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McDonald B, Schmidt MHH. Structure, function, and recombinant production of EGFL7. Biol Chem 2024; 0:hsz-2023-0358. [PMID: 38805373 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The secreted factor Epidermal growth factor-like protein 7 (EGFL7) is involved in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, as well as neurogenesis. Importantly, EGFL7 is also implicated in various pathological conditions, including tumor angiogenesis in human cancers. Thus, understanding the mechanisms through which EGFL7 regulates and promotes blood vessel formation is of clear practical importance. One principle means by which EGFL7's function is investigated is via the expression and purification of the recombinant protein. This mini-review describes three methods used to produce recombinant EGFL7 protein. First, a brief overview of EGFL7's genetics, structure, and function is provided. This is followed by an examination of the advantages and disadvantages of three common expression systems used in the production of recombinant EGFL7; (i) Escherichia coli (E. coli), (ii) human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells or other mammalian cells, and (iii) a baculovirus-based Sf9 insect cell expression system. Based on the available evidence, we conclude that the baculovirus-based Sf9 insect cell expression currently has the advantages of producing active recombinant EGFL7 in the native conformation with the presence of acceptable posttranslational modifications, while providing sufficient yield and stability for experimental purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan McDonald
- 9169 Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- 9169 Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Jilani M, Degras D, Haspel N. Elucidating Cancer Subtypes by Using the Relationship between DNA Methylation and Gene Expression. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:631. [PMID: 38790260 PMCID: PMC11121157 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancements in the field of next generation sequencing (NGS) have generated vast amounts of data for the same set of subjects. The challenge that arises is how to combine and reconcile results from different omics studies, such as epigenome and transcriptome, to improve the classification of disease subtypes. In this study, we introduce sCClust (sparse canonical correlation analysis with clustering), a technique to combine high-dimensional omics data using sparse canonical correlation analysis (sCCA), such that the correlation between datasets is maximized. This stage is followed by clustering the integrated data in a lower-dimensional space. We apply sCClust to gene expression and DNA methylation data for three cancer genomics datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to distinguish between underlying subtypes. We evaluate the identified subtypes using Kaplan-Meier plots and hazard ratio analysis on the three types of cancer-GBM (glioblastoma multiform), lung cancer and colon cancer. Comparison with subtypes identified by both single- and multi-omics studies implies improved clinical association. We also perform pathway over-representation analysis in order to identify up-regulated and down-regulated genes as tentative drug targets. The main goal of the paper is twofold: the integration of epigenomic and transcriptomic datasets followed by elucidating subtypes in the latent space. The significance of this study lies in the enhanced categorization of cancer data, which is crucial to precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeba Jilani
- Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA;
| | - David Degras
- Department of Mathematics, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Nurit Haspel
- Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA;
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de Oliveira C, Martins SFF, Gonçalves PG, Limone GA, Longatto-Filho A, Reis RM, Bidinotto LT. Low EGFL7 expression is associated with high lymph node spread and invasion of lymphatic vessels in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19783. [PMID: 37957249 PMCID: PMC10643678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies indicate EGFL7 as an important gene in controlling angiogenesis and cancer growth, including in colorectal cancer (CRC). Anti-EGFL7 agents are being explored, yet without promising results. Therefore, the role of EGFL7 in CRC carcinogenesis should be investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of EGFL7 expression in CRC and the signaling pathways influenced by this gene. EGFL7 expression was evaluated through immunohistochemistry in 463 patients diagnosed with CRC and further associated with clinicopathological data, angiogenesis markers and survival. In silico analyzes were performed with colon adenocarcinoma data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Analysis of enriched gene ontology and pathways were performed using the differentially expressed genes. 77.7% of patients presented low EGFL7 expression, which was associated with higher lymph node spread and invasion of lymphatic vessels, with no impact on survival. Additionally, low EGFL7 expression was associated with high VEGFR2 expression. Finally, we found in silico that EGFL7 expression was associated with cell growth, angiogenesis, and important pathways such as VEGF, Rap-1, MAPK and PI3K/Akt. Expression of EGFL7 in tumor cells may be associated with important pathways that can alter functions related to tumor invasive processes, preventing recurrence and metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Oliveira
- Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Sandra Fátima Fernandes Martins
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Colorectal Unit, Braga Hospital, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paola Gyuliane Gonçalves
- Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, 14784 400, Brazil
| | | | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, 14784 400, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Medical Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM) 14, Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, 14784 400, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lucas Tadeu Bidinotto
- Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, 14784 400, Brazil.
- Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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de Oliveira C, Gonçalves PG, Bidinotto LT. Role of EGFL7 in human cancers: A review. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1756-1767. [PMID: 37490307 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
EGFL7 is a proangiogenic factor. It has been widely described with having a vital role in tubulogenesis and regulation of angiogenesis, mainly during embryogenesis and organogenesis. It has been mainly associated with NOTCH pathway, but there are reports showing association with MAPK and integrin pathways. Given its association with angiogenesis and these other pathways, there are several studies associating EGFL7 with carcinogenesis. In fact, most of the studies have pointed to EGFL7 as an oncogene, and some of them suggest EGFL7 expression as a possible biomarker of prognosis or use for a patient's follow-up. Here, we review the molecular pathways which EGFL7 is associated and highlight several studies describing the role of EGFL7 in tumorigenesis, separated by tumor type. Besides its role on angiogenesis, EGFL7 may act in other pathways as oncogene, which makes it a possible biomarker and a candidate to targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paola Gyuliane Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tadeu Bidinotto
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human and Experimental Biology Department, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
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da Costa BHB, Becker AP, Neder L, Gonçalves PG, de Oliveira C, Polverini AD, Clara CA, Teixeira GR, Reis RM, Bidinotto LT. EGFL7 expression profile in IDH-wildtype glioblastomas is associated with poor patient outcome. J Pathol Transl Med 2022; 56:205-211. [PMID: 35698739 PMCID: PMC9288890 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2022.04.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the advances in glioblastoma (GBM) treatment, the average life span of patients is 14 months. Therefore, it is urgent to identity biomarkers of prognosis, treatment response, or development of novel treatment strategies. We previously described the association of high epidermal growth factor-like domain multiple 7 (EGFL7) expression and unfavorable outcome of pilocytic astrocytoma patients. The present study aims to analyze the prognostic potential of EGFL7 in GBM isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype, using immunohistochemistry and in silico approaches. Materials and Methods Spearman's correlation analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas RNA sequencing data was performed. The genes strongly correlated to EGFL7 expression were submitted to enrichment gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Additionally, EGFL7 expression was associated with patient overall survival. The expression of EGFL7 was analyzed through immunohistochemistry in 74 GBM IDH-wildtype patients' samples, and was associated with clinicopathological data and overall survival. Results In silico analysis found 78 genes strongly correlated to EGFL7 expression. These genes were enriched in 40 biological processes and eight KEGG pathways, including angiogenesis/vasculogenesis, cell adhesion, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt, Notch, and Rap1 signaling pathways. The immunostaining showed high EGFL7 expression in 39 cases (52.7%). High immunolabelling was significantly associated with low Karnofsky Performance Status and poor overall survival. Cox analysis showed that GBMs IDH-wildtype with high EGFL7 expression presented a higher risk of death compared to low expression (hazard ratio, 1.645; 95% confidence interval, 1.021 to 2.650; p = .041). Conclusion This study gives insights regarding the genes that are correlated with EGFL7, as well as biological processes and signaling pathways, which should be further investigated in order to elucidate their role in glioblastoma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Henrique Bressan da Costa
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Paixão Becker
- The Ohio State University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Luciano Neder
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paola Gyuliane Gonçalves
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane de Oliveira
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allan Dias Polverini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Afonso Clara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ramos Teixeira
- Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lucas Tadeu Bidinotto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil.,UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Liu W, Zhang Y, Huang F, Ma Q, Li C, Liu S, Liang Y, Shi L, Yao Y. The Polymorphism and Expression of EGFL7 and miR-126 Are Associated With NSCLC Susceptibility. Front Oncol 2022; 12:772405. [PMID: 35494025 PMCID: PMC9046731 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.772405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous investigations have reported that microRNA-126 (miR-126) and its host gene, epidermal growth factor-like domain-containing protein 7 (EGFL7) are involved in lung cancer progression, suggesting EGFL7 and miR-126 play a joint role in lung cancer development. In this study, we analyzed the methylation-associated regulation of EGFL7 and miR-126 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and further investigated the association between EGFL7/miR-126 polymorphisms and NSCLC susceptibility in the Han Chinese population. Based on our data, relative to those in adjacent normal tissue, both EGFL7 expression and miR-126 expression were decreased significantly in lung cancer tissue (P = 3x10-4 and P < 1x10-4), and the expression of EGFL7 mRNA and miR-126 was significantly correlated in both NSCLC tissue n = 46, r = 0.43, P = 0.003 and adjacent normal tissue n = 46, r = 0.37, P = 0.011. Differential methylation analysis indicated that methylation levels of multiple CG loci in EGFL7 were significantly higher in the lung cancer samples than in the normal samples (P < 0.01). Moreover, EGFL7 mRNA and miR-126 were significantly upregulated after treatment with the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) in lung cancer cell lines. In addition, the A allele of rs2297538 was significantly associated with a decreased NSCLC risk (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52~0.88), and the expression of EGFL7 and miR-126 was significantly lower in rs2297538 homozygous G/G tumor tissue than in A/G+A/A tumor tissue (P = 0.01 and P = 0.002). Our findings suggest that the expression of EGFL7 and miR-126 in NSCLC can be concomitantly downregulated through methylation and the EGFL7/miR-126 polymorphism rs2297538 is correlated with NSCLC risk. Together, these results provide new insights into the pathogenesis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Fengdan Huang
- Graduate School of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chuanyin Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Li Shi, ; Yufeng Yao, ;
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Li Shi, ; Yufeng Yao, ;
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Serum epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 serves as a novel diagnostic marker for early hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:772. [PMID: 34217251 PMCID: PMC8255001 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (Egfl7), a recently identified secreted protein, was significantly increased in patients with HCC by our previous studies. However, its efficacy in the diagnosis of early HCC remains unknown. In this study, we therefore evaluate the efficacy of serum Egfl7 for early HCC diagnosis and compare it with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Methods Serum Egfl7 levels in testing cohort (1081 participants) and validation cohort (476 participants) were measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). The cut-off value of Egfl7 was determined by Youden’s index and the efficacies of Egfl7 and AFP in diagnosing early HCC were estimated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC). Results Serum Egfl7 was significantly elevated in patients with early HCC than all non-HCC controls in whatever Testing Cohort or Validation Cohort. In the Testing Cohort, ROC curves showed the optimum cut-off value of Egfl7 was 2610 ng/mL and Egfl7 showed a significantly higher sensitivity than AFP in discriminating early HCC from healthy individuals (77.4% vs. 65.3%, P = 0.0013) but the area under ROC (AUROC) and accuracy of Egfl7 and AFP were similar (0.860 vs. 0.868, P = 0.704; 80.2% vs. 83.8%, P = 0.184). In distinguishing patients with early HCC from patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), the AUROC, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of Egfl7 were 0.800, 75.2, 71.7 and 73.5%, which were all significantly higher than AFP (0.675, 61.8, 62.0 and 61.9% in order). Egfl7 also showed a significant higher sensitivity and accuracy than AFP (76.6% vs. 64.0%, P = 0.0031; 79.9% vs. 66.1%, P < 0.0001) in differentiating early HCC patients from non-HCC individuals. Additionally, 70.8% of early HCC patients with negative AFP could be diagnosed by Egfl7 and the combined use of Egfl7 and AFP increased the sensitivity to 91.0%. These results were confirmed by a validation cohort. Conclusion Egfl7 is a valuable serum marker in the diagnosis of early HCC and could complement the efficacy of AFP, especially in distinguishing early HCC from CLD and identifying patients with AFP-negative early HCC.
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Zhou B, Wang J. Epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 regulates breast cancer cell proliferation and vascular endothelial growth factor expression via the p38MAPK signaling pathway. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:2608-2616. [PMID: 34017420 PMCID: PMC8129295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (EGFL7) on breast cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis and its association with the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) signaling pathway. METHODS The vectors for stable overexpression of EGFL7 and the vectors for EGFL7 knockout were constructed. The breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 was selected for this study and the cells were divided into four groups: the control group, the empty vector group (transfected with an empty vector), the EGFL7 overexpression group (transfected with the EGFL7 overexpression vector), and the EGFL7 knockout group (transfected with the EGFL7 knockout vector). After 72 h of transfection, the mRNA and protein levels of EGFL7 in the cells were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. The cell proliferation rates at 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of culture in each group were detected using the MTT method. An in vitro tumor angiogenesis model of tumor-endothelial cells co-culture system was established and the angiogenesis ability at 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of culture were compared among the groups using an in vitro angiogenesis assay. The cells in the EGFL7 overexpression group were further divided into three groups and were treated with p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 at a dose of 0 μmol/L, 5 μmol/L, and 10 μmol/L, respectively. Afterward, the cells were co-cultured with endothelial cells for 48 h. Western blot was performed to detect the protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), p38MAPK, and p-p38MAPK. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the EGFL7 mRNA level was higher in the EGFL7 overexpression group and lower in the EGFL7 knockout group (both P<0.05). Compared with the control group at 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of culture, the cell proliferation rates were lower in the EGFL knockout group and higher in the EGFL overexpression group, respectively (all P<0.05). Moreover, compared with the control group at these time points, the number of vascular sprouts and the protein levels of VEGF, p38MAPK, and p-p38MAPK were lower in the EGFL7 knockout group and higher in the EGFL7 overexpression group, respectively (all P<0.05). After the cells overexpressing EGFL7 were treated with SB203580, the level of p-p38MAPK was deceased, and the protein expression level of VEGF was inversely related with the SB203580 concentration (F=44.24, P<0.01). CONCLUSION EGFL7 can promote the proliferation of breast cancer cells and angiogenesis, and the mechanism may be associated with the activation of p38MAPK signaling pathway and promotion of VEGF expression.
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Di Fiore R, Suleiman S, Pentimalli F, O’Toole SA, O’Leary JJ, Ward MP, Conlon NT, Sabol M, Ozretić P, Erson-Bensan AE, Reed N, Giordano A, Herrington CS, Calleja-Agius J. Could MicroRNAs Be Useful Tools to Improve the Diagnosis and Treatment of Rare Gynecological Cancers? A Brief Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083822. [PMID: 33917022 PMCID: PMC8067678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynecological cancers pose an important public health issue, with a high incidence among women of all ages. Gynecological cancers such as malignant germ-cell tumors, sex-cord-stromal tumors, uterine sarcomas and carcinosarcomas, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, vulvar carcinoma and melanoma of the female genital tract, are defined as rare with an annual incidence of <6 per 100,000 women. Rare gynecological cancers (RGCs) are associated with poor prognosis, and given the low incidence of each entity, there is the risk of delayed diagnosis due to clinical inexperience and limited therapeutic options. There has been a growing interest in the field of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs of ∼22 nucleotides in length, because of their potential to regulate diverse biological processes. miRNAs usually induce mRNA degradation and translational repression by interacting with the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of target mRNAs, as well as other regions and gene promoters, as well as activating translation or regulating transcription under certain conditions. Recent research has revealed the enormous promise of miRNAs for improving the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of all major gynecological cancers. However, to date, only a few studies have been performed on RGCs. In this review, we summarize the data currently available regarding RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Fiore
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
- Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.D.F.); (J.C.-A.); Tel.: +356-2340-3871 (R.D.F.); +356-2340-1892 (J.C.-A.)
| | - Sherif Suleiman
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, I-80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Sharon A. O’Toole
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Histopathology, Trinity St James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - John J. O’Leary
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity St James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (J.J.O.); (M.P.W.)
| | - Mark P. Ward
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity St James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (J.J.O.); (M.P.W.)
| | - Neil T. Conlon
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, 9 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Maja Sabol
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.S.); (P.O.)
| | - Petar Ozretić
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.S.); (P.O.)
| | - Ayse Elif Erson-Bensan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06810, Turkey;
| | - Nicholas Reed
- Beatson Oncology Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, 1053 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK;
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - C. Simon Herrington
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK;
| | - Jean Calleja-Agius
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
- Correspondence: (R.D.F.); (J.C.-A.); Tel.: +356-2340-3871 (R.D.F.); +356-2340-1892 (J.C.-A.)
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Juan Z, Dake C, Tanaka K, Shuixiang H. EGFL7 as a novel therapeutic candidate regulates cell invasion and anoikis in colorectal cancer through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Int J Clin Oncol 2021; 26:1099-1108. [PMID: 33635474 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-021-01888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anoikis is a form of apoptosis, which inhibits metastatic cascade and deprives cancer cells with invasive capacity. Epidermal growth factor-like domain-containing protein 7 (EGFL7) is overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) and is a potential biomarker for malignancy. The present study aimed was to investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of EGFL7 on CRC cell function. METHODS EGFL7 expression in mutable human CRC cell lines and normal intestinal epithelial cell line HIEC were measured by qRT-PCR. To investigate the biological functions of EGFL7, loss-of-function experiments were performed by transfecting EGFL7 siRNA into SW620 and LoVo cells. Western blot analysis, MTT, invasion and anoikis assay were used to explore the underlying mechanism of EGFL7. RESULTS EGFL7 was upregulated in several CRC cell lines as compared with normal intestinal epithelial cell line HIEC. Transfection of EGFL7 siRNA significantly decreased cell proliferation and invasion capacity of SW620 and LoVo cells. Additionally, EGFL7 inhibition markedly elevated anoikis through modulating anoikis marker proteins as reflected by increasing of cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-PAPR expression. Moreover, downregulation of EGFL7 inhibited PI3K and P-AKT expression. Furthermore, re-expression of PI3K remarkably reversed the effects of EGFL7 on SW620 cells. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings suggested that EGFL7 acts as an oncogene, regulated CRC invasion and anoikis through PI3K/AKT signaling, which provided a theoretical basis for EGFL7 as a potential therapeutic target of CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Juan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yan Tower West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chu Dake
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yan Tower West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kiyohito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, 602-8026, Japan
| | - He Shuixiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yan Tower West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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11
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De Mattia E, Bignucolo A, Toffoli G, Cecchin E. Genetic Markers of the Host to Predict the Efficacy of Colorectal Cancer Targeted Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4249-4273. [PMID: 31298142 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190712151417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of anti-EGFR (cetuximab and panitumumab) and antiangiogenic (bevacizumab, regorafeninb, ramucirumab, and aflibercept) agents in the therapeutic armamentarium of the metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) has significantly improved the therapeutic efficacy and patients survival. However, despite the great improvements achieved in the patients life expectation, the high inter-individual heterogeneity in the response to the targeted agents still represent an issue for the management of advanced CRC patients. Even if the role of tumor genetic mutations as predictive markers of drug efficacy has been well-established, the contribution of the host genetic markers is still controversial. Promising results regard the germ-line immune-profile, inflammation and tumor microenvironment. Inherent variations in KRAS 3'UTR region as well as EGF/ EGFR genes were investigated as markers of cetuximab effectiveness. More recently interesting data in the field of anti- EGFR agents were generated also for germ-line variants in genes involved in inflammation (e.g. COX-2, LIFR, IGF1 signaling), immune system (e.g., FCGRs, IL-1RA), and other players of the RAS signaling, including the Hippo pathway related genes (e.g. Rassf, YAP, TAZ). Host genetic variants in VEGF-dependent (i.e., EGF, IGF-1, HIF1α, eNOS, iNOS) and -independent (i.e., EMT cascade, EGFL7) pathways, with specific attention on inflammation and immune system-related factors (e.g., IL-8, CXCR-1/2, CXCR4-CXCL12 axis, TLRs, GADD34, PPP1R15A, ANXA11, MKNK1), were investigated as predictive markers of bevacizumab outcome, generating some promising results. In this review, we aimed to summarize the most recent literature data regarding the potential role of common and rare inhered variants in predicting which CRC patients will benefit more from a specifically targeted drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Mattia
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, "Centro di Riferimento Oncologico"- National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Alessia Bignucolo
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, "Centro di Riferimento Oncologico"- National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, "Centro di Riferimento Oncologico"- National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Erika Cecchin
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, "Centro di Riferimento Oncologico"- National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano (PN), Italy
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12
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Reece M, Saluja H, Hollington P, Karapetis CS, Vatandoust S, Young GP, Symonds EL. The Use of Circulating Tumor DNA to Monitor and Predict Response to Treatment in Colorectal Cancer. Front Genet 2019; 10:1118. [PMID: 31824558 PMCID: PMC6881479 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and has a high mortality rate following disease recurrence. Treatment efficacy is maximized by providing tailored cancer treatment, ideally involving surgical resection and personalized neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and increasingly, targeted therapy. Early detection of recurrence or disease progression results in more treatable disease and is essential to improving survival outcomes. Recent advances in the understanding of tumor genetics have resulted in the discovery of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). A growing body of evidence supports the use of these sensitive biomarkers in detecting residual disease and diagnosing recurrence as well as enabling targeted and tumor-specific adjuvant therapies. Methods: A literature search in Pubmed was performed to identify all original articles preceding April 2019 that utilize ctDNA for the purpose of monitoring response to colorectal cancer treatment. Results: Ninety-two clinical studies were included. These studies demonstrate that ctDNA is a reliable measure of tumor burden. Studies show the utility of ctDNA in assessing the adequacy of surgical tumor clearance and changes in ctDNA levels reflect response to systemic treatments. ctDNA can be used in the selection of targeted treatments. The reappearance or increase in ctDNA, as well as the emergence of new mutations, correlates with disease recurrence, progression, and resistance to therapy, with ctDNA measurement allowing more sensitive monitoring than currently used clinical tools. Conclusions: ctDNA shows enormous promise as a sensitive biomarker for monitoring response to many treatment modalities and for targeting therapy. Thus, it is emerging as a new way for guiding treatment decisions-initiating, altering, and ceasing treatments, or prompting investigation into the potential for residual disease. However, many potentially useful ctDNA markers are available and more work is needed to determine which are best suited for specific purposes and for improving specific outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mifanwy Reece
- Colorectal Surgery, Division of Surgery & Perioperative Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Hariti Saluja
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Paul Hollington
- Colorectal Surgery, Division of Surgery & Perioperative Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Christos S Karapetis
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Sina Vatandoust
- Department of Medical Oncology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Graeme P Young
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Erin L Symonds
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Bowel Health Service, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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13
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Tu J, Cheung HH, Lu G, Chan CLK, Chen Z, Chan WY. microRNA-126 Is a Tumor Suppressor of Granulosa Cell Tumor Mediated by Its Host Gene EGFL7. Front Oncol 2019; 9:486. [PMID: 31245291 PMCID: PMC6579899 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. We examined the role of miR-126 in granulosa cell tumor (GCT) of the ovaries. In tissues from malignant GCT patients miR-126 expression was repressed. We showed that miR-126 could inhibit proliferation, migration, hormone production and promote apoptosis of cancerous granulosa cells (GCs) in vitro. The role of miR-126 as “tumor suppressor” was confirmed by using a tumor formation model in vivo. By RNA-seq, immunohistochemical staining (IHC), Western blot and luciferase reporter assay, we identified and confirmed EGFL7 as a direct functional target of miR-126 in cancer GCs. Furthermore, we found that the AKT signaling pathway was associated with miR-126 and EGFL7 in cancer GCs. Taken together, our results demonstrate a function of miR-126 in the suppression of GCT development via the regulation of EGFL7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Tu
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hoi-Hung Cheung
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Lu
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Zijiang Chen
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
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14
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Zhang QW, Zhang XT, Tang CT, Lin XL, Ge ZZ, Li XB. EGFL6 promotes cell proliferation in colorectal cancer via regulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:967-979. [PMID: 30693973 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor-like protein 6 (EGFL6) serves as an exocrine protein promoting proliferation and migration during carcinogenesis in ovarian cancer. However, its function and mechanisms in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been completely explored. To investigate the role of EGFL6 in CRC cell growth, in vitro CCK8, colony formation assays, flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle and apoptosis, and an in vivo tumor xenograft model were utilized. Additionally, Western blotting and luciferase reporter assays were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of EGFL6 function on the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Immunohistochemical staining showed that EGFL6 is overexpressed in CRCs and this overexpression was highly correlated with advanced T classification, N classification, distant metastasis, and poor survival. Knocking down EGFL6 in CRC cell lines induced the inhibition of cell growth, cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, and apoptosis. Further, knockdown of EGFL6 blocked WNT/β-catenin signaling as measured by Western blotting and luciferase reporter assay. Results also showed that recombinant EGFL6 (rEGFL6) induced β-catenin in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Further experiments showed that administration of rEGFL6 to cell cultures with EGFL6 knocked down or treated with the WNT/β-catenin inhibitor ICG-001 increased β-catenin and its downstream protein CyclinD1. The CCK8 assay showed that EGFL6 promoted CRC cell growth partly by the promotion of TCF7L2 expression. These findings suggest that EGFL6 plays a crucial role in the progression of CRC by regulation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Tian Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Tao Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Lin
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Provincial Clinic Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Zheng Ge
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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15
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Ren A, Sun S, Li S, Chen T, Shu Y, Du M, Zhu L. Genetic variants in SLC22A3 contribute to the susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:154-163. [PMID: 30561001 PMCID: PMC6590332 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of colorectal cancer in Japanese population has identified a risk region at the chromosome 6q26‐q27 associated with colorectal cancer risk. However, the causal gene at this locus remained unclear. In our study, we enrolled a total of 14 candidate functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 6q26‐q27 (318 kb), and then genotyped them by TaqMan method in a Chinese population including 1,147 colorectal cancer cases and 1,203 controls. Among that, 5 SNPs were identified statistical association with colorectal cancer risk by logistic regression analysis. Of which, SNP rs420038 G > A in SLC22A3 was related to decreased risk of colorectal cancer (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.67–0.94, p = 0.007), and also associated with lower expression of SLC22A3 (p = 0.040) using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis. Moreover, by the luciferase assays, we found that compared to the G allele of rs420038, the A allele could suppress the activity of the promoter in SLC22A3. Furthermore, the expression of SLC22A3 was significantly higher in colorectal cancer tissues than that in paired normal tissues (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the phenotypes of proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis of colorectal cancer cell were significantly affected by SLC22A3 in vitro. Our results revealed a novel susceptible locus, rs420038 in SLC22A3, which may be involved in colorectal cancer development and progression. What's new? The identification of genes or loci associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility can facilitate the discovery of molecular pathways underlying CRC development and progression. Here, the authors investigated a risk region at chromosome 6q26‐q27, which previously was linked to CRC susceptibility in a Japanese population. Analyses of candidate functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 6q26‐q27 revealed a novel functional SNP, rs420038 G>A, in the SLC22A3 gene. While expression of SLC22A3 was elevated in CRC tissues, the novel SNP was associated with decreased CRC risk in a Chinese population. The A allele of rs420038 significantly suppressed SLC22A3 promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjing Ren
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanwen Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mulong Du
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingjun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Uphaus T, Zipp F, Larochelle C. EGFL7 - a potential therapeutic target for multiple sclerosis? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:899-902. [PMID: 30312112 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1535595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Uphaus
- a Department of Neurology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- a Department of Neurology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- b Department of Neurosciences , Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) , Montréal (Québec) , Canada
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