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Hallers-Haalboom ET, Vermande MM, van Leeuwen EJC, Sterck EHM. Food sharing with friends and acquaintances: A study in preschool boys and girls. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1130632. [PMID: 36968755 PMCID: PMC10034191 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1130632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe current study examined whether preschoolers in a (semi-)natural situation shared more food with friends or acquaintances, and whether this was different between boys and girls, older and younger children, and for preferred and non- preferred food. In order to do so, we replicated and extended the classical work of Birch and Billman in a Dutch sample.MethodsParticipants included 91 children aged between 3 to 6 years (52.7% boys, 93.4% Western European) from a middle- to upper-middle-class neighborhood in the Netherlands.ResultsThe results revealed that children shared more non-preferred than preferred food with others. Girls gave more non-preferred food to acquaintances than to friends, whereas boys gave more to friends than to acquaintances. No effect of relationship was found for preferred food. Older children shared more food than younger children. Compared to acquaintances, friends made more active attempts to get food. Moreover, children who were not shared with were just as likely to share food as children who were shared with.DiscussionOverall, only a small degree of agreement with the original study was found: Some significant findings could not be replicated, and some unconfirmed hypotheses of the original study were supported. The results underscore both the need for replications and studying the effect of social-contextual factors in natural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T. Hallers-Haalboom
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth Theodora Hallers-Haalboom,
| | - Marjolijn M. Vermande
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin J. C. van Leeuwen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth H. M. Sterck
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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Ye Y, Jiang P, Zhang W. The Neural and Psychological Processes of Peer-Influenced Online Donation Decision: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:899233. [PMID: 35668975 PMCID: PMC9165720 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.899233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT), social media-based donation platforms emerged.1 These platforms innovatively demonstrate peer information (e.g., number of donated peers) on the donation page, which inevitably brings the peer influence into donors’ donation decision process. However, how the peer influence will affect the psychological process of donation decisions are remained unknown. This study used the number of donated peers to examine the effects of peer influence on donors’ donation decisions and extracted event-related potential (ERP) from electroencephalographic data to explore the underlying psychological process. The behavioral results indicated that the number of donated peers positively influenced donors’ willingness to donate. The ERP results suggested that a larger number of donated peers might indicate a higher level of conformity and greater perceived emotional rewards, as a larger P2 amplitude was observed. Following the early processing of emotional stimuli, cognitive detection of decisional risk took place, and the donors reckoned a smaller number of donated peers as a high potential risk, which was reflected by a larger N2 amplitude. In the later stage, the larger number of donated peers, which represented a higher magnitude of prospective emotional rewards, led to a higher incentive to donate, and reflected in a larger amplitude of P3. Additionally, implications and future directions were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Ye
- Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Pengtao Jiang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China.,Business School, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Wuke Zhang
- Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Zhang Q, Duan Z, Xiang D, Yu Y, Tian J. The Effects of Prosocial Cartoon Examples on Children's Donating Behavior. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1257-1268. [PMID: 34408510 PMCID: PMC8364968 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s315068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we examined whether prosocial cartoons could inspire children to donate toys to others immediately upon exposure. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Cartoons were rated as prosocial or control via 80 adults. One hundred and fifty-six children participated in the study (M age = 5.29, SD = 0.79). Children in the experimental group were exposed to cartoons in which the main character had a large number of donating behaviors, while children in the control group watched cartoons without donating behaviors (randomized controlled study). They watched these cartoons for 4 consecutive days. Afterwards, children's donating behaviors toward their peers were assessed in the Toy Donation Task (TDT). An analytic method of 2 (cartoon: prosocial vs control) × 2 (gender: male vs female) × 3 (age: 4 vs 5 vs 6) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to make result analyses. RESULTS The empirical results indicated that watching cartoons specifically depicting charitable donations (and not cartoons with other prosocial content) increased donations for charitable causes, whilst watching the control cartoons (cartoons without prosocial content) which did not depict characters acting in an antisocial way did not increase donating behavior. Specifically, 5-year-old female children reported more donating behavior than 6-year-old female children and 4-year-old female children, whilst no significant age effects were found among male children. Here, 4-6-year-old female children and 4-5-year-old male children in the prosocial cartoon condition reported more donating behavior than those in the control cartoon condition. CONCLUSION These findings indicated an accumulating positive effect of watching cartoons with donating content on children's donating behavior, especially for 4-6-year-old female children and 4-5-year-old male children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Center for Studies of Education and Psychology of Minorities in Southwest Area & Faculty of Education, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - ZheMin Duan
- Center for Studies of Education and Psychology of Minorities in Southwest Area & Faculty of Education, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Xiang
- Center for Studies of Education and Psychology of Minorities in Southwest Area & Faculty of Education, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Yu
- Center for Studies of Education and Psychology of Minorities in Southwest Area & Faculty of Education, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - JingJin Tian
- Dawn Innovation Kindergarten, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Messer EJ, Lumsden A, Burgess V, McGuigan N. Young children selectively adopt sharing norms according to norm content and donor age. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Not by the same token: A female orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is selectively prosocial. Primates 2019; 61:237-247. [PMID: 31813075 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-019-00780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies of prosocial behavior in nonhumans have focused on group-living social animals. Despite being highly social and closely related to humans, chimpanzees have rarely exhibited prosocial preferences in experimental tasks. Fewer studies have provided their non group-living relatives-orangutans-with the opportunity to express prosocial preferences. Here, we allowed a single female orangutan to provide rewards for herself and for her mother, sister, or both, across various phases, using a token economy task. The orangutan was more likely to choose prosocially when she could provide rewards to her sister and herself compared to when she could provide rewards to her mother and herself. However, when presented with the simultaneous options of providing rewards for self, self and mother, or self and sister, she chose prosocially equally often to her mother and sister. She made the largest number of prosocial choices in a phase when she could provide rewards to all participants (herself, her sister, and her mother) rather than providing rewards only to herself or only to herself and one other participant. Despite the obvious limitations of a single case study, the study adds to the limited information on prosocial preferences in less social primate species, particularly when given the chance to share food items with different kin.
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Abstract
Human culture is unique among animals in its complexity, variability, and cumulative quality. This article describes the development and diversity of cumulative cultural learning. Children inhabit cultural ecologies that consist of group-specific knowledge, practices, and technologies that are inherited and modified over generations. The learning processes that enable cultural acquisition and transmission are universal but are sufficiently flexible to accommodate the highly diverse cultural repertoires of human populations. Children learn culture in several complementary ways, including through exploration, observation, participation, imitation, and instruction. These methods of learning vary in frequency and kind within and between populations due to variation in socialization values and practices associated with specific educational institutions, skill sets, and knowledge systems. The processes by which children acquire and transmit the cumulative culture of their communities provide unique insight into the evolution and ontogeny of human cognition and culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine H Legare
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Zhang Z, Grocke P, Tomasello M. The influence of intention and outcome on young children's reciprocal sharing. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 187:104645. [PMID: 31323596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of underlying intentions and outcomes of a partner's sharing behavior on young children's reciprocity. We provided 3- and 5-year-old children with the opportunity to share with a partner following different treatments of a partner's intention (to share or not to share) that led to different outcomes (children got or did not get stickers from their partner). For the 3-year-olds, we found that the outcome of the previous interaction influenced how much they shared, whereas the intention of their partner affected how readily they initiated sharing in response to social cues. For the 5-year-olds, we found that both outcome and intention affected how much they shared as well as how readily they initiated sharing. This suggests that already 3-year-olds are able to take into account outcome and intention information separately in reciprocal sharing. However, only 5-year-olds can combine both to flexibly maintain social interactions without running the risk of being exploited by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Patricia Grocke
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Tomasello
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Does kindness always pay? The influence of recipient affection and generosity on young children’s allocation decisions in a resource distribution task. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Horn L, Hungerländer NA, Windhager S, Bugnyar T, Massen JJM. Social status and prenatal testosterone exposure assessed via second-to-fourth digit ratio affect 6-9-year-old children's prosocial choices. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9198. [PMID: 29907777 PMCID: PMC6004003 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosocial behaviour (i.e., voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another) seems to be fully developed in children by the age of 6 years. However, questions about which factors modify prosocial behaviour at that age remain understudied. Here we used a resource allocation paradigm to test prosocial behaviour in 6-9-year-old school children. They could decide between a "selfish" (i.e., one sticker for themselves) and a "prosocial" option (i.e., one sticker for themselves and one for the receiver) and we tested whether friendship, social status and prenatal androgen exposure (approximated by the 2nd to 4th digit ratio; 2D:4D) influenced children's prosocial choices. We found that children behaved prosocially, and that their prosocial tendencies were negatively correlated with prenatal androgen exposure; i.e., children with high 2D:4D ratios (reflecting low prenatal androgen exposure) acted more prosocially than children with low 2D:4D ratios. Further, their social status in the classroom influenced their choices: children with fewer interaction partners chose the "prosocial" option more often than more 'popular' children. However, they did so irrespectively of whether they were paired with a recipient or not. Our results highlight the importance of considering social, as well as physiological factors when investigating prosocial behaviour in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Horn
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Bugnyar
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jorg J M Massen
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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