1
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Choy L, Norris S, Wu X, Kolumam G, Firestone A, Settleman J, Stokoe D. Inhibition of Aurora Kinase Induces Endogenous Retroelements to Induce a Type I/III IFN Response via RIG-I. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:540-555. [PMID: 38358346 PMCID: PMC10896070 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Type I IFN signaling is a crucial component of antiviral immunity that has been linked to promoting the efficacy of some chemotherapeutic drugs. We developed a reporter system in HCT116 cells that detects activation of the endogenous IFI27 locus, an IFN target gene. We screened a library of annotated compounds in these cells and discovered Aurora kinase inhibitors (AURKi) as strong hits. Type I IFN signaling was found to be the most enriched gene signature after AURKi treatment in HCT116, and this signature was also strongly enriched in other colorectal cancer cell lines. The ability of AURKi to activate IFN in HCT116 was dependent on MAVS and RIG-I, but independent of STING, whose signaling is deficient in these cells. MAVS dependence was recapitulated in other colorectal cancer lines with STING pathway deficiency, whereas in cells with intact STING signaling, the STING pathway was required for IFN induction by AURKi. AURKis were found to induce expression of endogenous retroviruses (ERV). These ERVs were distinct from those induced by the DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi), which can induce IFN signaling via ERV induction, suggesting a novel mechanism of action. The antitumor effect of alisertib in mice was accompanied by an induction of IFN expression in HCT116 or CT26 tumors. CT26 tumor growth inhibition by alisertib was absent in NSG mice versus wildtype (WT) mice, and tumors from WT mice with alisertib treatment showed increased in CD8+ T-cell infiltration, suggesting that antitumor efficacy of AURKi depends, at least in part, on an intact immune response. SIGNIFICANCE Some cancers deactivate STING signaling to avoid consequences of DNA damage from aberrant cell division. The surprising activation of MAVS/RIG-I signaling by AURKi might represent a vulnerability in STING signaling deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Choy
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen Norris
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ganesh Kolumam
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ari Firestone
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - David Stokoe
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
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2
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The Pharmacologically Active Alkaloid Cryptolepine Activates a Type 1 Interferon Response That Is Independent of MAVS and STING Pathways. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:8873536. [PMID: 35928633 PMCID: PMC9345703 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8873536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 interferons (IFN-1) are pleiotropic cytokines with well-established anticancer and antiviral properties, particularly in mucosal tissues. Hence, natural IFN-1-inducing treatments are highly sought after in the clinic. Here, we report for the first time that cryptolepine, a pharmacoactive alkaloid in the medicinal plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, is a potent IFN-1 pathway inducer. Cryptolepine increased the transcript levels of JAK1, TYK2, STAT1, STAT2, IRF9, and OAS3, as well as increased the accumulation of STAT1 and OAS3 proteins, similar to recombinant human IFN-α. Cryptolepine effects were observed in multiple cell types including a model of human macrophages. This response was maintained in MAVS and STING-deficient cell lines, suggesting that cryptolepine effects are not mediated by nucleic acids released upon nuclear or organelle damage. In agreement, cryptolepine did not affect cell viability in concentrations that triggered potent IFN-1 activation. In addition, we observed no differences in the presence of a pharmacological inhibitor of TBK1, a pleiotropic kinase that is a converging point for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleic acid sensors. Together, our results demonstrate that cryptolepine is a strong inducer of IFN-1 response and suggest that cryptolepine-based medications such as C. sanguinolenta extract could be potentially tested in resource-limited regions of the world for the management of chronic viral infections as well as cancers.
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3
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Kang J, Wu J, Liu Q, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ren J. Post-Translational Modifications of STING: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888147. [PMID: 35603197 PMCID: PMC9120648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an endoplasmic-reticulum resident protein, playing essential roles in immune responses against microbial infections. However, over-activation of STING is accompanied by excessive inflammation and results in various diseases, including autoinflammatory diseases and cancers. Therefore, precise regulation of STING activities is critical for adequate immune protection while limiting abnormal tissue damage. Numerous mechanisms regulate STING to maintain homeostasis, including protein-protein interaction and molecular modification. Among these, post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key to accurately orchestrating the activation and degradation of STING by temporarily changing the structure of STING. In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of PTMs that regulate activation and inhibition of STING, and provide insights into the roles of the PTMs of STING in disease pathogenesis and as potential targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Kang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinjie Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Zhao, ; Jianan Ren, ; Xiuwen Wu,
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Zhao, ; Jianan Ren, ; Xiuwen Wu,
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Zhao, ; Jianan Ren, ; Xiuwen Wu,
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4
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Tanaka T, Konishi Y, Ichise H, Tsukiji S, Matsuda M, Terai K. A Dual Promoter System to Monitor IFN-γ Signaling in vivo at Single-cell Resolution. Cell Struct Funct 2021; 46:103-111. [PMID: 34744115 PMCID: PMC10511040 DOI: 10.1247/csf.21052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ secreted from immune cells exerts pleiotropic effects on tumor cells, including induction of immune checkpoint and antigen presentation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis induction. We combined a dual promoter system with an IFN-γ signaling responsive promoter to generate a reporter named the interferon sensing probe (ISP), which quantitates the response to IFN-γ by means of fluorescence and bioluminescence. The integration site effect of the transgene is compensated for by the PGK promoter-driven expression of a fluorescent protein. Among five potential IFN-γ-responsive elements, we found that the interferon γ-activated sequence (GAS) exhibited the best performance. When ISP-GAS was introduced into four cell lines and subjected to IFN-γ stimulation, dose-dependency was observed with an EC50 ranging from 0.2 to 0.9 ng/mL, indicating that ISP-GAS can be generally used as a sensitive biosensor of IFN-γ response. In a syngeneic transplantation model, the ISP-GAS-expressing cancer cells exhibited bioluminescence and fluorescence signals in an IFN-γ receptor-dependent manner. Thus, ISP-GAS could be used to quantitatively monitor the IFN-γ response both in vitro and in vivo.Key words: in vivo imaging, tumor microenvironment, interferon-gamma, dual promoter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Tanaka
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Konishi
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ichise
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shinya Tsukiji
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Terai
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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5
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Novotná B, Holá L, Staś M, Gutten O, Smola M, Zavřel M, Vavřina Z, Buděšínský M, Liboska R, Chevrier F, Dobiaš J, Boura E, Rulíšek L, Birkuš G. Enzymatic Synthesis of 3'-5', 3'-5' Cyclic Dinucleotides, Their Binding Properties to the Stimulator of Interferon Genes Adaptor Protein, and Structure/Activity Correlations. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3714-3727. [PMID: 34788017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The 3'-5', 3'-5' cyclic dinucleotides (3'3'CDNs) are bacterial second messengers that can also bind to the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) adaptor protein in vertebrates and activate the host innate immunity. Here, we profiled the substrate specificity of four bacterial dinucleotide synthases from Vibrio cholerae (DncV), Bacillus thuringiensis (btDisA), Escherichia coli (dgcZ), and Thermotoga maritima (tDGC) using a library of 33 nucleoside-5'-triphosphate analogues and then employed these enzymes to synthesize 24 3'3'CDNs. The STING affinity of CDNs was evaluated in cell-based and biochemical assays, and their ability to induce cytokines was determined by employing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interestingly, the prepared heterodimeric 3'3'CDNs bound to the STING much better than their homodimeric counterparts and showed similar or better potency than bacterial 3'3'CDNs. We also rationalized the experimental findings by in-depth STING-CDN structure-activity correlations by dissecting computed interaction free energies into a set of well-defined and intuitive terms. To this aim, we employed state-of-the-art methods of computational chemistry, such as quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations, and complemented the computed results with the {STING:3'3'c-di-ara-AMP} X-ray crystallographic structure. QM/MM identified three outliers (mostly homodimers) for which we have no clear explanation of their impaired binding with respect to their heterodimeric counterparts, whereas the R2 = 0.7 correlation between the computed ΔG'int_rel and experimental ΔTm's for the remaining ligands has been very encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Novotná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Holá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Staś
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Smola
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Zavřel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Vavřina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Liboska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Florian Chevrier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Dobiaš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB, Flemingovo náměstí 2, Prague 16610, Czech Republic
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6
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Pimková Polidarová M, Břehová P, Kaiser MM, Smola M, Dračínský M, Smith J, Marek A, Dejmek M, Šála M, Gutten O, Rulíšek L, Novotná B, Brázdová A, Janeba Z, Nencka R, Boura E, Páv O, Birkuš G. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Phosphoester and Phosphorothioate Prodrugs of STING Agonist 3',3'-c-Di(2'F,2'dAMP). J Med Chem 2021; 64:7596-7616. [PMID: 34019405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are second messengers that bind to the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and trigger the expression of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. Here we evaluate the activity of 3',3'-c-di(2'F,2'dAMP) and its phosphorothioate analogues against five STING allelic forms in reporter-cell-based assays and rationalize our findings with X-ray crystallography and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations. We show that the presence of fluorine in the 2' position of 3',3'-c-di(2'F,2'dAMP) improves its activity not only against the wild type (WT) but also against REF and Q STING. Additionally, we describe the synthesis of the acyloxymethyl and isopropyloxycarbonyl phosphoester prodrugs of CDNs. Masking the negative charges of the CDNs results in an up to a 1000-fold improvement of the activities of the prodrugs relative to those of their parent CDNs. Finally, the uptake and intracellular cleavage of pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs to the parent CDN is rapid, reaching a peak intracellular concentration within 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Pimková Polidarová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Smola
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua Smith
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Novotná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Brázdová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Páv
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
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7
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Quercetin Blocks Ebola Virus Infection by Counteracting the VP24 Interferon-Inhibitory Function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00530-20. [PMID: 32366711 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00530-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is among the most devastating pathogens causing fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans. The epidemics from 2013 to 2016 resulted in more than 11,000 deaths, and another outbreak is currently ongoing. Since there is no FDA-approved drug so far to fight EBOV infection, there is an urgent need to focus on drug discovery. Considering the tight correlation between the high EBOV virulence and its ability to suppress the type I interferon (IFN-I) system, identifying molecules targeting viral protein VP24, one of the main virulence determinants blocking the IFN response, is a promising novel anti-EBOV therapy approach. Hence, in the effort to find novel EBOV inhibitors, a screening of a small set of flavonoids was performed; it showed that quercetin and wogonin can suppress the VP24 effect on IFN-I signaling inhibition. The mechanism of action of the most active compound, quercetin, showing a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7.4 μM, was characterized to significantly restore the IFN-I signaling cascade, blocked by VP24, by directly interfering with the VP24 binding to karyopherin-α and thus restoring P-STAT1 nuclear transport and IFN gene transcription. Quercetin significantly blocked viral infection, specifically targeting EBOV VP24 anti-IFN-I function. Overall, quercetin is the first identified inhibitor of the EBOV VP24 anti-IFN function, representing a molecule interacting with a viral binding site that is very promising for further drug development aiming to block EBOV infection at the early steps.
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8
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Flood BA, Higgs EF, Li S, Luke JJ, Gajewski TF. STING pathway agonism as a cancer therapeutic. Immunol Rev 2020; 290:24-38. [PMID: 31355488 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fact that a subset of human cancers showed evidence for a spontaneous adaptive immune response as reflected by the T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment phenotype led to the search for candidate innate immune pathways that might be driving such endogenous responses. Preclinical studies indicated a major role for the host STING pathway, a cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, as a proximal event required for optimal type I interferon production, dendritic cell activation, and priming of CD8+ T cells against tumor-associated antigens. STING agonists are therefore being developed as a novel cancer therapeutic, and a greater understanding of STING pathway regulation is leading to a broadened list of candidate immune regulatory targets. Early phase clinical trials of intratumoral STING agonists are already showing promise, alone and in combination with checkpoint blockade. Further advancement will derive from a deeper understanding of STING pathway biology as well as mechanisms of response vs resistance in individual cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Flood
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily F Higgs
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shuyin Li
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason J Luke
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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9
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Sintim HO, Mikek CG, Wang M, Sooreshjani MA. Interrupting cyclic dinucleotide-cGAS-STING axis with small molecules. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1999-2023. [PMID: 32206239 PMCID: PMC7069516 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic dinucleotide-cGAS-STING axis plays important roles in host immunity. Activation of this signaling pathway, via cytosolic sensing of bacterial-derived c-di-GMP/c-di-AMP or host-derived cGAMP, leads to the production of inflammatory interferons and cytokines that help resolve infection. Small molecule activators of the cGAS-STING axis have the potential to augment immune response against various pathogens or cancer. The aberrant activation of this pathway, due to gain-of-function mutations in any of the proteins that are part of the signaling axis, could lead to various autoimmune diseases. Inhibiting various nodes of the cGAS-STING axis could provide relief to patients with autoimmune diseases. Many excellent reviews on the cGAS-STING axis have been published recently, and these have mainly focused on the molecular details of the cGAS-STING pathway. This review however focuses on small molecules that can be used to modulate various aspects of the cGAS-STING pathway, as well as other parallel inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
- Institute for Drug Discovery , Purdue University , 720 Clinic Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation and Infectious Diseases , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA
| | - Clinton G Mikek
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Modi Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Moloud A Sooreshjani
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
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10
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Novotná B, Vaneková L, Zavřel M, Buděšínský M, Dejmek M, Smola M, Gutten O, Tehrani ZA, Pimková Polidarová M, Brázdová A, Liboska R, Štěpánek I, Vavřina Z, Jandušík T, Nencka R, Rulíšek L, Bouřa E, Brynda J, Páv O, Birkuš G. Enzymatic Preparation of 2'-5',3'-5'-Cyclic Dinucleotides, Their Binding Properties to Stimulator of Interferon Genes Adaptor Protein, and Structure/Activity Correlations. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10676-10690. [PMID: 31715099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides are second messengers in the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, which plays an important role in recognizing tumor cells and viral or bacterial infections. They bind to the STING adaptor protein and trigger expression of cytokines via TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK)/nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) signaling cascades. In this work, we describe an enzymatic preparation of 2'-5',3'-5'-cyclic dinucleotides (2'3'CDNs) with use of cyclic GMP-AMP synthases (cGAS) from human, mouse, and chicken. We profile substrate specificity of these enzymes by employing a small library of nucleotide-5'-triphosphate (NTP) analogues and use them to prepare 33 2'3'CDNs. We also determine affinity of these CDNs to five different STING haplotypes in cell-based and biochemical assays and describe properties needed for their optimal activity toward all STING haplotypes. Next, we study their effect on cytokine and chemokine induction by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and evaluate their cytotoxic effect on monocytes. Additionally, we report X-ray crystal structures of two new CDNs bound to STING protein and discuss structure-activity relationship by using quantum and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) computational modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Novotná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague 110 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Vaneková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague 110 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Zavřel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Smola
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Zahra Aliakbar Tehrani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pimková Polidarová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague 110 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Brázdová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Radek Liboska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Štěpánek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Vavřina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague 110 00 , Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Jandušík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic.,Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology , University of Chemistry and Technology , Prague 166 28 , Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Bouřa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Páv
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB , Flemingovo nam. 2 , Prague 16610 , Czech Republic
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11
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D Urbano V, De Crignis E, Re MC. Host Restriction Factors and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1): A Dynamic Interplay Involving All Phases of the Viral Life Cycle. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:184-207. [PMID: 30117396 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180817115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have evolved several mechanisms to prevent or block lentiviral infection and spread. Among the innate immune mechanisms, the signaling cascade triggered by type I interferon (IFN) plays a pivotal role in limiting the burden of HIV-1. In the presence of IFN, human cells upregulate the expression of a number of genes, referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), many of them acting as antiviral restriction factors (RFs). RFs are dominant proteins that target different essential steps of the viral cycle, thereby providing an early line of defense against the virus. The identification and characterization of RFs have provided unique insights into the molecular biology of HIV-1, further revealing the complex host-pathogen interplay that characterizes the infection. The presence of RFs drove viral evolution, forcing the virus to develop specific proteins to counteract their activity. The knowledge of the mechanisms that prevent viral infection and their viral counterparts may offer new insights to improve current antiviral strategies. This review provides an overview of the RFs targeting HIV-1 replication and the mechanisms that regulate their expression as well as their impact on viral replication and the clinical course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Urbano
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa De Crignis
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Re
- Retrovirus Laboratory, Operative Unit of Clinical Microbiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Dialer CR, Stazzoni S, Drexler DJ, Müller FM, Veth S, Pichler A, Okamura H, Witte G, Hopfner KP, Carell T. A Click-Chemistry Linked 2'3'-cGAMP Analogue. Chemistry 2019; 25:2089-2095. [PMID: 30536650 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
2'3'-cGAMP is an uncanonical cyclic dinucleotide where one A and one G base are connected via a 3'-5' and a unique 2'-5' linkage. The molecule is produced by the cyclase cGAS in response to cytosolic DNA binding. cGAMP activates STING and hence one of the most powerful pathways of innate immunity. cGAMP analogues with uncharged linkages that feature better cellular penetrability are currently highly desired. Here, the synthesis of a cGAMP analogue with one amide and one triazole linkage is reported. The molecule is best prepared via a first CuI -catalyzed click reaction, which establishes the triazole, while the cyclization is achieved by macrolactamization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Reto Dialer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Samuele Stazzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - David Jan Drexler
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Moritz Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Veth
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Pichler
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Hidenori Okamura
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
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13
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Luthra P, Naidoo J, Pietzsch CA, De S, Khadka S, Anantpadma M, Williams CG, Edwards MR, Davey RA, Bukreyev A, Ready JM, Basler CF. Inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis impairs Ebola virus replication through depletion of nucleoside pools and activation of innate immune responses. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:288-302. [PMID: 30144461 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Specific host pathways that may be targeted therapeutically to inhibit the replication of Ebola virus (EBOV) and other emerging viruses remain incompletely defined. A screen of 200,000 compounds for inhibition of an EBOV minigenome (MG) assay that measures the function of the viral polymerase complex identified as hits several compounds with an amino-tetrahydrocarbazole scaffold. This scaffold was structurally similar to GSK983, a compound previously described as having broad-spectrum antiviral activity due to its impairing de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis through inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). We generated compound SW835, the racemic version of GSK983 and demonstrated that SW835 and brequinar, another DHODH inhibitor, potently inhibit the MG assay and the replication of EBOV, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Zika (ZIKV) in vitro. Nucleoside and deoxynucleoside supplementation studies demonstrated that depletion of pyrimidine pools contributes to antiviral activity of these compounds. As reported for other DHODH inhibitors, SW835 and brequinar also induced expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). ISG induction was demonstrated to occur without production of IFNα/β and independently of the IFNα receptor and was not blocked by EBOV-encoded suppressors of IFN signaling pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrated that transcription factor IRF1 is required for this ISG induction, and that IRF1 induction requires the DNA damage response kinase ATM. Therefore, de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis is critical for the replication of EBOV and other RNA viruses and inhibition of this pathway activates an ATM and IRF1-dependent innate immune response that subverts EBOV immune evasion functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Luthra
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacinth Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Colette A Pietzsch
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sampriti De
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sudip Khadka
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - Caroline G Williams
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Megan R Edwards
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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14
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Koch PD, Miller HR, Yu G, Tallarico JA, Sorger PK, Wang Y, Feng Y, Thomas JR, Ross NT, Mitchison T. A High Content Screen in Macrophages Identifies Small Molecule Modulators of STING-IRF3 and NFkB Signaling. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1066-1081. [PMID: 29553248 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We screened a library of bioactive small molecules for activators and inhibitors of innate immune signaling through IRF3 and NFkB pathways with the goals of advancing pathway understanding and discovering probes for immunology research. We used high content screening to measure the translocation from the cytoplasm to nucleus of IRF3 and NFkB in primary human macrophages; these transcription factors play a critical role in the activation of STING and other pro-inflammatory pathways. Our pathway activator screen yielded a diverse set of hits that promoted nuclear translocation of IRF3 and/or NFkB, but the majority of these compounds did not cause activation of downstream pathways. Screening for antagonists of the STING pathway yielded multiple kinase inhibitors, some of which inhibit kinases not previously known to regulate the activity of this pathway. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) and subsequent chemical proteomics experiments suggested that MAPKAPK5 (PRAK) is a kinase that regulates IRF3 translocation in human macrophages. Our work establishes a high content screening approach for measuring pro-inflammatory pathways in human macrophages and identifies novel ways to inhibit such pathways; among the targets of the screen are several molecules that may merit further development as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Koch
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Howard R. Miller
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gary Yu
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John A. Tallarico
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter K. Sorger
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yuan Wang
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yan Feng
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jason R. Thomas
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nathan T. Ross
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 181 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy Mitchison
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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15
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A high throughput screen identifies benzoquinoline compounds as inhibitors of Ebola virus replication. Antiviral Res 2018; 150:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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