymphoid lesions when compared with unvaccinated animals. Similarly, one-dose and two-dose vaccinated animals elicited IFN-γ-SC, which reduced the amount of M. hyopneumoniae in terms of laryngeal load and reduced the severity of lung lesions. CONCLUSIONS The intramuscular administration of either one or two doses of trivalent vaccine was not significantly different in any of the evaluated parameters. The results of field trial demonstrated that the trivalent vaccine was efficacious in the protection of swine herds where PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae were in active circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmin Um
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Yang
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Suh
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
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Gómez-Gómez M, Sánchez C, Peransi S, Zurita D, Bellieres L, Recuero S, Rodrigo M, Simón S, Camarca A, Capo A, Staiano M, Varriale A, D’Auria S, Manessis G, Gelasakis AI, Bossis I, Balka G, Dénes L, Frant M, Nannucci L, Bonasso M, Giusti A, Griol A. Photonic Label-Free Biosensors for Fast and Multiplex Detection of Swine Viral Diseases. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22030708. [PMID: 35161454 PMCID: PMC8838678 DOI: 10.3390/s22030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present the development of photonic integrated circuit (PIC) biosensors for the label-free detection of six emerging and endemic swine viruses, namely: African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PPRSV), Porcine Parvovirus (PPV), Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2), and Swine Influenza Virus A (SIV). The optical biosensors are based on evanescent wave technology and, in particular, on Resonant Rings (RRs) fabricated in silicon nitride. The novel biosensors were packaged in an integrated sensing cartridge that included a microfluidic channel for buffer/sample delivery and an optical fiber array for the optical operation of the PICs. Antibodies were used as molecular recognition elements (MREs) and were selected based on western blotting and ELISA experiments to ensure the high sensitivity and specificity of the novel sensors. MREs were immobilized on RR surfaces to capture viral antigens. Antibody–antigen interactions were transduced via the RRs to a measurable resonant shift. Cell culture supernatants for all of the targeted viruses were used to validate the biosensors. Resonant shift responses were dose-dependent. The results were obtained within the framework of the SWINOSTICS project, contributing to cover the need of the novel diagnostic tools to tackle swine viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Gómez-Gómez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain; (D.Z.); (L.B.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-3879748
| | - Carles Sánchez
- Lumensia Sensors S.L., 46022 València, Spain; (C.S.); (S.P.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sergio Peransi
- Lumensia Sensors S.L., 46022 València, Spain; (C.S.); (S.P.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.)
| | - David Zurita
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain; (D.Z.); (L.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Laurent Bellieres
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain; (D.Z.); (L.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Sara Recuero
- Lumensia Sensors S.L., 46022 València, Spain; (C.S.); (S.P.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Manuel Rodrigo
- Lumensia Sensors S.L., 46022 València, Spain; (C.S.); (S.P.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Santiago Simón
- Lumensia Sensors S.L., 46022 València, Spain; (C.S.); (S.P.); (S.R.); (M.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Alessandra Camarca
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Conuncil, 83100 Avelino, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (S.D.)
| | - Alessandro Capo
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Conuncil, 83100 Avelino, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (S.D.)
- URT-ISA at Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Staiano
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Conuncil, 83100 Avelino, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (S.D.)
| | - Antonio Varriale
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Conuncil, 83100 Avelino, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (S.D.)
- URT-ISA at Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sabato D’Auria
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Conuncil, 83100 Avelino, Italy; (A.C.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-DISBA), 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios Manessis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.M.); (A.I.G.)
| | - Athnasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), 11855 Athens, Greece; (G.M.); (A.I.G.)
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (G.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Lilla Dénes
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (G.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Maciej Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Lapo Nannucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie Alimentari Ambientali e Forestali (DAGRI), Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50144 Florence, Italy;
| | | | | | - Amadeu Griol
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain; (D.Z.); (L.B.); (A.G.)
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Gu C, Gao X, Guo D, Wang J, Wu Q, Nepovimova E, Wu W, Kuca K. Combined Effect of Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (Pcv2) on Inflammatory Cytokine mRNA Expression. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060422. [PMID: 34199278 PMCID: PMC8231776 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A host’s immune system can be invaded by mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) poisoning and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections, which affect the host’s natural immune function. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-6, are important regulators in the process of natural immune response, which participate in inflammatory response and enhance immune-mediated tissue damage. Preliminary studies have shown that DON promotes PCV2 infection by activating the MAPK signaling pathway. Here, we explored whether the mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6, induced by the combination of DON and PCV2, would depend on the MAPK signaling pathway. Specific pharmacological antagonists U0126, SP600125 and SB203580, were used to inhibit the activities of ERK, JNK and p38 in the MAPK signaling pathway, respectively. Then, the mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in PK-15 cells was detected to explore the effect of the MAPK signaling pathway on IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA induced by DON and PCV2. The results showed that PK-15 cells treated with DON or PCV2 induced the mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The combination of DON and PCV2 has an additive effect on inducing the mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6. Additionally, both DON and PCV2 could induce the mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-6 via the ERK and the p38 MAPK signal pathways, while PCV2 could induce it via the JNK signal pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that MAPKs play a contributory role in IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expression when induced by both DON and PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.G.); (X.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Xiuge Gao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.G.); (X.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Dawei Guo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.G.); (X.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Jiacai Wang
- Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, 88 Shengli East Street, Weifang 261061, China;
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (Q.W.); (E.N.)
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (Q.W.); (E.N.)
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.G.); (X.G.); (D.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (Q.W.); (E.N.)
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (Q.W.); (E.N.)
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (K.K.)
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Eddicks M, Eddicks L, Stadler J, Hermanns W, Ritzmann M. [The porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) - a clinical review]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:120-132. [PMID: 33902142 DOI: 10.1055/a-1403-1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The porcine respiratory disease complex describes a clinical condition that often manifests as treatment-resistant respiratory disease of growing to finishing pigs. Its multifactorial etiology includes infectious and non-infectious factors. Besides management and hygiene conditions, particularly viral and bacterial pathogens contribute to the development and course of PRDC. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), influenza A virus (IAV) and Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneunoniae are considered as the major pathogens involved in PRDC. The clinical outcome and necropsy findings may differ depending on the involvement of the different pathogens. The complex nature of the PRDC impedes the diagnostic and preventive measures on affected farms. The present review provides insight into the pathomorphology, pathogenesis and inter-pathogen-interactions and aims to support practitioners in implementing purposeful diagnostic and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eddicks
- Klinik für Schweine, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Lina Eddicks
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Julia Stadler
- Klinik für Schweine, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Walter Hermanns
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Klinik für Schweine, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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Ma Z, Liu M, Liu Z, Meng F, Wang H, Cao L, Li Y, Jiao Q, Han Z, Liu S. Epidemiological investigation of porcine circovirus type 2 and its coinfection rate in Shandong province in China from 2015 to 2018. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:17. [PMID: 33413367 PMCID: PMC7792206 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the crucial swine viral pathogens, caused porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD). Shandong province is one of the most important pork producing areas and bears a considerable economic loss due to PCVAD. However, there is limited information on epidemiology and coinfection rate of PCV2 with other critical swine diseases in this area, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). RESULTS Overall, 89.59% serum samples and 36.98% tissue samples were positive for PCV2 specified ELISA and PCR positive for PCV2, respectively. The coinfection rates of PCV2 with PRRSV, PRV, CSFV, and PEDV were 26.73%, 18.37%, 13.06%, and 3.47%, respectively. Moreover, genetic characteristic of PCV2 were analyzed based on the cap genes showing that PCV2d is the dominant sub-genotype circulating in the province. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that PCV2d, as the dominant strain, is prevailing in pig farms in Shandong province at high levels. There was a high frequency of coinfection of PCV2 and PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taian, China
| | - Mengda Liu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, 266032, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaohu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taian, China
| | - Fanliang Meng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taian, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taian, China
| | - Longlong Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taian, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taian, China
| | - Qiulin Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taian, China
| | - Zifeng Han
- Emergency Centre for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 100600, Beijing, China.
| | - Sidang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Taian, China.
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Mohamed M, El-Sabagh I, Vashi Y, Jagrit V, Elmonem Salem MA, Al-Ramadan MA, Al-Ali AM, Kumar S. Analysis of the beak and feather disease viral genome indicates evidence of multiple introduction events into Saudi Arabia. Virus Res 2020; 295:198279. [PMID: 33387603 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), caused by beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a highly contagious disease in wild and captive psittacine populations and has an almost global presence. However, the BFDV infection in Saudi Arabia remains largely unknown. In the present study, we report the full genome sequence of BFDV strains from Saudi Arabia and its genetic diversity. The complete genome sequences were analyzed for 14 BFDV-infected birds representing 6 psittacine species. The complete genome sequence of BFDV strains was compared with 201 previously reported sequences to evaluate their diversity and possible recombination events, if any. Our analysis revealed that newly sequenced BFDV genomes from Saudi Arabia belonged to six different strains. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the isolated BFDV genomes were highly recombinant with a high degree of diversity. It is evident from the study that psittacine species in Saudi Arabia are at risk from the spread of BFDV. As per the CITES trade database, about 190,000 parrots have been imported to Saudi Arabia since 1975 over a thousand instances. Presumably, during any of these trade events or unregulated trade of birds has predisposed the introduction of BFDV to Saudi Arabia. Understanding the epidemiology of BFDV is necessitated to address the threat posed by the virus to the psittacine population of Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim El-Sabagh
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Yoya Vashi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vipin Jagrit
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohamed Abd Elmonem Salem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - M A Al-Ramadan
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Al-Ali
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Yang J, Cao MX, Hu WY, Wei YY, Hu TJ. Sophorasubprosrate polysaccharide suppress the inflammatory reaction of RAW264.7 cells infected with PCV2 via regulation NF-κB/MAPKs/c-Jun signal pathway and histone acetylation modification. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:957-965. [PMID: 32442564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation of Sophorasubprosrate polysaccharide (SSP) on inflammatory response and histone acetylation modification of RAW264.7 cells (mouse mononuclear macrophage cell line) infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). We further explored the role of inflammatory response and histone acetylation modification on the basis of the original study. The results showed that SSP decreased the secretion levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and the intracellular iNOS, COX-2 enzyme activities and their mRNA expression levels in PCV2 infected RAW264.7 cells, but increased the level of IL-10 secretion and its mRNA expression. SSP inhibited the phosphorylation levels of proteins of p65, ERK1/2, p38 and c-Jun in RAW264.7 cells infected with PCV2. The activities of HAT and HDAC enzymes and the mRNA expression levels of HAT1 and HDAC1 were increased when the PCV2-infected RAW264.7 cells were treated by SSP. Meanwhile, the expression of acetylation modification of histones both H3 and H4 was obviously inhibited. In conclusion, SSP may reduce the acetylation levels of both H3 and H4 and activate NF-κB/MAPKs/c-Jun signaling pathway by increasing the activity of HADC enzyme and the expression of HDAC mRNA, further inhibiting inflammatory response by regulating the gene expression levels of inflammatory factors. The findings indicated that the molecular mechanism of how traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide regulates inflammatory signal pathways and inflammatory factors by regulating histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364000, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan 364000, PR China
| | - Mi-Xia Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Wen-Yue Hu
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Ying-Yi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Ting-Jun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Zhang S, Mou C, Cao Y, Zhang E, Yang Q. Immune response in piglets orally immunized with recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:23. [PMID: 32046726 PMCID: PMC7014726 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-0514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and is associated with a number of other diseases. PCV2 is widely distributed in most developed swine industries, and is a severe economic burden. With an eye to developing an effective, safe, and convenient vaccine against PCV2-associated diseases, we have constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain (B. subtilis-Cap) that expresses the PCV2 capsid protein (Cap). METHODS Electroporation of a plasmid shuttle vector encoding the PCV2 Cap sequence was use to transform Bacillus subtilis. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate in vitro bone marrow derived dendritic cell (BM-DC) maturation and T cell proliferation induced by B. subtilis-Cap. Orally inoculated piglets were used for in vivo experiments; ELISA and western blotting were used to evaluate B. subtilis-Cap induced PCV2-specific IgA and IgG levels, as well as the secretion of cytokines and the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). RESULTS We evaluated the immune response to B. subtilis-Cap in vitro using mouse BM-DCs and in vivo using neonatal piglets orally inoculated with B. subtilis-Cap. Our results showed that the recombinant B. subtilis-Cap activated BM-DCs, significantly increased co-stimulatory molecules (CD40 and CD80) and major histocompatibility complex II, and induced allogenic T cells proliferation. Piglets immunized with B. subtilis-Cap had elevated levels of PCV2-specific IgA in the mucosal tissues of the digestive and respiratory tract, and PCV2-specific IgG in serum (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Ileal immunocompetent cells, such as the IgA-secreting cells (P < 0.01), intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) (P < 0.01), CD3+ T lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and CD4+ T lymphocytes (P < 0.01) increased significantly in the B. subtilis-Cap immunized piglets. Additionally, B. subtilis-Cap inoculation resulted in increased the expression of TLR2 and TLR9 (P < 0.01), and induced the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ, and β-defensin 2 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We constructed a prototype PCV2 vaccine that can be administered orally and elicits a more robust humoral and cellular immunity than inactivated PCV2. B. subtilis-Cap is a promising vaccine candidate that is safe, convenient, and inexpensive. Further in vivo research is needed to determine its full range of efficacy in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Cao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - En Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
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Li H, Wei X, Zhang X, Xu H, Zhao X, Zhou S, Huang S, Liu X. Establishment of a multiplex RT-PCR assay for identification of atmospheric virus contamination in pig farms. Environ Pollut 2019; 253:358-364. [PMID: 31325880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spread of pathogens in pig farms not only causes transfection of diseases to other pigs or even farmers working in the farms, but also induces pollution to the living atmospheric environment of the residents around the farm. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a rapid and simple monitoring method. In this study, full genome sequences of common viruses were analyzed in pig farms, in combination with the design of primers, optimization of the reaction parameters, so as to establish a multiplex RT-PCR assay for the identification of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus Type 2 (PCV-2), porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine parvovirus virus (PPV), which are common in pig farms. This method has a minimal detectable concentration of 10-3 ng/μL, which is highly specific. Furthermore, multiplex RT-PCR was applied to examine air samples from 4 pig farms located in different cities of China. The results were in line with those obtained by single PCR. Therefore, this study can be expected to provide essential technique support for the early warning mechanism as well as disease prevention and control system against the major viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
| | - Xiaobing Wei
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiulin Zhang
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xuesong Zhao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shaofeng Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shaobin Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xingyou Liu
- Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
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Gunter CJ, Regnard GL, Rybicki EP, Hitzeroth II. Immunogenicity of plant-produced porcine circovirus-like particles in mice. Plant Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1751-1759. [PMID: 30791210 PMCID: PMC6686138 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is the main causative agent associated with a group of diseases collectively known as porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCAD). There is a significant economic strain on the global swine industry due to PCAD and the production of commercial PCV-2 vaccines is expensive. Plant expression systems are increasingly regarded as a viable technology to produce recombinant proteins for use as pharmaceutical agents and vaccines. However, successful production and purification of PCV-2 capsid protein (CP) from plants is an essential first step towards the goal of a plant-produced PCV-2 vaccine candidate. In this study, the PCV-2 CP was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants via agroinfiltration and PCV-2 CP was successfully purified using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The CP self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) resembling native virions and up to 6.5 mg of VLPs could be purified from 1 kg of leaf wet weight. Mice immunized with the plant-produced PCV-2 VLPs elicited specific antibody responses to PCV-2 CP. This is the first report describing the expression of PCV-2 CP in plants, the confirmation of its assembly into VLPs and the demonstration of their use to elicit a strong immune response in a mammalian model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius J. Gunter
- Biopharming Research UnitDepartment of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Guy L. Regnard
- Division of Medical VirologyDepartment of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Biopharming Research UnitDepartment of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Inga I. Hitzeroth
- Biopharming Research UnitDepartment of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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Teras M, Viisileht E, Pahtma-Hall M, Rump A, Paalme V, Pata P, Pata I, Langevin C, Rüütel Boudinot S. Porcine circovirus type 2 ORF3 protein induces apoptosis in melanoma cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1237. [PMID: 30526524 PMCID: PMC6288936 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current treatment of malignant melanoma is limited by the lack of effective therapeutic approaches, and alternative treatments are needed. Proliferative diseases such as melanoma and other cancers may be treatable by virally-encoded apoptotic proteins that are targeted to rapidly multiplying cells. Caspase-dependent apoptosis, that is frequently used in chemotherapy, can boost the cell proliferation that caspase-independent cell death does not. METHODS In the current study, the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), proapoptotic protein ORF3 was expressed in mouse and human cancer cell lines, and its apoptotic activity was assessed. RESULTS Quantitative assessment of the apoptotic cells by flow cytometry showed that apoptotic cell death was significantly increased in ORF3-expressing malignant cells, compared to ORF3 non-expressing cells. Our data show that PCV2 ORF3 induces apoptosis in a caspase-3 and -8 independent manner. ORF3 expression seems to cause an increase in abnormal mitosis in B16F10 melanoma cells by interacting with centrosomes and thereby disrupting the formation of the mitotic spindle. In addition, we show that ORF3 of PCV2 also exhibits significant anti-tumor effects in vivo. Although the expression of Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS)-16 by recipient mice inhibited the development of grafted melanoma in vivo, it was not required for the antitumoral activity of ORF3. CONCLUSION PCV2 ORF3 causes abnormal mitosis in rapidly dividing cells and increases the apoptosis of cancer cells. Apoptin might, therefore, be considered to develop future antitumoral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Teras
- Oncology, North Estonia Medical Centre, 19 J. Sütiste tee st, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Edda Viisileht
- Oncology, North Estonia Medical Centre, 19 J. Sütiste tee st, 13419 Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 15 Akadeemia St, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Merlis Pahtma-Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 15 Akadeemia St, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Airi Rump
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 15 Akadeemia St, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Viiu Paalme
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 15 Akadeemia St, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Pille Pata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 15 Akadeemia St, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Illar Pata
- IVEX Lab OU, 15 Akadeemia St, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Christelle Langevin
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 15 Akadeemia St, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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Fogell DJ, Martin RO, Bunbury N, Lawson B, Sells J, McKeand AM, Tatayah V, Trung CT, Groombridge JJ. Trade and conservation implications of new beak and feather disease virus detection in native and introduced parrots. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:1325-1335. [PMID: 30152576 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), caused by Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), has spread rapidly around the world, raising concerns for threatened species conservation and biosecurity associated with the global pet bird trade. The virus has been reported in several wild parrot populations, but data are lacking for many taxa and geographical areas with high parrot endemism. We aimed to advance understanding of BFDV distribution in many data-deficient areas and determine phylogenetic and biogeographic associations of the virus in 5 parrot species across Africa, the Indian Ocean islands, Asia, and Europe and focused specifically on the highly traded and invasive Psittacula krameri. Blood, feather, and tissue samples were screened for BFDV through standard polymerase chain reaction. Isolates obtained from positive individuals were then analyzed in a maximum likelihood phylogeny along with all other publically available global BFDV sequences. We detected BFDV in 8 countries where it was not known to occur previously, indicating the virus is more widely distributed than currently recognized. We documented for the first time the presence of BFDV in wild populations of P. krameri within its native range in Asia and Africa. We detected BFDV among introduced P. krameri in Mauritius and the Seychelles, raising concerns for island endemic species in the region. Phylogenetic relationships between viral sequences showed likely pathways of transmission between populations in southern Asia and western Africa. A high degree of phylogenetic relatedness between viral variants from geographically distant populations suggests recent introductions, likely driven by global trade. These findings highlight the need for effective regulation of international trade in live parrots, particularly in regions with high parrot endemism or vulnerable taxa where P. krameri could act as a reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Fogell
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, U.K
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, U.K
| | - Rowan O Martin
- World Parrot Trust, Africa Programme, Glanmor House, Hayle, Cornwall, TR27 4HB, U.K
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nancy Bunbury
- Seychelles Islands Foundation, Victoria, Mahé, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Becki Lawson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, U.K
| | - James Sells
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, U.K
| | - Alison M McKeand
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, U.K
| | - Vikash Tatayah
- Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, Grannum Road, Vacoas, Mauritius
| | - Cao Tien Trung
- Biology Faculty, Vinh University, 182 Le Duan Street, Vinh City, Vietnam
| | - Jim J Groombridge
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, U.K
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Dione M, Masembe C, Akol J, Amia W, Kungu J, Lee HS, Wieland B. The importance of on-farm biosecurity: Sero-prevalence and risk factors of bacterial and viral pathogens in smallholder pig systems in Uganda. Acta Trop 2018; 187:214-221. [PMID: 29949731 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The productivity of pigs in smallholder systems is affected by high disease burden, most of which might not be obvious, with their epidemiology and impact being poorly understood. This study estimated the seroprevalence and identified the risk factors of a range of bacterial and viral pathogens of potential economic and public health importance in domestic pigs in Uganda. A total of 522 clinically healthy pigs were randomly selected from 276 pig farms in Masaka (142) and Lira (134) districts of Uganda in 2015. RESULTS Overall the highest animal prevalence was found for Streptococcus suis 73.0% (CI95: 67.0-78.3) in Lira and 68.2% (CI95: 62.7-73.4) in Masaka; followed by Porcine circovirus type 2 with 50.8% (CI95: 44.5-57.2) in Lira and 40.7% (CI95: 35.2-46.5) in Masaka and Actinobacillus pleuro-pneumoniae, 25.6% (CI95: 20.4-31.6) in Lira and 20.5% (CI95: 16.2-25.6) in Masaka. Mycoplasma hyopneumonia prevalence was 20.9% (CI95: 16.2-26.6) in Lira and 10.1% (CI95: 7.1-14.1) in Masaka, while Porcine parvovirus was 6.2% (CI95: 4.0-9.7) in Masaka and 3.4% (CI95: 1.7-6.6) in Lira. Less common pathogens were Influenza A, 8.5% (CI95: 5.6-12.8) in Lira and 2.0% (CI95: 0.9-4.5) in Masaka and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, 1.7% (CI95: 0.7-4.3) in Lira and 1.3% (CI95: 0.5-3.5) in Masaka. Even less common was Rotavirus A with 0.8% (CI95: 0.2-3.0) in Lira and 0.7% (CI95: 0.2-2.5) in Masaka; the same was for Aujeszky virus with 0.4% (CI95: 0.7-2.4) in Lira and 0.0% (CI95: 0.0-0.1) in Masaka. Co-infection with two pathogens was common and there was a significant association of M. hyo and PCV2 co-occurrence (p = 0.016). Multivariate analysis showed that for S. suis the use of disinfectant reduced odds of sero-positivitey (OR = 0.15; p = 0.017) and pigs less than 6 months were more likely to be infected than older pigs (OR = 3.35; p = 0.047). For M. hyo, crossbred pigs had higher odd of infection compared to local breeds (OR = 1.59; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The studied pathogens have high prevalences in smallholder pig production systems and might be silent killers, thus affecting productivity and there is a possibility that some pathogens could spread to humans. Given the limited knowledge of veterinary workers and the poor diagnostic capacities and capabilities in these systems, the diseases are potentially usually under-diagnosed. These findings constitute baseline data to measure the impact of future interventions aiming to reduce disease burden in the pig production systems in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, C/O Bioversity International, P. O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Charles Masembe
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joyce Akol
- International Livestock Research Institute, C/O Bioversity International, P. O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Winfred Amia
- International Livestock Research Institute, C/O Bioversity International, P. O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joseph Kungu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala Uganda.
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, 298 Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Gan F, Zhou Y, Qian G, Huang D, Hou L, Liu D, Chen X, Wang T, Jiang P, Lei X, Huang K. PCV2 infection aggravates ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity via autophagy involving p38 signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Environ Pollut 2018; 238:656-662. [PMID: 29614475 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is reported to induce nephrotoxicity in animals and humans. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) could induce porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. To date, little is known whether virus infection aggravates mycotoxin-induced toxicity. This work aimed to study the effects of PCV2 infection on OTA-induced nephrotoxicity and its mechanism in vivo and vitro. The results in vivo showed that PCV2 infection aggravated OTA-induced poor growth performance, nephrotoxicity, p38 phosphorylation and autophagy as demonstrated by Atg5, LC3 II and p62 protein expressions in kidney of pigs. The results in vitro indicated that PCV2 infection significantly aggravated OTA-induced nephrotoxicity as demonstrated by cell viabilities, annexin V/PI binding and caspase 3 activities, and induced p38 phosphorylation and autophagy in PK15 cells. p38 inhibitor decreased Atg5 and LC3 protein expression induced by PCV2 infection and OTA combined treatment. Adding autophagy inhibitor 3-MA or CQ alleviated the aggravating effects of PCV2 infection on OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. Atg5-specific siRNA eliminated the aggravating effects of PCV2 infection on OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. Taken together, these data indicate that in vivo and in vitro PCV2 infection aggravated OTA-induced nephrotoxicity via p38-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yajiao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Da Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Krakowka S, Ellis J, McNeilly F, Waldner C, Allan G. Features of Porcine Circovirus-2 Disease: Correlations between Lesions, Amount and Distribution of Virus, and Clinical Outcome. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 17:213-22. [PMID: 15948294 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue sets from 36 snatch-farrowed colostrum-deprived (SF/CD) and 71 Caesarian-derived gnotobiotic swine infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) as neonates were examined and scored for the types and tissue distribution of histologic lesions associated with this viral infection. The occurrence and severity of these lesions were correlated with qualitative and quantitative determinations of viral burden in tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and tissue titrations for infectious virus, respectively. These measures were, in turn, related to 1 of 3 categories of clinical disease expressed in PCV-2–infected swine as subclinical infection, preclinical postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), and clinically evident PMWS, respectively. Statistically significant ( P < 0.05 to 0.001) associations between both measures of viral burden, the severity of histologic lesions and the stage of disease were obtained. Discrimination between and among categories of disease was best accomplished by a combination of IHC and histopathology. The results of this study confirm that viral burden in PCV-2–infected tissues, specifically lymphoid tissues and liver, directly correlate with severity of clinical disease expression in PCV-2 infected swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Krakowka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Lopez-Rodriguez A, Dewulf J, Meyns T, Del-Pozo-Sacristán R, Andreoni C, Goubier A, Chapat L, Charreyre C, Joisel F, Maes D. Effect of sow vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on virological profiles in herds with or without PCV2 systemic disease. Can Vet J 2016; 57:619-628. [PMID: 27247462 PMCID: PMC4866667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) virological profiles in herds affected (PCVAD-AH, n = 5) or non-affected (PCVAD-NAH, n = 4) by PCV2-associated diseases (PCVAD), before and after 1 y of PCV2 gilt and sow vaccination. Fresh feces from the floor (5 pens/age/farm) and 5 blood samples (1/pen) were collected at 3, 9, 15, 21 wk. Individual feces and blood samples were collected from 5 gilts and 15 sows. Sampling was repeated 1 y after vaccination. Quantitative PCR on feces, PCV2 antibodies in blood serum and cell-mediated immunity were investigated. Before vaccination, pigs of PCVAD-AH had higher viral load in feces (9 and 15 wk), lower IgG and higher IgM (3 wk) and lower lymphocyte counts (9 and 15 wk) suggesting immunosuppression. Vaccination reduced viral load in growers, increased IgG (3 wk) suggesting improved maternal immunity, reduced IgM (3 wk), increased total antibody titers in sows and increased CD79a cells in the pigs.
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Knafler GJ, Ortiz-Catedral L, Jackson B, Varsani A, Grueber CE, Robertson BC, Jamieson IG. Comparison of beak and feather disease virus prevalence and immunity-associated genetic diversity over time in an island population of red-crowned parakeets. Arch Virol 2015; 161:811-20. [PMID: 26699786 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen outbreaks in the wild can contribute to a population's extinction risk. Concern over the effects of pathogen outbreaks in wildlife is amplified in small, threatened populations, where degradation of genetic diversity may hinder natural selection for enhanced immunocompetence. Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) was detected for the first time in an island population of red-crowned parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) in 2008 on Little Barrier Island (Hauturu-o-Toi) of New Zealand. By 2013, the prevalence of the viral infection had significantly decreased within the population. We tested whether the population of red-crowned parakeets showed a selective response to BFDV, using neutral microsatellite and two immunity-associated genetic markers, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We found evidence for selection at viral-associated TLR3; however, the ability of TLR3 to elicit an immune response in the presence of BFDV warrants confirmation. Alternatively, because red-crowned parakeet populations are prone to fluctuations in size, the decrease in BFDV prevalence over time may be attributed to the Little Barrier Island population dropping below the density threshold for viral maintenance. Our results highlight that natural processes such as adaptation for enhanced immunocompetence and/or density fluctuations are efficient mechanisms for reducing pathogen prevalence in a threatened, isolated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle J Knafler
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Luis Ortiz-Catedral
- Ecology and Conservation Group, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102-904, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bethany Jackson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Catherine E Grueber
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, USA
| | - Bruce C Robertson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ian G Jamieson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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Nathues H, Meyer-Hamme J, Maass P, Goessl R, Stansen W, Steens R, grosse Beilage E. Reliability of operational data from pig herds and performance ratings by veterinarians and pig farmers collected during telephone interviews for the evaluation of a PCV2 piglet vaccination. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:260. [PMID: 25348652 PMCID: PMC4213548 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a telephone survey in gaining an understanding of the possible herd and management factors influencing the performance (i.e. safety and efficacy) of a vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in a large number of herds and to estimate customers' satisfaction. RESULTS Datasets from 227 pig herds that currently applied or have applied a PCV2 vaccine were analysed. Since 1-, 2- and 3-site production systems were surveyed, the herds were allocated in one of two subsets, where only applicable variables out of 180 were analysed. Group 1 was comprised of herds with sows, suckling pigs and nursery pigs, whereas herds in Group 2 in all cases kept fattening pigs. Overall 14 variables evaluating the subjective satisfaction with one particular PCV2 vaccine were comingled to an abstract dependent variable for further models, which was characterized by a binary outcome from a cluster analysis: good/excellent satisfaction (green cluster) and moderate satisfaction (red cluster). The other 166 variables comprised information about diagnostics, vaccination, housing, management, were considered as independent variables. In Group 1, herds using the vaccine due to recognised PCV2 related health problems (wasting, mortality or porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome) had a 2.4-fold increased chance (1/OR) of belonging to the green cluster. In the final model for Group 1, the diagnosis of diseases other than PCV2, the reason for vaccine administration being other than PCV2-associated diseases and using a single injection of iron had significant influence on allocating into the green cluster (P < 0.05). In Group 2, only unchanged time or delay of time of vaccination influenced the satisfaction (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The methodology and statistical approach used in this study were feasible to scientifically assess "satisfaction", and to determine factors influencing farmers' and vets' opinion about the safety and efficacy of a new vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Nathues
- />Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buescheler Street 9, Bakum, D-49456 Germany
- />Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Bremgarten Street 109a, Berne, CH-3012 Switzerland
| | - Johanna Meyer-Hamme
- />Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buescheler Street 9, Bakum, D-49456 Germany
| | - Petra Maass
- />Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health GmbH, Binger Street 173, Ingelheim am Rhein, D-55216 Germany
| | - Ruediger Goessl
- />Medical Data Service, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Binger Street 173, Ingelheim am Rhein, D-55216 Germany
| | - Wibke Stansen
- />Medical Data Service, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Binger Street 173, Ingelheim am Rhein, D-55216 Germany
| | - Rolf Steens
- />Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Binger Street 173, Ingelheim am Rhein, D-55216 Germany
| | - Elisabeth grosse Beilage
- />Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buescheler Street 9, Bakum, D-49456 Germany
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Lu Y, Jia R, Zhang Z, Wang M, Xu Y, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu M, Yin Z, Chen X, Cheng A. In vitro expression and development of indirect ELISA for Capsid protein of duck circovirus without nuclear localization signal. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:4938-4944. [PMID: 25197365 PMCID: PMC4152055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Duck circovirus was a newly discovered pathogen that causing ducks immunosuppression in recent years, but it can not been cultured in vitro that limited its depth study. In the present study, the Cap gene that defect the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of DuCV was amplified and connected to the express vector pET-32a (+), to express the recombinant Cap protein in the bacterium Escherichia coli Rosetta. The recombinant Cap protein was purified and an indirect ELISA method was developed based on the recombinant Cap protein. The results showed that the truncated Cap gene was 567 bp and cloned into pET-32a (+) vector successfully. The recombinant Cap protein was expressed as inclusion bodies. The results of optimization for indirect ELISA revealed that the optimal antigen and serum dilutions were selected to be 4 μg/well and 1:40, respectively; the coating condition was 37°C for 1 h and 4°C overnight; the blocking time in 1% BSA was 1 h at 37°C and the second antibody dilution was 1:800, the cut-off value was 0.352. Known anti-sera samples of other duck common pathogens were tested by the developed ELISA and the results showed it was specific for DuCV anti-sera detection. The sensitivity of indirect ELISA reached 1:2560, and the coefficient of variation between intra-assay and inter-assay were less than 10%. Compared the PCR and indirect ELISA methods, the positive compliance rate was 95.6% for detected 59 duck samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Lu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhilong Zhang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu, 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu, 611130, China
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Lv Y, Zhang X, Sun Y, Zhang S. Activation of NF-κB contributes to production of pig-major acute protein and serum amyloid A in pigs experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1235-40. [PMID: 24011594 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APPs) have protective and regulatory roles in the inflammatory response. Previous studies indicate that APPs in serum change after pigs are infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), but the mechanisms underlying APP production have remained unclear. In this present study, 35-day-old pigs were challenged with PCV2 and responses compared to an uninfected control group. To investigate the concentrations of APPs in serum and the activity of NF-κB in the liver, five pigs in the PCV2-infected group were euthanized at 14, 21 and 35days post inoculation (dpi) while four pigs were sacrificed in the control group at 0, 14, 21 and 35 days, respectively. The concentrations of pig-major acute protein (Pig-MAP), C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in infected animals were increased at 14 and 21 dpi, while the concentration of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) was lower at 35 dpi, indicating that PCV2 induced the production of APPs. Moreover, the DNA binding activity of NF-κB and expression levels of NF-κB p65 subunit (NF-κB p65) from the cytoplasm to nucleus were increased at 14 and 21 dpi in the liver of infected pigs, while the phosphorylation of IκBα (p-IκBα) in the liver was also increased at 21dpi. This demonstrated that PCV2 infection induced the activation of NF-κB. Both SAA and Pig-MAP concentrations correlated significantly with expression levels of NF-κB p65, indicating that activation of NF-κB contributes to the production of SAA and Pig-MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
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Herbich E, Heissenberger B, Ladinig A, Griessler A, Ritzmann M, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Hennig-Pauka I. [Field trial on the simultaneous vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2013; 41:279-288. [PMID: 24126996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to investigate whether a combined or concurrent application of two vaccines against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo.) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in suckling piglets can be as effective as the single use of both products. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 598 piglets were allocated to five groups. In the 1st and 3rd weeks of life the placebo Porcilis® Diluvac forte and the two vaccines Porcilis® M HYO ("M HYO") and Porcilis® PCV ("PCV") were administered according to the following scheme: group A: placebo/PCV; group B: M HYO/M HYO; group C: placebo/placebo; group D: M HYO/M HYO + PCV (combined single dose); group E: placebo/M HYO + PCV (different injection sites). Lung lesions due to M. hyo. infection were recorded at slaughter, and average daily weight gain, morbidity, mortality, serum PCV2 load and specific humoral immune responses were compared between the groups. Local and systemic side effects were recorded. RESULTS Sporadic impairment of the herd health status due to piglet diarrhoea (n = 111) from the 1st to 3rd weeks of life were not associated with M. hyo. or PCV2. A tendency towards a higher average daily weight gain was found in vaccinated pigs compared to the control group. Slight differences between groups in terms of lung lesions, morbidity and mortality were not significant. M. hyo. and PCV2 antibody-titers were significantly higher in vaccinated than in non-vaccinated pigs. One pig from both group A (PCV2) and group C (placebo) displayed local reactions at the vaccination site. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A positive effect on animal health can be achieved by vaccination against M. hyo. and PCV2 in herds with suboptimal health status. A simultaneous vaccination either by a combined or concurrent application has no negative effect on health status. Simultaneous vaccination yielded the same positive effect on average daily weight gain as single vaccinations. Therefore, a simultaneous vaccination against M. hyo. and PCV2, which reduces workload and is beneficial for animal welfare, can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Herbich
- Mag. med. vet. Erwin Herbich, Abteilung für Biomedizinische Forschung, Medizinische Universität Wien, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Wien (AKH), Leitstelle 1Q, Währinger Gürtel 18-20/1Q, A-1090 Wien, E-Mail:
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Abstract
CONFERENCE PROCEEDING Proceedings of the PDA/FDA Adventitious Viruses in Biologics: Detection and Mitigation Strategies Workshop in Bethesda, MD, USA; December 1-3, 2010 Guest Editors: Arifa Khan (Bethesda, MD), Patricia Hughes (Bethesda, MD) and Michael Wiebe (San Francisco, CA).
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