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Guan S, Li Z, Han Y, Tian A, Zhou S, Chen H, Peng G, Song Y. Crystal structure of the ATPase domain of porcine circovirus type 2 Rep protein. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38506716 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
PCV2 belongs to the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae, whose genome is replicated by rolling circle replication (RCR). PCV2 Rep is a multifunctional enzyme that performs essential functions at multiple stages of viral replication. Rep is responsible for nicking and ligating single-stranded DNA and unwinding double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). However, the structure and function of the Rep are still poorly understood, which significantly impedes viral replication research. This study successfully resolved the structure of the PCV2 Rep ATPase domain (PRAD) using X-ray crystallography. Homologous structure search revealed that Rep belonged to the superfamily 3 (SF3) helicase, and multiple conserved residues were identified during sequence alignment with SF3 family members. Simultaneously, a hexameric PRAD model was generated for analysing characteristic structures and sites. Mutation of the conserved site and measurement of its activity showed that the hallmark motifs of the SF3 family influenced helicase activity by affecting ATPase activity and β-hairpin just caused the loss of helicase activity. The structural and functional analyses of the PRAD provide valuable insights for future research on PCV2 replication and antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Ang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Saisai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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Zhao Y, Jia N, Xie X, Chen Q, Hu T. Whole Transcriptome Analysis of Intervention Effect of Sophora subprostrate Polysaccharide on Inflammation in PCV2 Infected Murine Splenic Lymphocytes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6067-6084. [PMID: 37504299 PMCID: PMC10377888 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Sophora subprostrate, is the dried root and rhizome of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. Sophora subprostrate polysaccharide (SSP1) was extracted from Sophora subprostrate, which has shown good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Previous studies showed SSP1 could modulate inflammatory damage induced by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in murine splenic lymphocytes, but the specific regulatory mechanism is unclear. (2) Methods: Whole transcriptome analysis was used to characterize the differentially expressed mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNA in PCV2-infected cells and SSP1-treated infected cells. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and other analyses were used to screen for key inflammation-related differentially expressed genes. The sequencing results were verified by RT-qPCR, and western blot was used to verify the key protein in main enriched signal pathways. (3) Results: SSP1 can regulate inflammation-related gene changes induced by PCV2, and its interventional mechanism is mainly involved in the key differential miRNA including miR-7032-y, miR-328-y, and miR-484-z. These inflammation-related genes were mainly enriched in the TNF signal pathway and NF-κB signal pathway, and SSP1 could significantly inhibit the protein expression levels of p-IκB, p-p65, TNF-α, IRF1, GBP2 and p-SAMHD1 to alleviate inflammatory damage. (4) Conclusions: The mechanism of SSP1 regulating PCV2-induced murine splenic lymphocyte inflammation was explored from a whole transcriptome perspective, which provides a theoretical basis for the practical application of SSP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Nina Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Tingjun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
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3
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Guan S, Tian A, Jing H, Yuan H, Jia H, Shi Y, Chen H, Cao S, Peng G, Song Y. Crystal structure of the dimerized of porcine circovirus type II replication-related protein Rep'. Proteins 2023. [PMID: 37171131 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can cause porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), which causes significant economic losses to the global pig industry annually. There are no effective antiviral drugs used to control and treat PCV2, and prevention is mainly obtained through vaccination. PCV2 genome replicates through the rolling circle replication (RCR) mechanism involving Rep and Rep', so analyzing the holistic structure of Rep and Rep' will help us better understand the replication process of PCV2. However, there are no reports on the integral structure of Rep' and Rep, which seriously hinders the research of the viral replication. By using the x-ray diffraction method, the structure of the Rep' dimer was resolved by us in this study. Structural analysis revealed that Rep' is a dimer formed by the interaction of the C-terminal domain. The two Rep' form a positively charged groove, which may play an essential role in the viral binding of dsDNA. Together, this study help to understand the replication process of the virus and may also provide new insights into the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haobo Jing
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Honggen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxiao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuejun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Chen S, Li X, Zhang L, Zheng J, Yang L, Niu G, Zhang H, Ren Y, Qian J, Sun C, Ren L. Phylogenetic and Structural Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 from 2016 to 2021 in Jilin Province, China. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040983. [PMID: 37110406 PMCID: PMC10145682 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is widely distributed in pig farms. Up until now, nine genotypes of PCV2, PCV2a to 2i, have been identified in diseased pigs worldwide. This study analyzed 302 samples collected in the Jilin Province of China from 2016 to 2021, followed by genetic analysis of the PCV2 isolates. Meanwhile, the antigen epitopes, amino acid mutations, 3D structure of the PCV2 isolates and commercially available vaccine strains were evaluated and compared. The results showed that the predominant genotypes of PCV2 were PCV2b, followed by PCV2e and PCV2d in Jilin Province during 2016-2021. Although mutations were detected in the isolates, no recombination occurred in the PCV2 isolates, indicating a stable genotype of PCV2 in Jilin Province during these years. Moreover, the B cell epitopes in the Cap and Rep proteins of eighteen PCV2 isolates and T cell epitopes in the Cap of the isolates were changed compared to three currently used vaccine strains. The mutations in the Cap and Rep proteins did not affect their spatial conformation. Therefore, bivalent or multivalent vaccines with different genotypes of PCV2 might improve the protective effect of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiawei Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guyu Niu
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ying Ren
- Public Computer Education and Research Center, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Changjiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
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López-Lorenzo G, Prieto A, López-Novo C, Díaz P, Remesar S, Morrondo P, Fernández G, Díaz-Cao JM. Presence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in the Environment of Farm Facilities without Pigs in Long Term-Vaccinated Farrow-to-Wean Farms. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243515. [PMID: 36552435 PMCID: PMC9774950 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) even over several years has proven as an insufficient measure to eradicate the infection from farms, possibly due to not producing sterilizing immunity. Viral persistence in the farm environment has been proposed as a possible cause of reinfection, and for that reason, the main objective of this study was to identify potential critical points where PCV2 could persist in farrow-to-wean farms which had been vaccinating piglets for years. Surface samples were collected from different farm facilities with and without animals and analyzed by qPCR to detect and quantify the viral load. Most of the samples taken in animal housing facilities tested negative (96.6%); however, PCV2 was more frequently detected in samples from the offices (37.5%), the farm staff (25%) and the perimeter (21%). These results indicate that PCV2 contamination is frequent in facilities despite the long-term use of vaccination programs. Therefore, PCV2 control programs should include more exhaustive cleaning and disinfection protocols in non-animal facilities, as well as the implementation of specific biosecurity measures in these areas to minimize the risk of PCV2 introduction from external sources.
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Wu K, Hu W, Zhou B, Li B, Li X, Yan Q, Chen W, Li Y, Ding H, Zhao M, Fan S, Yi L, Chen J. Immunogenicity and Immunoprotection of PCV2 Virus-like Particles Incorporating Dominant T and B Cell Antigenic Epitopes Paired with CD154 Molecules in Piglets and Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214126. [PMID: 36430608 PMCID: PMC9694800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is capable of causing porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) and is one of the major threats to the global pig industry. The nucleocapsid protein Cap encoded by the PCV2 ORF2 gene is an ideal antigen for the development of PCV2 subunit vaccines, and its N-terminal nuclear localization sequence (NLS) structural domain is essential for the formation of self-assembling VLPs. In the present study, we systematically expressed and characterized full-length PCV2 Cap proteins fused to dominant T and B cell antigenic epitopes and porcine-derived CD154 molecules using baculovirus and found that the Cap proteins fusing epitopes were still capable of forming virus-like particles (VLPs). Both piglet and mice experiments showed that the Cap proteins fusing epitopes or paired with the molecular adjuvant CD154 were able to induce higher levels of humoral and cellular responses, particularly the secretion of PCV2-specific IFN-γ and IL-4. In addition, vaccination significantly reduced clinical signs and the viral load of PCV2 in the blood and tissues of challenged piglets. The results of the study provide new ideas for the development of a more efficient, safe and broad-spectrum next-generation PCV2 subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenshuo Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bolun Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bingke Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Quanhui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-85288017
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Xu Y, Yang Y, Zou X, Li C, Zhu Y, Qin Y, Li Y, Sheng YN, Liu Y, Peng G, Xu X, Zhang S, Zhao Q. [Characterization of the antigens in inactivated porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines and virus-like particle vaccines by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2022; 38:2948-2958. [PMID: 36002423 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.210937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to detect the antigens in porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS). With purified inactivated PCV2 and PCV2 virus-like particles (VLP) as references, two inactivated vaccines (a and b) and two VLP vaccines (c and d) for PCV2 from four manufacturers were analyzed by HPSEC-MALLS after demulsification. The antigen peaks in HPSEC-MALLS were identified by PCV2 antigen test strips, Western blotting and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The repeatability and linearity of the method were investigated. The results showed the virus antigens in the two inactivated vaccines were eluted at about 13.3 min in HPSEC. The molecular weight of these antigens was 2.61×106 (±4.34%) Da and 2.40×106 (±2.51%) Da, respectively, as calculated by MALLS. The antigen peaks of the two VLP vaccines also appeared at 13.3 min and the molecular weight was 2.09×106 (±2.94%) Da and 2.88×106 (±11.85%) Da, respectively, which was close to the theoretical molecular weight of PCV2. Moreover, an antigen peak of VLP vaccine c was observed at 11.4 min and the molecular weight was 4.37×106 (±0.42%) Da. The antigen was verified to be the dimer of VLP by TEM. Vaccine d and purified Cap VLP antigens were tested repeatedly, and the RSD of the peak area (n=3) was all < 1.5%, indicating that the method was repeatable. The purified VLP were diluted in serial and tested for linearity. The result suggested good linear relationship between the peak area of VLP or VLP aggregates and the protein concentration of the sample with R2 of 0.999 and 0.997, respectively. Thus, the method met the requirement for quantification and aggregate analysis. This method is accurate and efficient in in vitro quality evaluation and improvement of PCV2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xingqi Zou
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cui Li
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yixian Qin
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ya Nan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yebing Liu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guorui Peng
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoai Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qizu Zhao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
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8
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Jin QY, Feng LL, Wang YB, Li P, Yang JF, Teng M, Chai SJ, Xing GX, Zhang GP. Rapid screening of monoclonal antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2 using colloidal gold-based paper test. Pol J Vet Sci 2022; 25:27-34. [PMID: 35575997 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2022.140837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A proof of concept for using paper test as a suitable method in the production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) is reported. The paper test which detects antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) using colloidal gold-labelled capsid protein as the antigen probe was applied exclusively in the screening of anti-PCV2 MAbs. It allowed the detection of 118 single cell clones within 30 min using naked eyes. MAbs with specific binding to authentic epitopes on the virus were selected using a blocking strategy in which the antibody was pre-incubated with PCV2 viral sample before applying to the test paper. Five hybridomas secreting MAbs against the capsid protein were obtained, with only three of them capable of binding to PCV2. The results were validated and confirmed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence assay. The paper test is simple, rapid, and independent on professional technicians and proves to be an excellent approach for the screening of MAbs against specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y Jin
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - L L Feng
- Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Y B Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - P Li
- School of Life Sciences and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - J F Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - M Teng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - S J Chai
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - G X Xing
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - G P Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
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9
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Chang XX, Fan K, Meng W, Guo J, Zhao D, Yin W, Li H, Wang Z. Truncated Diphtheria Toxin DT390 Enhances the Humoral Immunogenicity of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Capsid Antigen in Mice. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:448-456. [PMID: 33902339 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of PCV-associated disease, which harms the swine industry worldwide. Open reading frame 2 of PCV2 encodes the principal immunogenic capsid (Cap) protein, which induces neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity. Cap has been developed as a subunit vaccine against PCV2 infection, although its use is hindered by low immunogenicity. Here, we hypothesized that the truncated diphtheria toxin DT390 might enhance the immunogenicity of Cap. To verify this hypothesis, we fused Cap with DT390, which was expressed using the unique diphtheria toxin-resistant Pichia pastoris expression system. We assessed the immunogenicity of DT390-Cap using BALB/c mice. DT390-Cap induced significantly higher Cap-specific and neutralizing antibodies than Cap alone with or without the ISA201 adjuvant. DT390-Cap with ISA201 adjuvant induced production of more Cap-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies than Ingelvac CircoFLEX (positive control). DT390-Cap induced slightly higher Th2-associated interleukin-4 production than Cap alone but did not affect Th1-associated interferon-γ production. The protection study demonstrated that DT390-Cap induced more effective protective immunity than Cap alone, when challenged with PCV2. The viral loads in the lungs, liver, and thymus in mice immunized using DT390-Cap were significantly lower than in those immunized with the corresponding Cap with or without the ISA201 adjuvant. Taken together, the engineered DT390 effectively enhanced the immunogenicity and protective immunity of Cap in mice. Thus, DT390-Cap is a promising novel vaccine candidate against PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xiong Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Kuohai Fan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Weijin Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dahai Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Wei Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Zhirui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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10
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López-Lorenzo G, López-Novo C, Prieto A, Díaz P, Panadero R, Rodríguez-Vega V, Morrondo P, Fernández G, Díaz-Cao JM. Monitoring of porcine circovirus type 2 infection through air and surface samples in vaccinated and unvaccinated fattening farms. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1108-1117. [PMID: 33711193 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Air and surfaces of swine farms are the two alternative samples to obtain information about the health status of the herd. The aim of this study was to assess air and surface sampling for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in vaccinated and unvaccinated fattening farms, studying the relationship between the viral load in these samples with the viremia at herd level. Three swine fattening batches (one unvaccinated; two vaccinated) were monitored at 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 weeks old; at each stage, blood, air and different surfaces were sampled and analysed by qPCR. In all herds, PCV2 was detected in all types of samples. Whenever viremia was detected, PCV2 was also detected in air and surface samples, even in those cases with a low estimated prevalence (1.6%); moreover, in two out of the three herds, PCV2 was detected in air and surface samples earlier than in the blood of the sampled population. In addition, a good correlation between the viremia of pig population and the PCV2 load in air and surface samples was found in both cases (τ = 0.672 and 0.746, respectively; p <0.05). These results show that air and surface samples could be useful tools to monitor PCV2 infection, being suitable for detecting the virus in cases of low prevalence and even before pigs develop viremia; therefore, these sampling techniques would speed up the implementation of the required measures to prevent productive and economic losses due to PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Cynthia López-Novo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cao
- Department of Animal Pathology (INVESAGA Group), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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11
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Wu X, Wang X, Shi T, Luo L, Qiao D, Wang Z, Han C, Du Q, Tong D, Huang Y. Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Rep Enhances IL-10 Production in Macrophages via Activation of p38-MAPK Pathway. Viruses 2019; 11:E1141. [PMID: 31835539 DOI: 10.3390/v11121141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the major threats to pig farms worldwide. Although PCV2 has been identified to promote IL-10 production, the detailed regulatory roles of PCV2 Rep for IL-10 production remain unclear. Herein, we first found that PCV2 Rep, rather than PCV1 Rep, enhanced IL-10 expression at the later phase of PCV2 infection in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Furthermore, we found that PCV2 Rep directly activated the p38-MAPK pathway to promote transcription factors NF-κB p50 and Sp1 binding to the il10 promoter, but PCV1 Rep did not. During PCV2 infection, however, PCV2 Rep promoted the binding activities of NF-κB p50 and Sp1 with the il10 promoter only at the later phase of PCV2 infection, since Rep proteins only expressed at the later phase of the infection. Moreover, silence of the thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), a Rep-binding protein, significantly reduced the binding activities of NF-κB p50 and Sp1 with il10 promoter, resulting in the reduction of IL-10 production in PCV2-inoculated PAMs at the later phase of infection. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Rep proteins enhance IL-10 production during PCV2 infection of PAMs via activation of p38-MAPK pathways, in which host TDG is a critical mediator.
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12
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Ouyang T, Niu G, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang S, Geng Y, Pang D, Ouyang H, Ren L. Porcine HMGCR Inhibits Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection by Directly Interacting with the Viral Proteins. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060544. [PMID: 31212640 PMCID: PMC6630565 DOI: 10.3390/v11060544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent of porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVDs/PCVADs). However, the pathogenesis of PCV2 is not fully understood. We previously found that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is negatively associated with PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo. HMGCR inhibits the early stages of PCV2 infection, while PCV2 infection induces the phosphorylation of HMGCR to inactivate the protein. In this study, we investigated the possibility that adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) participate in HMGCR-mediated inhibition of PCV2 infection and the interaction of porcine HMGCR with PCV2 proteins. The results showed that AMPK activity fluctuated in cells during the early stage of PCV2 infection, while PP2A had little effect on PCV2 infection and HMGCR activity. Furthermore, PCV2 infection may enhance or maintain the level of phosphorylated HMGCR by directly interacting with the protein in PK-15 cells. These findings may provide a better understanding of PCV2 pathogenesis, and HMGCR may be a novel PCV2 antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Guyu Niu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yifang Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Black Dragon Pool, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yulu Geng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
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13
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Guo K, Xu L, Wu M, Hou Y, Jiang Y, Lv J, Xu P, Fan Z, Zhang R, Xing F, Zhang Y. A Host Factor GPNMB Restricts Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Replication and Interacts With PCV2 ORF5 Protein. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3295. [PMID: 30671053 PMCID: PMC6331448 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the infectious agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The recently discovered open reading frame 5 (ORF5) in PCV2 genome encodes a non-structural protein. Previous study revealed that ORF5 protein inhibits cell proliferation and may interact with host transmembrane glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB). However, whether the GPNMB affects PCV2 replication and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, the transcriptome maps of PCV2-infected and ORF5-transfected porcine alveolar macrophages 3D4/2 (PAM) cells were profiled. The GPNMB gene was down-regulated in PCV2-infected and ORF5-transfected PAMs. By using glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and confocal microscopy approaches, we convincingly showed that PCV2 ORF5 protein interacts with GPNMB. Furthermore, by utilizing lentivirus mediated overexpression or knockdown approach, we showed that the cellular GPNMB significantly inhibits PCV2 replication and ORF5 expression. Moreover, GPNMB overexpressing leads to an increased Cyclin A expression and a reduced S phase, whereas GPNMB knockdown causes a decreased Cyclin A expression and a prolonged S phase. In conclusion, we identified a novel host factor GPNMB that interacts with PCV2 ORF5 protein and restricts PCV2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yufeng Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanfen Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiangman Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhixin Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruiqi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fushan Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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14
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Luo G, Zhu X, Lv Y, Lv B, Fang J, Cao S, Chen H, Peng G, Song Y. Crystal Structure of the Dimerized N Terminus of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Replicase Protein Reveals a Novel Antiviral Interface. J Virol 2018; 92:e00724-18. [PMID: 29976661 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00724-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Two replicase (Rep) proteins, Rep and Rep', are encoded by porcine circovirus (PCV) ORF1; Rep is a full ORF1 transcript, and Rep' is a truncated transcript generated by splicing. These two proteins are crucial for the rolling-circle replication (RCR) of PCV. The N-terminal sequences of Rep and Rep' are identical and interact to form homo- or heterodimers. The three types of dimers perform different functions during replication. A structural examination of the interfacing termini has not been performed. In this study, a crystal structure of dimerized Rep protein N termini was resolved at 2.7 Å. The dimerized protein was maintained by nine intermolecular hydrogen bonds and 15 pairs of hydrophobic interactions. The amino acid residue Ile37 participates in 11 of the hydrophobic interactions, mostly with its side chain. To find the predominant sites for protein dimerization and virus replication, a series of mutant proteins and virus replicons were generated by alanine substitution. Of all the single amino acid substitutions, the mutation at Ile37 showed the greatest effect on protein dimerization and virus replication. A double mutation at Leu35 and Ile37 almost eliminated protein dimerization and had the greatest negative effect on virus replication. These studies demonstrate that Leu35 and Ile37 are the most important residues for protein dimerization and are crucial for virus replication. Our results also show that PCV replication can be decreased by disrupting the dimerization of Rep or Rep' at the N terminus, suggesting that the structural interface responsible for dimerization offers a promising antiviral target.IMPORTANCE Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the most economically damaging pathogens affecting the swine industry. Although vaccines have been available for more than 10 years, the virus still remains prevalent. More effective strategies for disease prevention are clearly required. The Rep and Rep' proteins of the virus have identical N-terminal regions that interact with each other, allowing the formation of homo- or heterodimers. The heterodimer has crucial functions during different stages of viral replication. Here, we resolved the crystal structure of the Rep (Rep') dimerization domain. The individual residues involved in the intermolecular interaction were visualized in the protein structure, and several interactions were verified by mutant analysis. Our studies show that disrupting the interaction decreases viral replication, thus revealing a new target for the design of antiviral agents.
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15
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Wang D, Zhang S, Zou Y, Yu W, Jiang Y, Zhan Y, Wang N, Dong Y, Yang Y. Structure-Based Design of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Chimeric VLPs (cVLPs) Displays Foreign Peptides on the Capsid Surface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:232. [PMID: 30038901 PMCID: PMC6046401 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although porcine circovirus-like particles can function as a vector to carry foreign peptides into host cells, displaying foreign peptides on the surface of virus-like particles (VLPs) remains challenging. In this study, a plateau, consisting of the middle portion of Loop CD (MP-Lcd) from two neighboring subunits of PCV2 capsid protein (Cap), was identified as an ideal site to insert various foreign peptides or epitopes and display them on the surface of PCV2 VLPs. One of the goals of this work is to determine if the surface pattern of this plateau can be altered without compromising the neutralizing activity against PCV2 infections. Therefore, biological roles of MP-Lcd regarding VLPs assembly, cell entry, and antigenicity were investigated to determine whether this was a universal site for insertion of foreign functional peptides. Three-dimensional (3D) structure simulations and mutation assays revealed MP-Lcd was dispensable for PCV2 Cap assembly into VLPs and their entry into host cells. Notably, substitution of MP-Lcd with a foreign peptide, caused surface pattern changes around two-fold axes of PCV2 VLPs based on 3D structure simulation, but was not detrimental to VLPs assembly and cell entry. Moreover, this substitution had no adverse effect on eliciting neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against PCV2 infection in pigs. In conclusion, MP-Lcd of the PCV2 Cap was a promising site to accommodate and display foreign epitopes or functional peptides on the surface of PCV2 VLPs. Furthermore, chimeric VLPs (cVLPs) would have potential as bivalent or multivalent vaccines and carriers to deliver functional peptides to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Sujiao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yawen Zou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanting Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanpeng Dong
- Jiangsu Nannong Hi-Tech Co., Ltd, Jiangyin, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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16
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Zhang G, Cheng G, Jia P, Jiao S, Feng C, Hu T, Liu H, Du Y. The Positive Correlation of the Enhanced Immune Response to PCV2 Subunit Vaccine by Conjugation of Chitosan Oligosaccharide with the Deacetylation Degree. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15080236. [PMID: 28933754 PMCID: PMC5577591 DOI: 10.3390/md15080236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), the degraded products of chitosan, have been demonstrated to have versatile biological functions. In primary studies, it has displayed significant adjuvant effects when mixed with other vaccines. In this study, chitosan oligosaccharides with different deacetylation degrees were prepared and conjugated to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) subunit vaccine to enhance its immunogenicity. The vaccine conjugates were designed by the covalent linkage of COSs to PCV2 molecules and administered to BALB/c mice three times at two-week intervals. The results indicate that, as compared to the PCV2 group, COS-PCV2 conjugates remarkably enhanced both humoral and cellular immunity against PCV2 by promoting lymphocyte proliferation and initiating a mixed T-helper 1 (Th1)/T-helper 2 (Th2) response, including raised levels of PCV2-specific antibodies and an increased production of inflammatory cytokines. Noticeably, with the increasing deacetylation degree, the stronger immune responses to PCV2 were observed in the groups with COS-PCV2 vaccination. In comparison with NACOS (chitin oligosaccharides)-PCV2 and LCOS (chitosan oligosaccharides with low deacetylation degree)-PCV2, HCOS (chitosan oligosaccharides with high deacetylation degree)-PCV2 showed the highest adjuvant effect, even comparable to that of PCV2/ISA206 (a commercialized adjuvant) group. In summary, COS conjugation might be a viable strategy to enhance the immune response to PCV2 subunit vaccine, and the adjuvant effect was positively correlated with the deacetylation degree of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiang Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Peiyuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Siming Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Cui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yuguang Du
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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17
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Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) associated reproductive disease was diagnosed in a herd containing only gilts. A single case of abortion occurred and no other disorder was evident in the herd. PCV2 antigen and/or DNA were detected in two aborted fetuses. One of the fetuses, revealing both PCV2 DNA and antigen, presented multinucleated giant cells, severe vascular lesions (intramural oedema, fibrinoid necrosis, mild lympho-histiocytic vasculitis, fibrin thrombi) and mild non-suppurative inflammation in the lungs. Other abortifacient infections were not found. This is the only report of PCV2-induced abortion in Hungary since 1999, when PCV2-associated disease was first discovered in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Szeredi
- 1National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok U. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Cságola
- 2Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dán
- 1National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok U. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Dencső
- 1National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok U. 2, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Abstract
Vascular lesions and their association with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were evaluated in multiple organs from 10 pigs affected with PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD). Animals had vascular lesions in multiple organs, consisting of lymphohistiocytic lymphangitis and/or phlebitis, mild to severe necrotizing arteritis, and thrombosis within splenic arterioles and choroid plexus capillaries. Variable amounts of PCV2 nucleic acid detected by in situ hybridization were present within endothelial cells, tunica media myocytes, and perivascular and/or intralesional inflammatory cell infiltrates. PCV2 nucleic acid was detected within endothelial cells of both lymphatic and blood vessels without lesions in the associated tissues. Necrotizing arteritis was principally present in lymph nodes and kidney and consisted of degeneration, necrosis, and pyknosis of myocytes, often with intracytoplasmic, brightly eosinophilic inclusion bodies that were strongly positive for PCV2 nucleic acid. Segmental or circumferential fibrinoid necrosis was mainly present in vessels of the lymph node, spleen, and choroid plexus and was variably associated with PCV2 nucleic acid. Severe lymphangitis associated with strong intralesional PCV2 labeling was frequently detected within the mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes and the lamina propria of the ileum. In most tissues, medium and large lymphatics and/or veins often had disruption of the intima and mild mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration that was variably associated with PCV2 nucleic acid. The present study indicates that vasculitis is a frequent finding in natural cases of PCV2-SD and that PCV2 may have a direct cytopathic effect on tunica media myocytes of small- and medium-sized arteries as well as endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Resendes
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Department de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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