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Suh J, Ham S, Chae C. Divergent clinical outcomes depending on the sequential infection order of porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110060. [PMID: 38520754 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This study compared the different sequential order of infection of porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Thirty-six pigs were allocated randomly across six different groups. Pigs underwent various inoculation sequences: M. hyopneumoniae administered 14 days before PCV2d, simultaneous PCV2d-M. hyopneumoniae, PCV2d given 14 days before M. hyopneumoniae, PCV2d only, M. hyopneumoniae only, or a mock inoculum. Overall, the pigs inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae 14 days prior to PCV2d (Mhyo-PCV2 group) and those inoculated simultaneously with PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2+Mhyo group) displayed notably higher clinical disease severity and experienced a significant decrease of their average daily weight gain than pigs inoculated with PCV2d 14 days prior to M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2-Mhyo group). M. hyopneumoniae infection potentiated PCV2 blood and lymph node viral loads, as well as PCV2-associated lesions, while the infection of PCV2d did not impact the intensity of M. hyopneumoniae infection. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) sera levels were significantly increased in the Mhyo-PCV2 and PCV2+Mhyo groups as compared to the PCV2-Mhyo, PCV2, and Mhyo groups. The most important information was that the potentiation effect of M. hyopneumoniae on PCV2d was found only in pigs inoculated with either M. hyopneumoniae followed by PCV2d (Mhyo-PCV2 group) or a simultaneous inoculation of PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae (PCV2+Mhyo group). The sequential infection order of PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae resulted in divergent clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyeong Ham
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Lopes BAEAJ, Toledo LT, Caldeira JLA, Rodrigues FAF, de Barros M, de Souza LFL, Gonzaga NF, Dos Santos MH, Silva-Júnior A, Moreira MAS. Synergism between molecules derived from Garcinia brasiliensis and antimicrobial drugs on field isolates of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1011-1015. [PMID: 38012513 PMCID: PMC10920607 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is one of the smallest free-living bacteria found in nature; it has an extremely small genome and lacks a cell wall. It is the main etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a chronic respiratory disease with worldwide distribution that causes significant losses in swine production. Due to the great economic impact caused by EP, new strategies for treating and controlling this agent are researched. The objective of this study was to verify the anti-M. hyopneumoniae activity of compounds derived from Garcinia brasiliensis and the synergism with the main antimicrobials used in the treatment of EP; this is the first study assessing the synergism between bioactive molecules and antimicrobial compounds in vitro against isolates of M. hyopneumoniae. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antimicrobials tiamulin, valnemulin, and enrofloxacin, as well as the bioactive compounds guttiferone-A (Gut-A), 7-epiculsone (7-Epic), copper 7-epiculsone (7-Epic-Cu), and benzophenone, were determined. Subsequently, the interactions of antibiotics with the compounds were evaluated using the checkerboard method. Three field M. hyopneumoniae isolates were used, and the J strain was used as a control. The MIC values of the antimicrobials compared to the field isolates were equal to and lower than those of the reference strain J. Among the compounds used, 7-Epic-Cu showed the lowest MIC value. Synergistic association was observed for Gut-A with tiamulin and valnemulin, whereas 7-Epic and 7-Epic-Cu showed synergistic action with enrofloxacin. No synergistic effect was observed for benzophenone. Despite being an initial study, the results suggest that these combinations hold promise for the treatment of infections caused by M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mariana de Barros
- Department de Veterinary, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
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3
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Canturri A, Pieters M. Characterizing the detection of inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae DNA in the respiratory tract of pigs. Vet Res 2024; 55:19. [PMID: 38360700 PMCID: PMC10870464 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
A positive Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae PCR result in a clinical specimen may eventually represent the mere detection of non-viable bacteria, complicating the diagnostic interpretation. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the PCR detection of non-viable M. hyopneumoniae and its residual cell-free DNA in live pigs. Pigs were inoculated with either active or inactivated M. hyopneumoniae and were sampled for up to 14 days. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was not detected by PCR at any timepoint in pigs inoculated with the inactivated bacterium, suggesting that in healthy pigs, the non-viable M. hyopneumoniae DNA was rapidly sensed and cleared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Canturri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Swine Disease Eradication Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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Lai J, He J, Ding H. [Advances in innate immune responses induced by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2023; 39:4773-4783. [PMID: 38147980 DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.230504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the pathogen causing swine mycoplasmal pneumonia. The lack of well-established animal models of M. hyopneumoniae infection has delayed the progress of M. hyopneumoniae-related anti-infection immunity studies. This paper reviews the inflammatory response, the recognition of M. hyopneumoniae by the innate immune system, and the role of innate immune cells, complement system, antimicrobial peptides, autophagy, and apoptosis in M. hyopneumoniae infection. The aim was to elucidate the important roles played by the components of the innate immune system in the control of M. hyopneumoniae infection, and prospect key research directions of innate immune response of M. hyopneumoniae infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacui Lai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiawei He
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Honglei Ding
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Suh J, Ham S, Oh T, Chae C. Cross-protection of a porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV-2a/b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae trivalent vaccine against a dual PCV-2e and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae challenge. Can J Vet Res 2023; 87:297-302. [PMID: 37790269 PMCID: PMC10542952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this experimental study was to determine the cross-protection of a new trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV-2a/b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Pigs were vaccinated intramuscularly at 21 days of age, then challenged at 42 days of age with a dual PCV-2e and M. hyopneumoniae challenge. Growth performance was significantly improved during the experimental period (21 to 63 days of age) in vaccinated-challenged pigs compared to unvaccinated-challenged pigs. Pigs that were vaccinated and challenged elicited a significant amount of PCV-2e- and M. hyopneumoniae-specific interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) and reduced the levels of PCV-2e viremia and laryngeal shedding. The results of the present study demonstrated that a trivalent vaccine provided cross-protection against a dual PCV-2e and M. hyopneumoniae challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyeong Ham
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Seitz J, Vissio C, Bertone J, Marques L, Parada J, Carranza A, Di Cola G, Ambrogi R, Tamiozzo P. Ureaplasma diversum-Ureaplasma sp. alone or concomitantly with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pig lungs with and without pneumonia: A descriptive exploratory study in abattoirs. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023; 55:272-277. [PMID: 37095057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of Ureaplasma diversum (U. diversum) has been associated with reproductive failures in cattle and detected in pigs with and without pneumonia. However, its role in the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is unclear. A cross-sectional study was conducted in abattoirs, inspecting 280 pig lungs from eight herds. All the lungs were inspected, processed and classified according to the histopathological analysis. Moreover, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens were collected and processed by PCR for detection of U. diversum and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae). Ureaplasma sp.-U. diversum and M. hyopneumoniae were detected in 17.1% and 29.3% of the analyzed BAL specimens, respectively. The concomitant presence of both microorganisms was detected in 12.5% of the inspected lungs. Both agents were found in lungs with and without pneumonia. M. hyopneumoniae was detected in 31.8% of pig lungs with enzootic pneumonia-like lesions, while Ureaplasma sp.-U. diversum was detected in 27.5% of lungs with these lesions. This descriptive exploratory study provides information for future experimental and field-based studies to better define the pathogenic role of this organism within the PRDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Seitz
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudina Vissio
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de Salud (IDAS), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Judith Bertone
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucas Marques
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Julián Parada
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de Salud (IDAS), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia Carranza
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Di Cola
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Ciencias Veterinarias (INCIVET), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Roberto Ambrogi
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto Ciencias Veterinarias (INCIVET), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Tamiozzo
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Zhang Y, Liu B, Said A, Xie J, Tian F, Cao Z, Chao Z, Li F, Li X, Li S, Liu H, Wang W. Regulatory functional role of NLRP3 inflammasome during Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in swine. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad216. [PMID: 37351955 PMCID: PMC10406421 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes enzootic pneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory disease in swine that causes significant economic losses worldwide. It is unknown whether the nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome regulates the immune response in swine during M. hyopneumoniae infection. The current study utilized an in vivo swine model of M. hyopneumoniae infection to investigate the regulatory functional role of the NLRP3 inflammasome during M. hyopneumoniae infection. Notable histopathological alterations were observed in M. hyopneumoniae-infected swine tissues, which were associated with an inflammatory response and disease progression. Swine M. hyopneumoniae infection was associated with an increase in the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 18, and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The impact of the NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950 on NLRP3 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in M. hyopneumoniae-infected swine was examined to investigate the relationship between the NLRP3 inflammasome and M. hyopneumoniae infection. Taken together, our findings provide strong evidence that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical regulatory functional role in M. hyopneumoniae infection in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou 256600, China
- Lvdu Bio-Sciences &Technology Co. Ltd., Binzhou 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Abdelrahman Said
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jinwen Xie
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Fengrong Tian
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Zongxi Cao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Zhe Chao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Feng Li
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou 256600, China
- Shandong Academician Workstation, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Li
- Xinjiang Agricultural University, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou 256600, China
- Shandong Academician Workstation, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, China
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Garcia-Morante B, Maes D, Sibila M, Betlach AM, Sponheim A, Canturri A, Pieters M. Improving Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae diagnostic capabilities by harnessing the infection dynamics. Vet J 2022; 288:105877. [PMID: 35901923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae remains one of the most problematic bacterial pathogens for pig production. Despite an abundance of observational and laboratory testing capabilities for this organism, diagnostic interpretation of test results can be challenging and ambiguous. This is partly explained by the chronic nature of M. hyopneumoniae infection and its tropism for lower respiratory tract epithelium, which affects diagnostic sensitivities associated with sampling location and stage of infection. A thorough knowledge of the available tools for routine M. hyopneumoniae diagnostic testing, together with a detailed understanding of infection dynamics, are essential for optimizing sampling strategies and providing confidence in the diagnostic process. This study reviewed known information on sampling and diagnostic tools for M. hyopneumoniae and summarized literature reports of the dynamics of key infection outcomes, including clinical signs, lung lesions, pathogen detection, and humoral immune responses. Such knowledge could facilitate better understanding of the performance of different diagnostic approaches at various stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcia-Morante
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit Porcine Health Management, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133 B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alyssa M Betlach
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Swine Vet Center, 1608 S Minnesota Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Amanda Sponheim
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd NW, Duluth, GA 30096, USA
| | - Albert Canturri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St Paul, 55108 MN, USA; Swine Disease Eradication Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Yang S, Lee JY, Oh T, Park KH, Cho H, Suh J, Min KD, Ham HJ, Chae C. Comparative growth performance of 3 types of combination vaccines containing porcine circovirus 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae under field conditions. Can J Vet Res 2022; 86:93-101. [PMID: 35388232 PMCID: PMC8978288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this field trial was to compare the effect of 3 different types of combination vaccines on growth performance in pigs under field conditions. The vaccines compared were: a trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2a and 2b (PCV-2a/b); and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; a mixable bivalent vaccine containing PCV-2a and M. hyopneumoniae; and a ready-to-use bivalent vaccine containing PCV-2a and M. hyopneumoniae. Two farms were selected on the basis of their history of subclinical PCV-2d infection and enzootic pneumonia. A total of 120 pigs on each farm was randomly divided into 4 groups of 30 pigs each. The trivalent-vaccinated group from both farms outperformed each bivalent-vaccinated group in terms of growth performance. Growth performance was significantly improved during the fattening period (70 to 175 d of age) in the mixable bivalent-vaccinated group compared with the ready-to-use bivalent-vaccinated group on 1 farm. The trivalent-vaccinated group elicited higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) against PCV-2d, while simultaneously decreasing the levels of PCV-2d load in blood when compared with the mixable and ready-to-use bivalent-vaccinated groups. The trivalent-vaccinated group also elicited higher levels of IFN-γ-SC against M. hyopneumoniae and lower levels of M. hyopneumoniae load in the larynx when compared with the mixable and ready-to-use bivalent-vaccinated groups. The results of the present study demonstrated that a trivalent vaccine containing PCV-2a/b and M. hyopneumoniae resulted in a more productive parameter, higher immune responses, and less blood-viral and mycoplasmal larynx-loads when compared with the mixable and ready-to-use bivalent vaccines despite the presence of ongoing subclinical PCV-2d infection and enzootic pneumonia on the farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Hyejean Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Kyung-Duk Min
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Hee Jin Ham
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology (Yang, Lee, Oh, Park, Cho, Suh, Chae), College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Health and Environment (Min), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Liberal Arts, Anyang University, Samdeok-ro 37, Beob-gil 22, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-Do, 14028, Republic of Korea (Ham)
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Um H, Yang S, Oh T, Cho H, Park KH, Suh J, Chae C. A field efficacy trial of a trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2a and 2b, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in three herds. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:578-590. [PMID: 34687172 PMCID: PMC8959324 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This field trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a new trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2a and 2b (PCV2a/b), and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae at three independent locations. METHODS Three farms were selected based on their history of PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae co-infection. Each farm housed a total of 60, 3-day-old pigs that were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups. Pigs were administered the trivalent vaccine intramuscularly with either a 1.0 ml dose at 3 and 24 days of age or a 2.0 ml dose at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. RESULTS Clinically, the average daily weight gain of the one-dose and two-dose vaccinated groups within all three farms was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of unvaccinated animals during the growing (70-112 days of age), finishing (112-175 days of age) and overall (3-175 days of age) stages of production. One-dose and two-dose vaccinated animals elicited neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ-secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC), which reduced the amount of PCV2 in terms of blood load and reduced the severity of lymphoid lesions when compared with unvaccinated animals. Similarly, one-dose and two-dose vaccinated animals elicited IFN-γ-SC, which reduced the amount of M. hyopneumoniae in terms of laryngeal load and reduced the severity of lung lesions. CONCLUSIONS The intramuscular administration of either one or two doses of trivalent vaccine was not significantly different in any of the evaluated parameters. The results of field trial demonstrated that the trivalent vaccine was efficacious in the protection of swine herds where PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae were in active circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmin Um
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Yang
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Suh
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- College of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary PathologySeoul National UniversityGwanak‐guRepublic of Korea
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Zhang Z, Wang H, Xie X, Chen R, Li J, Ni B, Yu P, Liu Z, Shao G, Xiong Q, Wei Y, Liu B, Feng Z, Zhou X, Zhang C. Long-Residence Pneumonia Vaccine Developed Using PEG-Grafted Hybrid Nanovesicles from Cell Membrane Fusion of Mycoplasma and IFN-γ-Primed Macrophages. Small 2021; 17:e2101183. [PMID: 34270853 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cell responses play a critical regulatory role in protection against mycoplasma infection-related respiratory diseases. Nanovesicles derived from cell membranes have been shown to induce CD8+ T cell responses. Moreover, the short residence time of mycoplasma membrane-related vaccines in local lymph nodes limits the efficacy of current mycoplasma vaccines. Here, a long-residence pneumonia vaccine is developed using nanovesicles prepared by cell membrane fusion of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and interferon-γ (IFN-γ )-primed macrophages, which are grafted with polyethylene glycol to increase residence time in the lymph nodes. Upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on the membrane of IFN-γ-primed macrophages increases the targeting of the hybrid nanovesicle vaccine to the local lymph nodes, with increased CD8+ T cell activation. A mechanistic study reveals that CD8+ T cell activation is achieved via a pathway involving upregulation of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/3 expression by E26 transformation-specific sequences, followed by increased immune-stimulatory activity of dendritic cells. In vivo, prophylactic testing reveals that the hybrid nanovesicle vaccine triggers a long-term immune response, as evidenced by a memory CD8+ T cell response against mycoplasma infection. The current study provides a new design strategy for mycoplasma vaccines that involves a hybrid method using biological sources and artificial modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Bo Ni
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Pei Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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12
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Yang S, Oh T, Park KH, Cho H, Suh J, Chae C. Experimental efficacy of a trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV2a/b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae against PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae challenges. Vet Microbiol 2021; 258:109100. [PMID: 33984792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV2a/b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Pigs were administered the vaccine intramuscularly as either at 3 and 24 days of age with 1.0 mL or at 21 days of age with 2.0 mL according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The pigs were challenged at 42 days of age with either PCV2d (intranasal route) or M. hyopneumoniae (intratracheal route), or both. No statistical differences were observed between the one-dose and two-dose experiments based on clinical (growth performance), immunological (protective immunity), microbiological (viremia and laryngeal swab), and pathological (pulmonary and lymphoid lesion) outcomes. Pigs in vaccinated/challenged and unvaccinated/unchallenged groups showed significant difference in growth performance compared to pigs in the unvaccinated/challenged group in both dosage experiments. Vaccinated pigs elicited a significant amount of protective immunity for PCV2d-specific neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) as well as M. hyopneumoniae-specific IFN-γ-SC significantly post-challenge compared to unvaccinated/challenged pigs. Vaccination and challenge reduced the viral load amount of PCV2d in the blood and reduced the M. hyopneumoniae load in laryngeal swab, while simultaneously reducing both pulmonary and lymphoid lesion severity when compared to unvaccinated/challenged pigs. Trivalent vaccination provided good protection against a single PCV2d challenge, single M. hyopneumoniae challenge, and a PCV2d/M. hyopneumoniae dual challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Clavijo MJ, Hu D, Krantz S, Cano JP, Pereira Maróstica T, Henao-Diaz A, Poeta Silva APS, Hemker D, Tapia E, Zimmerman S, Fano E, Polson D, Fitzgerald R, Tucker A, Main R, Wang C, Zimmerman JJ, Rotolo ML. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Surveillance in Pig Populations: Establishing Sampling Guidelines for Detection in Growing Pigs. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e03051-20. [PMID: 33597256 PMCID: PMC8091834 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03051-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antemortem detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in swine production systems has relied on antibody testing, but the availability of tests based on DNA detection and novel diagnostic specimens, e.g., tracheal swabs and oral fluids, has the potential to improve M. hyopneumoniae surveillance. A field study was performed over a 14-week period during which 10 pigs in one pen at the center of a room with 1,250 6-week-old pigs housed in 46 pens were intratracheally inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae Thereafter, one tracheal sample, four serum samples, and one oral fluid sample were collected from every pen at 2-week intervals. Tracheal and oral fluid samples were tested for M. hyopneumoniae DNA and serum samples for M. hyopneumoniae antibody. Test results were modeled using a hierarchical Bayesian model, based on a latent spatial piecewise exponential survival model, to estimate the probability of detection by within-pen prevalence, number of positive pens in the barn, sample allocation, sample size, and sample type over time. Analysis showed that tracheal samples provided the earliest detection, especially at large sample sizes. While serum samples are more commonly collected and are less expensive to test, high probability of detection estimates were only obtained 30 days postexposure at large sample sizes. In all scenarios, probability of detection estimates for oral fluids within 30 days were significantly lower than those for tracheal and serum samples. Ultimately, the choice of specimen type, sample number, and assay will depend on testing objectives and economics, but the estimates provided here will assist in the design of M. hyopneumoniae surveillance and monitoring programs for different situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Clavijo
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dapeng Hu
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Jean Paul Cano
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
- Pipestone Veterinary Clinic, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thairê Pereira Maróstica
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Henao-Diaz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ana Paula S Poeta Silva
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Deanne Hemker
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Eduardo Fano
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dale Polson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Rodger Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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14
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Kim S, Oh T, Yang S, Cho H, Chae C. Experimental evaluation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin against a Korean M. hyopneumoniae challenge. Can J Vet Res 2021; 85:77-81. [PMID: 33390658 PMCID: PMC7747666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin against a Korean M. hyopneumoniae challenge under experimental conditions. Fifteen pigs were allocated randomly into 3 groups (5 pigs per group) that were designated in 1 of 3 ways: vaccinated-challenged, unvaccinated-challenged, or unvaccinated-unchallenged. The pigs in the vaccinated-challenged group were immunized with an M. hyopneumoniae whole-cell bacterin at a 1.0 mL dose-level at 21 d old. At 42 d old (0 d post-challenge), the pigs in the vaccinated-challenged and unvaccinated-challenged groups were inoculated intranasally with a strain of Korean M. hyopneumoniae. Vaccinated-challenged pigs elicited a strong cell-mediated immunity as measured by M. hyopneumoniae-specific interferon-γ secreting cells when compared with unvaccinated-challenged pigs. Vaccination of pigs with this new M. hyopneumoniae bacterin reduced nasal shedding and lung lesions. The evaluated vaccine was therefore considered effective in controlling M. hyopneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- SooHwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Poeta Silva APS, Magtoto RL, Souza Almeida HM, McDaniel A, Magtoto PD, Derscheid RJ, Merodio MM, Matias Ferreyra FS, Gatto IRH, Baum DH, Clavijo MJ, Arruda BL, Zimmerman JJ, Giménez-Lirola LG. Performance of Commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Serum Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays under Experimental and Field Conditions. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e00485-20. [PMID: 32967897 PMCID: PMC7685885 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00485-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is an economically significant pathogen of swine. M. hyopneumoniae serum antibody detection via commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) is widely used for routine surveillance in commercial swine production systems. Samples from two studies were used to evaluate assay performance. In study 1, 6 commercial M. hyopneumoniae ELISAs were compared using serum samples from 8-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs allocated to the following 5 inoculation groups of 10 pigs each: (i) negative control, (ii) Mycoplasma flocculare (strain 27399), (iii) Mycoplasma hyorhinis (strain 38983), (iv) Mycoplasma hyosynoviae (strain 34428), and (v) M. hyopneumoniae (strain 232). Weekly serum and daily oral fluid samples were collected through 56 days postinoculation (dpi). The true status of pigs was established by PCR testing on oral fluids samples over the course of the observation period. Analysis of ELISA performance at various cutoffs found that the manufacturers' recommended cutoffs were diagnostically specific, i.e., produced no false positives, with the exceptions of 2 ELISAs. An analysis based on overall misclassification error rates found that 4 ELISAs performed similarly, although one assay produced more false positives. In study 2, the 3 best-performing ELISAs from study 1 were compared using serum samples generated under field conditions. Ten 8-week-old pigs were intratracheally inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae Matched serum and tracheal samples (to establish the true pig M. hyopneumoniae status) were collected at 7- to 14-day intervals through 98 dpi. Analyses of sensitivity and specificity showed similar performance among these 3 ELISAs. Overall, this study provides an assessment of the performance of current M. hyopneumoniae ELISAs and an understanding of their use in surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula S Poeta Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Ronaldo L Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Aric McDaniel
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Precy D Magtoto
- Pampanga State Agricultural University, Pampanga, Philippines
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Maria M Merodio
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Franco S Matias Ferreyra
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Igor R H Gatto
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David H Baum
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Maria J Clavijo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- PIC North America, Hendersonville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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16
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Huang Z, Xia X, Mao C, Gu X, Shen X, Yang H, Ding H. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration and resistance of tiamulin against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in an in vitro dynamic model. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104255. [PMID: 32407861 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the major pathogen of enzootic pneumonia in pigs. We established an in vitro dynamic model to investigate the relationship between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) parameters of tiamulin against M. hyopneumoniae. Static time-killing curves showed that mycoplasmacidal activity (reduced 3.0 log10 (CFU/mL)) was achieved during 48 h when the drug concentration was 8 MIC, and with a maximum kill rate of 0.072/h. In dynamic time-killing studies, only the dose-fractionated regimen achieved mycoplasmacidal activity when drug concentration was 1.44 and 1.92 mg/L. The duration of post antibiotic effect (PAE) at 1 × MIC was 6.27 ± 0.11 h, and prolonged as the concentration of tiamulin increased. The cumulative percentage of time over a 48-h period that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC (%T > MIC) was the best PK-PD parameter to predict the antimicrobial activity of tiamulin against M. hyopneumoniae (R2 = 0.98). Tiamulin showed time-dependent and prolonged PAE activity. Two strains of M. hyopneumoniae (M1, M2) had acquired resistance to tiamulin as well as to valnemulin, tylosin and amikacin. The genome of strain ATCC 25934 was used as a reference for gene-mutation analysis. For strains M1 and M2, a A2058C mutation occurred in domain V of 23S rRNA. These data showed that tiamulin had excellent efficacy and concentration-dependent characteristics against M. hyopneumoniae in vitro. The lower dose was not safe because it could lead to enrichment of resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xirui Xia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangguang Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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17
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Bertelloni F, Mazzei M, Cilia G, Forzan M, Felicioli A, Sagona S, Bandecchi P, Turchi B, Cerri D, Fratini F. Serological Survey on Bacterial and Viral Pathogens in Wild Boars Hunted in Tuscany. Ecohealth 2020; 17:85-93. [PMID: 32034585 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is one of the large mammals most spread worldwide, including Italy. This animal is highly adaptable, and its population has rapidly increased in many areas in Europe. Central Italy, as well as Tuscany region, is an area particularly suitable for wild boar. In order to verify the role of this animal species in the epidemiology of some important infectious diseases for livestock and humans, a seroepidemiological survey on Brucella spp., Leptospira spp., Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Pseudorabies virus (PrV), and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been performed on 374 sera collected from wild boar during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 hunting seasons. Overall, 2 out of 374 sera (0.53%) tested positive to Brucella spp., 33 out of 374 sera (8.82%) tested positive for Leptospira spp., while 79 out of 374 (21.12%) were positive for M. hyopneumoniae. Considering viral pathogens, serology indicated that 107 out of 374 (28.60%) samples scored positive for PrV, while 186 out of 374 (49.73%) for HEV. This investigation indicated that wild boar free ranging in the study area are potential hosts for different etiological agents. This animal could contribute to maintaining and/or disseminating some bacterial or viral pathogens to humans (especially hunters) and domestic animals, especially in free range farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mazzei
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cilia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mario Forzan
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Felicioli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Sagona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Viale Bonanno 6, 20126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bandecchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159, Pisa, Italy
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Dione M, Masembe C, Akol J, Amia W, Kungu J, Lee HS, Wieland B. The importance of on-farm biosecurity: Sero-prevalence and risk factors of bacterial and viral pathogens in smallholder pig systems in Uganda. Acta Trop 2018; 187:214-221. [PMID: 29949731 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The productivity of pigs in smallholder systems is affected by high disease burden, most of which might not be obvious, with their epidemiology and impact being poorly understood. This study estimated the seroprevalence and identified the risk factors of a range of bacterial and viral pathogens of potential economic and public health importance in domestic pigs in Uganda. A total of 522 clinically healthy pigs were randomly selected from 276 pig farms in Masaka (142) and Lira (134) districts of Uganda in 2015. RESULTS Overall the highest animal prevalence was found for Streptococcus suis 73.0% (CI95: 67.0-78.3) in Lira and 68.2% (CI95: 62.7-73.4) in Masaka; followed by Porcine circovirus type 2 with 50.8% (CI95: 44.5-57.2) in Lira and 40.7% (CI95: 35.2-46.5) in Masaka and Actinobacillus pleuro-pneumoniae, 25.6% (CI95: 20.4-31.6) in Lira and 20.5% (CI95: 16.2-25.6) in Masaka. Mycoplasma hyopneumonia prevalence was 20.9% (CI95: 16.2-26.6) in Lira and 10.1% (CI95: 7.1-14.1) in Masaka, while Porcine parvovirus was 6.2% (CI95: 4.0-9.7) in Masaka and 3.4% (CI95: 1.7-6.6) in Lira. Less common pathogens were Influenza A, 8.5% (CI95: 5.6-12.8) in Lira and 2.0% (CI95: 0.9-4.5) in Masaka and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, 1.7% (CI95: 0.7-4.3) in Lira and 1.3% (CI95: 0.5-3.5) in Masaka. Even less common was Rotavirus A with 0.8% (CI95: 0.2-3.0) in Lira and 0.7% (CI95: 0.2-2.5) in Masaka; the same was for Aujeszky virus with 0.4% (CI95: 0.7-2.4) in Lira and 0.0% (CI95: 0.0-0.1) in Masaka. Co-infection with two pathogens was common and there was a significant association of M. hyo and PCV2 co-occurrence (p = 0.016). Multivariate analysis showed that for S. suis the use of disinfectant reduced odds of sero-positivitey (OR = 0.15; p = 0.017) and pigs less than 6 months were more likely to be infected than older pigs (OR = 3.35; p = 0.047). For M. hyo, crossbred pigs had higher odd of infection compared to local breeds (OR = 1.59; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The studied pathogens have high prevalences in smallholder pig production systems and might be silent killers, thus affecting productivity and there is a possibility that some pathogens could spread to humans. Given the limited knowledge of veterinary workers and the poor diagnostic capacities and capabilities in these systems, the diseases are potentially usually under-diagnosed. These findings constitute baseline data to measure the impact of future interventions aiming to reduce disease burden in the pig production systems in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, C/O Bioversity International, P. O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Charles Masembe
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joyce Akol
- International Livestock Research Institute, C/O Bioversity International, P. O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Winfred Amia
- International Livestock Research Institute, C/O Bioversity International, P. O. Box 24384 Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joseph Kungu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala Uganda.
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, 298 Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Helm ET, Outhouse AC, Schwartz KJ, Dekkers JCM, Lonergan SM, Rauw WM, Gabler NK. Impact of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Lawsonia intracellularis on the performance of pigs divergently selected for feed efficiency. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:462-472. [PMID: 29385478 PMCID: PMC6140898 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed efficiency (FE) is a valuable trait, yet how genetic selection for enhanced FE affects other processes such as response to disease is unknown. Disease from endemic respiratory and enteric pathogens such as Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) and Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) are common in swine production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine if pigs selected for high vs. low FE based on residual feed intake (RFI) respond differently to a dual respiratory and enteric challenge. Pigs selected for low RFI (LRFI, high FE) are considered more FE compared to their high RFI (HRFI, low FE) selected counterparts. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, 25 littermate pairs from the HRFI and 25 littermate pairs from the LRFI line (barrows, 50 ± 7 kg BW) were selected, with one pig from each pair assigned to individual pens in either the challenge or the nonchallenge (control) rooms (n = 25 barrows/line/challenge). On days post inoculation (dpi) 0, the challenged pigs were inoculated with LI and Mh (MhLI). Feed intake, BW, fecal swabs, and serum samples were collected and recorded weekly for 42 d. On dpi -2 and 47, 14 littermate pairs (n = 7 barrows/line/challenge) were utilized for initial and final body composition scans using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to calculate longitudinal whole body tissue accretion rates for lean, protein, fat, and bone mineral content. Serum antibody levels and fecal shedding of LI were used to confirm infection. Control pigs remained negative by all measures during the 6-wk trial and MhLI inoculated pigs were confirmed positive via serological antibody responses by dpi 14 for LI and Mh. There were no interactions between RFI line and challenge status for any overall performance parameter (P > 0.05). The 6-wk MhLI challenge resulted in a 17% reduction in ADG, a 12% reduction in ADFI, and a 7% reduction in G:F vs. Controls (P < 0.05). In addition, compared to the Control pigs, MhLI challenge reduced lean, protein, and lipid accretion rates by 16% (P < 0.05). Genetic selection for high FE resulted in decreased ADFI and increased G:F (P < 0.01), but did not impact ADG or tissue accretion vs. low FE pigs. Collectively, these results demonstrate that a dual enteric and respiratory pathogen challenge reduced ADG, ADFI, G:F, and tissue accretion in growing pigs. Further, there was no evidence that selection for enhanced FE based on RFI index affects response to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University Ames, IA
| | | | - Kent J Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | | | - Wendy M Rauw
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria Madrid Spain
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Woolley LK, Fell SA, Djordjevic SP, Eamens GJ, Jenkins C. Plasmin activity in the porcine airways is enhanced during experimental infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokine levels and is ameliorated by vaccination. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:60-6. [PMID: 23490555 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) infection of swine, the host immune response is considered a major driver of lung pathology; however the underlying inflammatory mechanisms are not well understood. The serine protease plasmin is being increasingly recognised as a significant player in inflammatory processes. Here we compare plasmin activity in tracheobronchial lavage fluid (TBLF) from pigs experimentally challenged with Mhp that were either unvaccinated (n=10), or vaccinated with the commercial vaccine Suvaxyn(®) M.hyo (n=10). TBLF collected immediately prior to challenge and at 21 d and 35 d post-challenge was also assayed for levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), and for bacterial load (by qPCR). Clinical signs, pathology, cytokine analyses and qPCR all indicated that vaccinated pigs had significantly reduced disease relative to unvaccinated animals. Plasmin activity increased significantly in TBLF collected at 21 d post-challenge compared to pre-challenge TBLF in unvaccinated (P<0.01), but not vaccinated animals (P>0.05). A significant correlation was observed between bacterial load and plasmin activity in the 21 d (r=0.66; P<0.01) and the 35 d post-challenge samples, (r=0.62; P<0.01). Plasmin activity was also significantly correlated with levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 at 21 d (r=0.78, P<0.0001; r=0.77, P<0.0001; r=0.64, P<0.005) and with TNF-α and IL-1β at 35 d post-challenge (r=0.77, P<0.0001; r=0.74, P<0.0005). Our results indicate that plasminogen is activated to plasmin in the respiratory tract of pigs as part of the host inflammatory response to Mhp infection and that this effect is ameliorated by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Woolley
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
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21
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Segalés J, Valero O, Espinal A, López-Soria S, Nofrarías M, Calsamiglia M, Sibila M. Exploratory study on the influence of climatological parameters on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection dynamics. Int J Biometeorol 2012; 56:1167-1171. [PMID: 21904808 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-011-0487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to elucidate the potential relationship between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection and seroconversion dynamics and climatological conditions in four groups of pigs from the same farm born in different seasons of the year. Nasal swabs and blood samples were taken from 184 pigs at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 22 and 25 (slaughter age) weeks of age. Outside climatologic parameters, including temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), precipitation (l/m(2)) and wind speed (m/s) were recorded weekly from January 2003 to June 2004. Percentage of nPCR detection of M. hyopneumoniae in nasal swabs was associated significantly with the weekly precipitation rate [P = 0.0018, OR = 1.31 (IC = 1.11-1.55)]; the higher the precipitation rate, the higher the probability of being M. hyopneumoniae nPCR-positive. On the other hand, the percentage of seropositive pigs had a significant association with mean weekly temperature rate [P = 0.0012, OR = 0.89 [IC = 0.84-0.95]); the lower the temperature, the higher the probability of being M. hyopneumoniae seropositive. Animals born in autumn (when higher precipitations rates were recorded), entering finishing units in winter (when lower temperatures were recorded), and reaching slaughter in spring, had the highest probability of being infected by M. hyopneumoniae and the highest probability of being M. hyopneumoniae seropositive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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22
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Pieters M, Fano E, Pijoan C, Dee S. An experimental model to evaluate Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae transmission from asymptomatic carriers to unvaccinated and vaccinated sentinel pigs. Can J Vet Res 2010; 74:157-160. [PMID: 20592848 PMCID: PMC2851728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of vaccinating susceptible animals on the transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from experimentally infected pigs during the chronic phase of infection. Thirty-six seeder pigs were experimentally infected with M. hyopneumoniae. Eighty and 200 d post-infection (dpi) 18 seeder pigs were placed in direct contact with 15 vaccinated and 15 unvaccinated age-matched naïve animals. Direct animal contact occurred over 14 d. Pigs were euthanized at the end of the contact period and bronchial swabs were collected and lung tissue examined. At 94 dpi, 15 out of 15 unvaccinated sentinels and 14 out of 15 vaccinated sentinels tested positive for M. hyopneumoniae by nested polymerase chain reaction (N-PCR). At 214 dpi, M. hyopneumoniae DNA was detected by PCR in 8 out of 15 unvaccinated and 6 out of 15 vaccinated sentinels. Vaccination against M. hyopneumoniae did not prevent colonization of sentinels in contact with infected animals. Transmission of M. hyopneumoniae from asymptomatic carriers to unvaccinated and vaccinated sentinels was not different.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott Dee
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Scott Dee; telephone: (612) 625-4786; fax: (612) 652-1210; e-mail:
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23
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Thacker EL, Holtkamp DJ, Khan AS, Brown PA, Draghia-Akli R. Plasmid-mediated growth hormone-releasing hormone efficacy in reducing disease associated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. J Anim Sci 2007; 84:733-42. [PMID: 16478966 DOI: 10.2527/2006.843733x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of plasmid-mediated growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) supplementation on the clinical outcomes of pigs vaccinated against and challenged with either Mycoplasma hyopneumonia (M. hyo) and/or with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus. Before the first vaccination, pigs received a single i.m. injection of 0.625 mg of a porcine GHRH-expressing plasmid followed by electroporation of the injection site. Pigs were vaccinated at 2-wk intervals, challenged with either M. hyo and/or PRRS virus 2-wk after the second vaccination, and necropsied at 17 and 36 d after challenge. Clinical parameters associated with M. hyo challenge were improved with the GHRH treatment. Average daily gain between challenge and necropsy was improved (P = 0.04). Respiratory scores for M. hyo-challenged pigs tended to be lower in GHRH-treated animals compared to controls, and coughing scores were improved by the treatment (P = 0.01). Macroscopic lesions associated with M. hyo infection pneumonia were fewer in the group that received the GHRH-expressing plasmid. No differences between treatment groups in the macroscopic pneumonia associated with PRRS virus were observed. No differences in serum antibodies to M. hyo or PRRS virus were observed with GHRH treatment. Nevertheless, IgG in the bronchioalveolar lavage was increased by the GHRH treatment in M. hyo-challenged animals (P < 0.03). The results of this study suggest that GHRH supplementation before vaccination may enhance the protection against M. hyo-induced pneumonia and that a single dose of GHRH-expressing plasmid was sufficient to elicit an improved clinical outcome in this disease challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Thacker
- Department of VMPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011, USA.
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24
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Tzivara A, Kritas SK, Bourriel AR, Alexopoulos C, Kyriakis SC. Efficacy of an inactivated aqueous vaccine for the control of enzootic pneumonia in pigs infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Rec 2007; 160:225-9. [PMID: 17308019 DOI: 10.1136/vr.160.7.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of an inactivated aqueous vaccine against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was evaluated at two M hyopneumoniae-infected farrow-to-finish commercial farms (A and B) in Greece. In a prospective, randomised double-blind study, two groups on each farm received intramuscular doses of either the vaccine or the adjuvant when they were one and four weeks of age. The pigs were observed daily for clinical signs of disease; morbidity and mortality were recorded; and bodyweight was recorded at intervals. At slaughter, the lungs of the animals were examined and the chest cavities were examined for signs of pleuritis. No adverse reactions to the treatments were observed in any of the pigs. On farm A the vaccinated pigs were on average 6 kg heavier at slaughter, and on farm B they were on average 4 kg heavier; on both farms the average daily gain of the pigs was greater than that of the unvaccinated pigs. The prevalence and severity of enzootic pneumonia in the affected lungs were significantly lower in the vaccinated than in the unvaccinated pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tzivara
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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25
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Sibila M, Nofrarías M, López-Soria S, Segalés J, Valero O, Espinal A, Calsamiglia M. Chronological study of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection, seroconversion and associated lung lesions in vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs. Vet Microbiol 2007; 122:97-107. [PMID: 17303351 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A field trial was conducted to study Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) infection dynamics by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and serology in pigs of a farm affected by enzootic pneumonia (EP). Moreover, correlation of Mh detection at different respiratory tract sites with presence of EP gross and microscopic lung lesions was assessed. These parameters were studied and compared between vaccinated (two doses at 1 and 3 weeks of age versus one dose at 6 weeks of age) and non-vaccinated pigs. Animals were monitored from birth to slaughter by nPCR from nasal swabs and by serology. From 3 to 22 weeks of age, an average of three pigs per treatment and per batch were necropsied (n = 302). The remaining pigs were sent to the slaughter (n = 103). Nasal, bronchial and tonsillar swabs were taken from the necropsied/slaughtered pigs; gross and microscopic EP-suggestive lung lesions were also assessed. Single and double vaccination resulted in earlier seroconversion and higher percentage of Mh seropositive pigs compared to control group. At slaughter, double vaccinated pigs showed lower percentage of EP-compatible gross lung lesions and lower Mh prevalence at upper respiratory tract sites (nasal cavity and tonsil) than control pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Thanawongnuwech R, Thacker B, Halbur P, Thacker EL. Increased production of proinflammatory cytokines following infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 11:901-8. [PMID: 15358650 PMCID: PMC515260 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.5.901-908.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Induction of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) (alpha and beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) was assessed following experimental infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and/or Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by using in vivo and in vitro models. The in vivo model consisted of pigs infected with PRRSV and/or M. hyopneumoniae and necropsied at 10, 28, or 42 days postinfection. Pigs infected with both pathogens had a greater percentage of macroscopic lung lesions, increased clinical disease, and slower viral clearance than pigs infected with either pathogen alone. The pigs infected with both PRRSV and M. hyopneumoniae had significantly increased levels of mRNA for many proinflammatory cytokines in PAMs collected by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at all necropsy dates compared to those in uninfected control pigs. Increased levels of IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-alpha proteins in BAL fluid, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, confirmed the increased cytokine induction induced by the pathogens. An in vitro model consisted of M. hyopneumoniae-inoculated tracheal ring explants cultured with PRRSV-infected PAMs. PAMs were harvested at 6 or 15 h postinfection with either or both pathogens. The in vitro study detected increased IL-10 and IL-12 mRNA levels in PAMs infected with PRRSV at all time periods. In addition, IL-10 protein levels were significantly elevated in the culture supernatants in the presence of M. hyopneumoniae-inoculated tracheal ring explants. The increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo and in vitro associated with concurrent M. hyopneumoniae and PRRSV infection may play a role in the increased rates of pneumonia associated with PRRSV infection. The increased levels of IL-10 may be a possible mechanism that PRRSV and M. hyopneumoniae use to exacerbate the severity and duration of pneumonia induced by PRRSV and modulate the respiratory immune response.
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McKelvie J, Morgan JH, Nanjiani IA, Sherington J, Rowan TG, Sunderland SJ. Evaluation of tulathromycin for the treatment of pneumonia following experimental infection of swine with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Ther 2005; 6:197-202. [PMID: 16094566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tulathromycin was evaluated in the treatment of pneumonia in weaned pigs inoculated intranasally with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Five days postchallenge, the pigs were randomized to treatment with a single IM administration of saline, a single IM administration of tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg; day 0), or three IM administrations of enrofloxacin (5.0 mg/kg; days 0, 1, 2). Pigs were necropsied on day 12 or 13. Unchallenged controls remained healthy with no lung pathology. Compared with saline, coughing, mean lung lesion score, and proportional lung weight were significantly reduced and weight gain was significantly greater for tulathromycin-treated pigs (P < .05). Compared with enrofloxacin, there were no significant differences in proportional lung weight or weight gains, but coughing and lung lesion scores were greater for tulathromycin-treated pigs (P < .05). Tulathromycin was effective in the treatment of pneumonia following experimental infection with M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo McKelvie
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Pfizer Ltd, Sandwich, Kent, UK
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Otto L, Kristensen CS. A biological network describing infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in swine herds. Prev Vet Med 2004; 66:141-61. [PMID: 15579341 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have made a biological model based on a Bayesian network for risk factors for infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mycoplasma) in slaughter pigs; prevalence of infection is based on veterinary examinations. The model is a probabilistic/stochastic determination based on the inherent biological uncertainty of the severity of infection with Mycoplasma and the derived stochastic effects on productivity for the herd. The conditional probabilities in the Bayesian network are based on published studies and expert opinions. We used the model to calculate how the risk factors and our evidence about the herd influenced our view on the severity of Mycoplasma, and how our view changed when we had more veterinary evidence. We also show how one can use the model to deal with conflicting examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Otto
- Danish Research Institute of Food Economics, Rolighedsvej 25, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Nuntaprasert A, Mori Y, Fujita K, Yoneda M, Miura R, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Kai C. Characterization of specific antibodies and the establishment of sandwich ELISA and ELISPOT systems for swine IL-4. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 27:457-70. [PMID: 15325518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2004.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We produced four monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and two polyclonal antibodies using the purified cytokine expressed in bacteria and characterized them. Specific binding of each of the mAb and polyclonal antibodies to recombinant swine IL-4 (rSwIL-4) purified from Escherichia coli and baculovirus was demonstrated in an indirect ELISA and/or in western blotting. We established a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring concentration of SwIL-4 in biological samples and established an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay for detecting IL-4-secreting cells using a mAb and a polyclonal IgG from goat. The detection limit of the sandwich ELISA for SwIL-4 was 78 pg/ml. Using sandwich ELISA, SwIL-4 was detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pigs experimentally infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and could quantitate in supernatants of mitogen-stimulated PBMC culture. The ELISPOT system is useful for the detection of IL-4 producing cells in swine PBMC culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nuntaprasert
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Institution of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Escobar J, Van Alstine WG, Baker DH, Johnson RW. Decreased protein accretion in pigs with viral and bacterial pneumonia is associated with increased myostatin expression in muscle. J Nutr 2004; 134:3047-53. [PMID: 15514274 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.11.3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic respiratory infections reduce growth in pigs but protein accretion (PA) during an ongoing multifactorial respiratory infection has not been determined, and the mechanisms underlying growth inhibition are largely unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine whether viral and bacterial pneumonia in young pigs decrease PA, increase serum IL-1beta and IL-6, and increase myostatin (MSTN) mRNA in biceps femoris and triceps muscles. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) or medium was given intratracheally at 4 wk of age, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) or medium was given intranasally at 6 wk of age, and pigs were killed 7 or 14 d after PRRSV inoculation for body composition analysis. PRRSV but not Mh induced a marked increase (P < 0.01) in IL-1beta, IL-6, and MSTN mRNA and a decrease (P < 0.01) in food intake, daily weight gain, PA, and lipid accretion. PRRSV also reduced (P < 0.01) myofiber area in the biceps femoris. Food intake, weight gain, PA, and weight of biceps femoris and triceps muscles were negatively correlated (r = -0.4 to -0.8, P < 0.05) with serum IL-1beta and IL-6 and with MSTN mRNA in muscle. These results suggest that the magnitude of increases in inflammatory cytokines during a respiratory infection may be predictive of decreases in PA and growth. They further suggest that during infection growth of skeletal muscle is limited in part by myostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Escobar
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Muneta Y, Uenishi H, Kikuma R, Yoshihara K, Shimoji Y, Yamamoto R, Hamashima N, Yokomizo Y, Mori Y. Porcine TLR2 and TLR6: Identification and Their Involvement in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniaeInfection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2003; 23:583-90. [PMID: 14585198 DOI: 10.1089/107999003322485080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We successfully cloned and sequenced porcine toll-like receptor (TLR2) and TLR6 cDNA from porcine alveolar macrophages stimulated with 10 microg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The open reading frames (ORFs) of the porcine TLR2 and TLR6 cDNA were shown to be 2358 and 2391 bp in length and to encode 785 and 796 amino acids, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequence of porcine TLR2 was 72.3% homologous to human TLR2 and 61.0% homologous to murine TLR2. That of porcine TLR6 was 74.4% homologous to human TLR6 and 66.1% homologous to murine TLR6. Porcine TLR2 and TLR6 genes were both mapped to porcine chromosome 8 (TLR2: SSC8q21.1 --> 21.5; TLR6: SSC8p11.1 --> p21.1) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and radiation hybrid mapping. Western blot analysis confirmed that TLR2 and TLR6 proteins were both expressed in porcine alveolar macrophages. Further, antiporcine TLR2 and TLR6 antibodies synergistically blocked tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production by porcine alveolar macrophages stimulated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. These results indicated that both TLR2 and TLR6 are important in the recognition of M. hyopneumoniae in porcine alveolar macrophages and will be useful in understanding innate immunity against M. hyopneumoniae.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Macrophages, Alveolar/virology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Pneumonia of Swine, Mycoplasmal/immunology
- Radiation Hybrid Mapping
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Swine/genetics
- Swine/immunology
- Swine/microbiology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptor 6
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Muneta
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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MARE CJ, SWITZER WP. NEW SPECIES: MYCOPLASMA HYOPNEUMONIAE; A CAUSATIVE AGENT OF VIRUS PIG PNEUMONIA. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1965; 60:841-6. [PMID: 14323369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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