1
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Tang X, Song A, Wu H, Feng K, Shao T, Ma T. Observing and Modeling the Wear Process of Heterogeneous Interface. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6965-6973. [PMID: 38814470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the wear process of heterogeneous interfaces between soft and hard phases is crucial for designing and fabricating materials, such as improving the wear resistance of particle reinforced metal matrix composites and the accuracy and efficiency of chemical mechanical polishing. However, the wear process can be hardly observed, as interfaces are buried under the surface. Here, we proposed a nanowear test method by combining focused ion beam cutting to expose interfaces, atomic force microscopy to rub against interfaces, and scanning electron microscope to characterize the interface damage. Using this method, three typical wear forms had been observed in Al/SiC composite, i.e., merely matrix wear, particle fracture, and particle pullout. A theoretical model was proposed that revealed that the increasing interfacial friction would induce particle fracture or pullout, depending on the particle edge angle and tip edge angle. This work sheds light on wear control in composites and nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aisheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haijun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Sino-Platinum Metals Co., Ltd., Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan 650221, China
| | - Kaili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianmin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianbao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Zhang W, Kittlaus E, Savchenkov A, Iltchenko V, Yi L, Papp SB, Matsko A. Monolithic optical resonator for ultrastable laser and photonic millimeter-wave synthesis. COMMUNICATIONS PHYSICS 2024; 7:177. [PMID: 38845615 PMCID: PMC11150148 DOI: 10.1038/s42005-024-01660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Optical resonators are indispensable tools in optical metrology that usually benefit from an evacuated and highly-isolated environment to achieve peak performance. Even in the more sophisticated design of Fabry-Perot (FP) cavities, the material choice limits the achievable quality factors. For this reason, monolithic resonators are emerging as promising alternative to traditional designs, but their design is still at preliminary stage and far from being optimized. Here, we demonstrate a monolithic FP resonator with 4.5 cm3 volume and 2 × 105 finesse. In the ambient environment, we achieve 18 Hz integrated laser linewidth and 7 × 10-14 frequency stability measured from 0.08 s to 0.3 s averaging time, the highest spectral purity and stability demonstrated to date in the context of monolithic reference resonators. By locking two separate lasers to distinct modes of the same resonator, a 96 GHz microwave signals is generated with phase noise -100 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz frequency offset, achieving orders of magnitude improvement in the approach of photonic heterodyne synthesis. The compact monolithic FP resonator is promising for applications in spectrally-pure, high-frequency microwave photonic references as well as optical clocks and other metrological devices. ©2024. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 USA
| | - Eric Kittlaus
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 USA
| | - Anatoliy Savchenkov
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 USA
| | - Vladimir Iltchenko
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 USA
| | - Lin Yi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 USA
| | - Scott B. Papp
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA
| | - Andrey Matsko
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 USA
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3
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Dai T, Ma A, Mao J, Ao Y, Jia X, Zheng Y, Zhai C, Yang Y, Li Z, Tang B, Luo J, Zhang B, Hu X, Gong Q, Wang J. A programmable topological photonic chip. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01904-1. [PMID: 38777873 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Controlling topological phases of light allows the observation of abundant topological phenomena and the development of robust photonic devices. The prospect of more sophisticated control with topological photonic devices for practical implementations requires high-level programmability. Here we demonstrate a fully programmable topological photonic chip with large-scale integration of silicon photonic nanocircuits and microresonators. Photonic artificial atoms and their interactions in our compound system can be individually addressed and controlled, allowing the arbitrary adjustment of structural parameters and geometrical configurations for the observation of dynamic topological phase transitions and diverse photonic topological insulators. Individual programming of artificial atoms on the generic chip enables the comprehensive statistical characterization of topological robustness against relatively weak disorders, and counterintuitive topological Anderson phase transitions induced by strong disorders. This generic topological photonic chip can be rapidly reprogrammed to implement multifunctionalities, providing a flexible and versatile platform for applications across fundamental science and topological technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Anqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yutian Ao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chonghao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baile Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, The Photonics Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China.
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics & Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China.
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4
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Ling J, Gao Z, Xue S, Hu Q, Li M, Zhang K, Javid UA, Lopez-Rios R, Staffa J, Lin Q. Electrically empowered microcomb laser. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4192. [PMID: 38760350 PMCID: PMC11101629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Optical microcomb underpins a wide range of applications from communication, metrology, to sensing. Although extensively explored in recent years, challenges remain in key aspects of microcomb such as complex soliton initialization, low power efficiency, and limited comb reconfigurability. Here we present an on-chip microcomb laser to address these key challenges. Realized with integration between III and V gain chip and a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) photonic integrated circuit (PIC), the laser directly emits mode-locked microcomb on demand with robust turnkey operation inherently built in, with individual comb linewidth down to 600 Hz, whole-comb frequency tuning rate exceeding 2.4 × 1017 Hz/s, and 100% utilization of optical power fully contributing to comb generation. The demonstrated approach unifies architecture and operation simplicity, electro-optic reconfigurability, high-speed tunability, and multifunctional capability enabled by TFLN PIC, opening up a great avenue towards on-demand generation of mode-locked microcomb that is of great potential for broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Ling
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Zhengdong Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shixin Xue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Qili Hu
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kaibo Zhang
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Usman A Javid
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Jeremy Staffa
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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5
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Ji QX, Liu P, Jin W, Guo J, Wu L, Yuan Z, Peters J, Feshali A, Paniccia M, Bowers JE, Vahala KJ. Multimodality integrated microresonators using the Moiré speedup effect. Science 2024; 383:1080-1083. [PMID: 38452084 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk9429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
High-Q microresonators are indispensable components of photonic integrated circuits and offer several useful operational modes. However, these modes cannot be reconfigured after fabrication because they are fixed by the resonator's physical geometry. In this work, we propose a Moiré speedup dispersion tuning method that enables a microresonator device to operate in any of three modes. Electrical tuning of Vernier coupled rings switches operating modality to Brillouin laser, bright microcomb, and dark microcomb operation on demand using the same hybrid-integrated device. Brillouin phase matching and microcomb operation across the telecom C-band is demonstrated. Likewise, by using a single-pump wavelength, the operating mode can be switched. As a result, one universal design can be applied across a range of applications. The device brings flexible mixed-mode operation to integrated photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xin Ji
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Warren Jin
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Anello Photonics, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA
| | - Joel Guo
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Lue Wu
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zhiquan Yuan
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jonathan Peters
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Avi Feshali
- Anello Photonics, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA
| | | | - John E Bowers
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Kerry J Vahala
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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6
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Kudelin I, Groman W, Ji QX, Guo J, Kelleher ML, Lee D, Nakamura T, McLemore CA, Shirmohammadi P, Hanifi S, Cheng H, Jin N, Wu L, Halladay S, Luo Y, Dai Z, Jin W, Bai J, Liu Y, Zhang W, Xiang C, Chang L, Iltchenko V, Miller O, Matsko A, Bowers SM, Rakich PT, Campbell JC, Bowers JE, Vahala KJ, Quinlan F, Diddams SA. Photonic chip-based low-noise microwave oscillator. Nature 2024; 627:534-539. [PMID: 38448599 PMCID: PMC10954552 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Numerous modern technologies are reliant on the low-phase noise and exquisite timing stability of microwave signals. Substantial progress has been made in the field of microwave photonics, whereby low-noise microwave signals are generated by the down-conversion of ultrastable optical references using a frequency comb1-3. Such systems, however, are constructed with bulk or fibre optics and are difficult to further reduce in size and power consumption. In this work we address this challenge by leveraging advances in integrated photonics to demonstrate low-noise microwave generation via two-point optical frequency division4,5. Narrow-linewidth self-injection-locked integrated lasers6,7 are stabilized to a miniature Fabry-Pérot cavity8, and the frequency gap between the lasers is divided with an efficient dark soliton frequency comb9. The stabilized output of the microcomb is photodetected to produce a microwave signal at 20 GHz with phase noise of -96 dBc Hz-1 at 100 Hz offset frequency that decreases to -135 dBc Hz-1 at 10 kHz offset-values that are unprecedented for an integrated photonic system. All photonic components can be heterogeneously integrated on a single chip, providing a significant advance for the application of photonics to high-precision navigation, communication and timing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kudelin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - William Groman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Qing-Xin Ji
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joel Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Megan L Kelleher
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dahyeon Lee
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Takuma Nakamura
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Charles A McLemore
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pedram Shirmohammadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Samin Hanifi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Haotian Cheng
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Naijun Jin
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lue Wu
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Halladay
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yizhi Luo
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhaowei Dai
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Warren Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Junwu Bai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yifan Liu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Chao Xiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir Iltchenko
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Owen Miller
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrey Matsko
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Steven M Bowers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Peter T Rakich
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joe C Campbell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John E Bowers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Kerry J Vahala
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Franklyn Quinlan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Electrical Computer & Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Scott A Diddams
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Electrical Computer & Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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7
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Morin TJ, Peters J, Li M, Guo J, Wan Y, Xiang C, Bowers JE. Coprocessed heterogeneous near-infrared lasers on thin-film lithium niobate. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1197-1200. [PMID: 38426972 DOI: 10.1364/ol.516486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) is an attractive platform for photonic applications on account of its wide bandgap, its large electro-optic coefficient, and its large nonlinearity. Since these characteristics are used in systems that require a coherent light source, size, weight, power, and cost can be reduced and reliability enhanced by combining TFLN processing and heterogeneous laser fabrication. Here, we report the fabrication of laser devices on a TFLN wafer and also the coprocessing of five different GaAs-based III-V epitaxial structures, including InGaAs quantum wells and InAs quantum dots. Lasing is observed at wavelengths near 930, 1030, and 1180 nm, which, if frequency-doubled using TFLN, would produce blue, green, and orange visible light. A single-sided power over 25 mW is measured with an integrating sphere.
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8
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Shekhar S, Bogaerts W, Chrostowski L, Bowers JE, Hochberg M, Soref R, Shastri BJ. Roadmapping the next generation of silicon photonics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:751. [PMID: 38272873 PMCID: PMC10811194 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Silicon photonics has developed into a mainstream technology driven by advances in optical communications. The current generation has led to a proliferation of integrated photonic devices from thousands to millions-mainly in the form of communication transceivers for data centers. Products in many exciting applications, such as sensing and computing, are around the corner. What will it take to increase the proliferation of silicon photonics from millions to billions of units shipped? What will the next generation of silicon photonics look like? What are the common threads in the integration and fabrication bottlenecks that silicon photonic applications face, and which emerging technologies can solve them? This perspective article is an attempt to answer such questions. We chart the generational trends in silicon photonics technology, drawing parallels from the generational definitions of CMOS technology. We identify the crucial challenges that must be solved to make giant strides in CMOS-foundry-compatible devices, circuits, integration, and packaging. We identify challenges critical to the next generation of systems and applications-in communication, signal processing, and sensing. By identifying and summarizing such challenges and opportunities, we aim to stimulate further research on devices, circuits, and systems for the silicon photonics ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Shekhar
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, BC, Canada.
| | - Wim Bogaerts
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - IMEC, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - John E Bowers
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, 93106, CA, USA
| | - Michael Hochberg
- Luminous Computing, 4750 Patrick Henry Drive, Santa Clara, 95054, CA, USA
| | - Richard Soref
- College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd., Boston, 02125, MA, USA
| | - Bhavin J Shastri
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics & Astronomy, Queen's University, 64 Bader Lane, Kingston, K7L3N6, ON, Canada.
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9
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Opačak N, Kazakov D, Columbo LL, Beiser M, Letsou TP, Pilat F, Brambilla M, Prati F, Piccardo M, Capasso F, Schwarz B. Nozaki-Bekki solitons in semiconductor lasers. Nature 2024; 625:685-690. [PMID: 38267681 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Optical frequency-comb sources, which emit perfectly periodic and coherent waveforms of light1, have recently rapidly progressed towards chip-scale integrated solutions. Among them, two classes are particularly significant-semiconductor Fabry-Perót lasers2-6 and passive ring Kerr microresonators7-9. Here we merge the two technologies in a ring semiconductor laser10,11 and demonstrate a paradigm for the formation of free-running solitons, called Nozaki-Bekki solitons. These dissipative waveforms emerge in a family of travelling localized dark pulses, known within the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation12-14. We show that Nozaki-Bekki solitons are structurally stable in a ring laser and form spontaneously with tuning of the laser bias, eliminating the need for an external optical pump. By combining conclusive experimental findings and a complementary elaborate theoretical model, we reveal the salient characteristics of these solitons and provide guidelines for their generation. Beyond the fundamental soliton circulating inside the ring laser, we demonstrate multisoliton states as well, verifying their localized nature and offering an insight into formation of soliton crystals15. Our results consolidate a monolithic electrically driven platform for direct soliton generation and open the door for a research field at the junction of laser multimode dynamics and Kerr parametric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Opačak
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Dmitry Kazakov
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lorenzo L Columbo
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Theodore P Letsou
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florian Pilat
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Massimo Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Fisica Interateneo and CNR-IFN, Università e Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Prati
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Marco Piccardo
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benedikt Schwarz
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Miyatake Y, Toprasertpong K, Takagi S, Takenaka M. Design of compact and low-loss S-bends by CMA-ES. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:43850-43863. [PMID: 38178471 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
We employ the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) algorithm to design compact and low-loss S-bends on the standard silicon-on-insulator platform. In line with the CMA-ES-based approach, we present experimental results demonstrating insertion losses of 0.041 dB, 0.025 dB, and 0.011 dB for S-bends with sizes of 3.5 µm, 4.5 µm, and 5.5 µm, respectively, which are the lowest insertion losses within the footprint range smaller than approximately 30 µm2. These outcomes underscore the remarkable performance and adaptability of the CMA-ES to design Si photonics devices tailored for high-density photonic integrated circuits.
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11
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Xie Y, Khalil M, Sun H, Moosabhoy S, Liu J, Lu Z, Poole PJ, Weber J, Chen LR. Photonic beamforming using a quantum-dash optical frequency comb source. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:8696-8701. [PMID: 38037987 DOI: 10.1364/ao.503919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate photonic beamforming using a quantum-dash (QD) optical frequency comb (OFC) source. Thanks to the 25 GHz free spectral range (FSR) and up to 40 comb lines available from the QD OFC, we can implement phased antenna arrays (PAAs) with directional radiation and scanning. We consider two types of PAAs: a uniform linear array (ULA) and a uniform planar array (UPA). By selecting different comb lines with a programmable optical filter, we can tune the FSR of the OFC source and realize a discrete scanning function. We evaluate the beam squint of the ULAs, and the results show that we can achieve broadband operation. Finally, we show that we can achieve both directional radiation and scanning simultaneously using the UPA.
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