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Gornatti-Churria CD, Loukopoulos P, Stoute ST, Shivaprasad HL, Uzal FA. A retrospective study of pigeon herpesviral infection in domestic pigeons in California (1991-2014) and literature review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:252-257. [PMID: 36942428 PMCID: PMC10185983 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231161053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized naturally occurring pigeon herpesvirus (PiHV; Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1) infection in domestic pigeons in California. We retrieved and analyzed 62 pathology reports produced between 1991 and 2014 at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System. In 56 of the cases, the diagnosis of PiHV infection was established based on histopathology, either alone (44 cases) or combined with virus isolation (VI; 8), transmission electron microscopy (TEM; 3), or PCR (1); in the remaining 6 cases, the diagnosis was established based on VI (5 cases) or TEM (1) alone. PiHV infection affected 1 system in 34, 2 in 16, and ≥3 systems in 6 cases; data were not available for the remaining 6 cases. Most commonly affected was the digestive system (55 cases), followed by the respiratory tract (5) and lymphoid system (2). The liver (39 cases), crop (17), and esophagus (14) were the organs affected most commonly. Many affected cells often bore single eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. PiHV infection was a secondary diagnosis or incidental finding in 35 cases. Most (55) cases had 1 (21), or up to 4 (34), other concurrent infections; the most common concurrent infections were pigeon circoviral infection (26), trichomonosis (24), aspergillosis (11), and colibacillosis (10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Daniel Gornatti-Churria
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
- Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Panayiotis Loukopoulos
- San Bernardino branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone T. Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
| | - H. L. Shivaprasad
- Tulare branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- San Bernardino branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
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Kasimov V, Wille M, Sarker S, Dong Y, Shao R, Hall C, Potvin D, Conroy G, Valenza L, Gillett A, Timms P, Jelocnik M. Unexpected Pathogen Diversity Detected in Australian Avifauna Highlights Potential Biosecurity Challenges. Viruses 2023; 15:143. [PMID: 36680183 PMCID: PMC9865187 DOI: 10.3390/v15010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Birds may act as hosts for numerous pathogens, including members of the family Chlamydiaceae, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), avipoxviruses, Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CoAHV1) and Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 1 (PsAHV1), all of which are a significant biosecurity concern in Australia. While Chlamydiaceae and BFDV have previously been detected in Australian avian taxa, the prevalence and host range of avipoxviruses, CoAHV1 and PsAHV1 in Australian birds remain undetermined. To better understand the occurrence of these pathogens, we screened 486 wild birds (kingfisher, parrot, pigeon and raptor species) presented to two wildlife hospitals between May 2019 and December 2021. Utilising various qPCR assays, we detected PsAHV1 for the first time in wild Australian birds (37/486; 7.61%), in addition to BFDV (163/468; 33.54%), Chlamydiaceae (98/468; 20.16%), avipoxviruses (46/486; 9.47%) and CoAHV1 (43/486; 8.85%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BFDV sequences detected from birds in this study cluster within two predominant superclades, infecting both psittacine and non-psittacine species. However, BFDV disease manifestation was only observed in psittacine species. All Avipoxvirus sequences clustered together and were identical to other global reference strains. Similarly, PsAHV1 sequences from this study were detected from a series of novel hosts (apart from psittacine species) and identical to sequences detected from Brazilian psittacine species, raising significant biosecurity concerns, particularly for endangered parrot recovery programs. Overall, these results highlight the high pathogen diversity in wild Australian birds, the ecology of these pathogens in potential natural reservoirs, and the spillover potential of these pathogens into novel host species in which these agents cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilli Kasimov
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | - Michelle Wille
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Yalun Dong
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | - Renfu Shao
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | - Clancy Hall
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | - Dominique Potvin
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | - Gabriel Conroy
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | | | - Amber Gillett
- Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, QLD 4519, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
| | - Martina Jelocnik
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4557, Australia
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Giglia G, Lepri E, Orlandi M, Porcellato I, Costantino I, Rampacci E, Passamonti F, Mandara MT, Stefanetti V. Inclusion Body Disease and Columbid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Infection in a Eurasian Eagle-Owl ( Bubo bubo) of Central Italy. Avian Dis 2022; 66:404-409. [PMID: 36715471 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatosplenitis or inclusion body disease is a fatal disease in owls caused by Columbid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CoHV-1). A few old case reports describe it worldwide. In Italy, knowledge regarding virus circulation and disease development is lacking. Four Eurasian eagle-owls (Bubo bubo), two adults and two juveniles, were submitted for postmortem examination showing aspecific clinical signs a few hours before death. Grossly disseminated petechial hemorrhages on serosal surfaces (n = 4), hepatic and splenic necrosis (n = 3), bilateral and symmetric necrosis of pharyngeal tonsils (n = 2), and diffuse and bilateral dark-red discoloration and firmness in lungs (n = 2) were seen. Tissues were sampled for histology, bacteriology, molecular testing, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). On histology, disseminated petechial hemorrhages (n = 4) and necrosis of liver (n = 3) and spleen (n = 3) were seen, as well as lympho-histiocytic interstitial pneumonia and meningoencephalitis (n = 2). Intranuclear inclusion bodies (INIBs) were detected in one case. A panherpesviral PCR led to positive results in one case, identified in sequencing as CoHV-1. On TEM, intranuclear and intracytoplasmic virions with herpesviral morphology were seen in the same case. For the other three birds, the lack of PCR positivity, INIBs, and TEM detection could be linked to a possible reduction of the virus to undetectable levels. Death possibly occurred secondarily to bacterial infections, supposedly established during the acute phase of CoHV-1 infection. This paper reports the presence of CoHV-1in Italy and the development of a fatal form of the disease in a Eurasian eagle-owl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy, .,Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Margherita Orlandi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Porcellato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Isabella Costantino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Rampacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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