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Molinos-Albert LM, Baquero E, Bouvin-Pley M, Lorin V, Charre C, Planchais C, Dimitrov JD, Monceaux V, Vos M, Hocqueloux L, Berger JL, Seaman MS, Braibant M, Avettand-Fenoël V, Sáez-Cirión A, Mouquet H. Anti-V1/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1275-1287.e8. [PMID: 37433296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) can decrease viremia but are usually unable to counteract autologous viruses escaping the antibody pressure. Nonetheless, bNAbs may contribute to natural HIV-1 control in individuals off antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we describe a bNAb B cell lineage elicited in a post-treatment controller (PTC) that exhibits broad seroneutralization and show that a representative antibody from this lineage, EPTC112, targets a quaternary epitope in the glycan-V3 loop supersite of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. The cryo-EM structure of EPTC112 complexed with soluble BG505 SOSIP.664 envelope trimers revealed interactions with N301- and N156-branched N-glycans and the 324GDIR327 V3 loop motif. Although the sole contemporaneous virus circulating in this PTC was resistant to EPTC112, it was potently neutralized by autologous plasma IgG antibodies. Our findings illuminate how cross-neutralizing antibodies can alter the HIV-1 infection course in PTCs and may control viremia off-ART, supporting their role in functional HIV-1 cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Molinos-Albert
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Eduard Baquero
- NanoImaging Core Facility, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | | | - Valérie Lorin
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Caroline Charre
- Université Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris 75014, France; INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; AP-HP, Service de Virologie, Hôpital Cochin, Paris 75014, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
| | - Valérie Monceaux
- Viral Reservoirs and Immune control Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75015, France; HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75015, France
| | - Matthijn Vos
- NanoImaging Core Facility, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Laurent Hocqueloux
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Orléans La Source, Orléans 45067, France
| | - Jean-Luc Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Reims University Hospital, Reims 51100, France
| | | | | | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoël
- Université Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris 75014, France; INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; AP-HP, Service de Virologie, Hôpital Cochin, Paris 75014, France
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Viral Reservoirs and Immune control Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75015, France; HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75015, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France.
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Kuriakose Gift S, Wieczorek L, Sanders-Buell E, Zemil M, Molnar S, Donofrio G, Townsley S, Chenine AL, Bose M, Trinh HV, Barrows BM, Sriplienchan S, Kitsiripornchai S, Nitayapan S, Eller LA, Rao M, Ferrari G, Michael NL, Ake JA, Krebs SJ, Robb ML, Tovanabutra S, Polonis VR. Evolution of Antibody Responses in HIV-1 CRF01_AE Acute Infection: Founder Envelope V1V2 Impacts the Timing and Magnitude of Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies. J Virol 2023; 97:e0163522. [PMID: 36749076 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01635-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of early immune responses to HIV-1 infection, including the evolution of initial neutralizing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies, will inform HIV vaccine design. In this study, we assess the development of autologous neutralizing antibodies (ANAbs) against founder envelopes (Envs) from 18 participants with HIV-1 CRF01_AE acute infection. The timing of ANAb development directly associated with the magnitude of the longitudinal ANAb response. Participants that developed ANAbs within 6 months of infection had significantly higher ANAb responses at 1 year (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] geometric mean titer [GMT] = 2,010 versus 184; P = 0.001) and 2 years (GMT = 3,479 versus 340; P = 0.015), compared to participants that developed ANAb responses after 6 months. Participants with later development of ANAb tended to develop an earlier, potent heterologous tier 1 (92TH023) neutralizing antibody (NAb) response (P = 0.049). CRF01_AE founder Env V1V2 loop lengths correlated indirectly with the timing (P = 0.002, r = -0.675) and directly with magnitude (P = 0.005, r = 0.635) of ANAb responses; Envs with longer V1V2 loop lengths elicited earlier and more potent ANAb responses. While ANAb responses did not associate with viral load, the viral load set point correlated directly with neutralization of the heterologous 92TH023 strain (P = 0.007, r = 0.638). In contrast, a striking inverse correlation was observed between viral load set point and peak ADCC against heterologous 92TH023 Env strain (P = 0.0005, r = -0.738). These data indicate that specific antibody functions can be differentially related to viral load set point and may affect HIV-1 pathogenesis. Exploiting Env properties, such as V1V2 length, could facilitate development of subtype-specific vaccines that elicit more effective immune responses and improved protection. IMPORTANCE Development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine will be facilitated by better understanding the dynamics between the founder virus and the early humoral responses. Variations between subtypes may influence the evolution of immune responses and should be considered as we strive to understand these dynamics. In this study, autologous founder envelope neutralization and heterologous functional humoral responses were evaluated after acute infection by HIV-1 CRF01_AE, a subtype that has not been thoroughly characterized. The evolution of these humoral responses was assessed in relation to envelope characteristics, magnitude of elicited immune responses, and viral load. Understanding immune parameters in natural infection will improve our understanding of protective responses and aid in the development of immunogens that elicit protective functional antibodies. Advancing our knowledge of correlates of positive clinical outcomes should lead to the design of more efficacious vaccines.
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Schorcht A, Cottrell CA, Pugach P, Ringe RP, Han AX, Allen JD, van den Kerkhof TLGM, Seabright GE, Schermer EE, Ketas TJ, Burger JA, van Schooten J, LaBranche CC, Ozorowski G, de Val N, Bader DLV, Schuitemaker H, Russell CA, Montefiori DC, van Gils MJ, Crispin M, Klasse PJ, Ward AB, Moore JP, Sanders RW. The Glycan Hole Area of HIV-1 Envelope Trimers Contributes Prominently to the Induction of Autologous Neutralization. J Virol 2022; 96:e0155221. [PMID: 34669426 PMCID: PMC8754230 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01552-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) trimeric envelope glycoprotein (Env) is heavily glycosylated, creating a dense glycan shield that protects the underlying peptidic surface from antibody recognition. The absence of conserved glycans, due to missing potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS), can result in strain-specific, autologous neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses. Here, we sought to gain a deeper understanding of the autologous neutralization by introducing holes in the otherwise dense glycan shields of the AMC011 and AMC016 SOSIP trimers. Specifically, when we knocked out the N130 and N289 glycans, which are absent from the well-characterized B41 SOSIP trimer, we observed stronger autologous NAb responses. We also analyzed the highly variable NAb responses induced in rabbits by diverse SOSIP trimers from subtypes A, B, and C. Statistical analysis, using linear regression, revealed that the cumulative area exposed on a trimer by glycan holes correlates with the magnitude of the autologous NAb response. IMPORTANCE Forty years after the first description of HIV-1, the search for a protective vaccine is still ongoing. The sole target for antibodies that can neutralize the virus are the trimeric envelope glycoproteins (Envs) located on the viral surface. The glycoprotein surface is covered with glycans that shield off the underlying protein components from recognition by the immune system. However, the Env trimers of some viral strains have holes in the glycan shield. Immunized animals developed antibodies against such glycan holes. These antibodies are generally strain specific. Here, we sought to gain a deeper understanding of what drives these specific immune responses. First, we show that strain-specific neutralizing antibody responses can be increased by creating artificial holes in the glycan shield. Second, when studying a diverse set of Env trimers with different characteristics, we found that the surface area of the glycan holes contributes prominently to the induction of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schorcht
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pavel Pugach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rajesh P. Ringe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alvin X. Han
- Laboratory of Applied Evolutionary Biology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joel D. Allen
- Centre for Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, United Kingdom
| | - Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma E. Seabright
- Centre for Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, United Kingdom
| | - Edith E. Schermer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. Ketas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judith A. Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle van Schooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel L. V. Bader
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin A. Russell
- Laboratory of Applied Evolutionary Biology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Crispin
- Centre for Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, United Kingdom
| | - P. J. Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&AII), Amsterdam UMC, Location Meibergdreef, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Yang YR, McCoy LE, van Gils MJ, Andrabi R, Turner HL, Yuan M, Cottrell CA, Ozorowski G, Voss J, Pauthner M, Polveroni TM, Messmer T, Wilson IA, Sanders RW, Burton DR, Ward AB. Autologous Antibody Responses to an HIV Envelope Glycan Hole Are Not Easily Broadened in Rabbits. J Virol 2020; 94:e01861-19. [PMID: 31941772 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01861-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A glycan hole is one of the most dominant autologous neutralizing epitopes targeted on BG505 and B41 SOSIP trimer-immunized rabbits. Our high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) studies of B41 in complex with a B41-specific antibody complex elucidate the molecular basis of this strain-specific glycan hole response. We conclude that even for the immunodominant glycan hole shared between BG505 and B41, the prospect of designing prime-boost immunogens remains difficult. Extensive studies with subtype A BG505-derived HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) immunogens have revealed that the dominant autologous neutralizing epitope in rabbits is located in an exposed region of the heavily glycosylated trimer that lacks potential N-linked glycosylation sites at positions 230, 241, and 289. The Env derived from B41, a subtype B virus, shares a glycan hole centered on positions 230 and 289. To test whether broader neutralization to the common glycan hole can be achieved, we immunized rabbits with B41 SOSIP (gp120-gp41 disulfide [SOS] with an isoleucine-to-proline mutation [IP] in gp41) alone, as well as B41 and BG505 coimmunization. We isolated autologous neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and described their structure in complex with the B41 Env. Our data suggest that distinct autologous nAb lineages are induced by BG505 and B41 immunogens, even when both were administered together. In contrast to previously described BG505 glycan hole antibodies, the B41-specific nAbs accommodate the >97% conserved N241 glycan, which is present in B41. Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy studies confirmed that B41- and BG505-specific nAbs bind to overlapping glycan hole epitopes. We then used our high-resolution data to guide mutations in the BG505 glycan hole epitope in an attempt to broaden the reactivity of a B41-specific nAb, but we recovered only partial binding. Our data demonstrate that the lack of cross-reactivity in glycan hole antibodies is due to amino acid differences within the epitope, and our attempts to rationally design cross-reactive trimers resulted in only limited success. Thus, even for the immunodominant glycan hole shared between BG505 and B41, the prospect of designing prime-boost immunogens remains difficult. IMPORTANCE A glycan hole is one of the most dominant autologous neutralizing epitopes targeted on BG505 and B41 SOSIP trimer-immunized rabbits. Our high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) studies of B41 in complex with a B41-specific antibody complex elucidate the molecular basis of this strain-specific glycan hole response. We conclude that even for the immunodominant glycan hole shared between BG505 and B41, the prospect of designing prime-boost immunogens remains difficult.
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