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Ma S, Pang Y, Ji Q, Zhao X, Li Y, Qin Z, Liu Z, Xu Y. High-Temperature Sensing Based on GAWBS In Silica Single-Mode Fiber. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1277. [PMID: 36772317 PMCID: PMC9920898 DOI: 10.3390/s23031277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High temperature detection is a constant challenge for condition monitoring under harsh environments in optical fiber sensors research. In this study, the temperature response characteristics of guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS) spectra in silica single-mode fiber (SMF) up to 800 °C are experimentally investigated, demonstrating the feasibility of the method for high-temperature monitoring. With increasing temperature, the resonance frequency of GAWBS spectra increases in a nearly linear manner, with linearly fitted temperature-dependent frequency shift coefficients of 8.19 kHz/°C for TR2,7 mode and 16.74 kHz/°C for R0,4 mode. More importantly, the linewidth of the GAWBS spectra is observed to narrow down with increasing temperature with a linearly fitted rate of -6.91 × 10-4/°C for TR2,7 modes and -8.56 × 10-4/°C for R0,4 modes. The signal-to-noise ratio of the GAWBS spectra induced by both modes increase by more than 3 dB when the temperature rises from 22 °C to 800 °C, which indicates that the proposed sensing scheme has better performance in high-temperature environments, and are particularly suitable for sensing applications in extreme environments. This study confirms the potential of high-temperature sensing using only GAWBS in silica fibers without any complex micromachining process, which has the advantages of strong mechanical strength, simple structure, easy operation, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonian Ma
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuxi Pang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qiang Ji
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yongfu Li
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zengguang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanping Xu
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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2
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Palmieri L, Schenato L, Santagiustina M, Galtarossa A. Rayleigh-Based Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22186811. [PMID: 36146159 PMCID: PMC9505392 DOI: 10.3390/s22186811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Distributed optical fiber sensing is a unique technology that offers unprecedented advantages and performance, especially in those experimental fields where requirements such as high spatial resolution, the large spatial extension of the monitored area, and the harshness of the environment limit the applicability of standard sensors. In this paper, we focus on one of the scattering mechanisms, which take place in fibers, upon which distributed sensing may rely, i.e., the Rayleigh scattering. One of the main advantages of Rayleigh scattering is its higher efficiency, which leads to higher SNR in the measurement; this enables measurements on long ranges, higher spatial resolution, and, most importantly, relatively high measurement rates. The first part of the paper describes a comprehensive theoretical model of Rayleigh scattering, accounting for both multimode propagation and double scattering. The second part reviews the main application of this class of sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Palmieri
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNIT, National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Schenato
- CNIT, National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, National Research Council, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Santagiustina
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNIT, National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Galtarossa
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- CNIT, National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, 43124 Parma, Italy
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3
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Ma S, Xu Y, Pang Y, Zhao X, Li Y, Qin Z, Liu Z, Lu P, Bao X. Optical Fiber Sensors for High-Temperature Monitoring: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22155722. [PMID: 35957279 PMCID: PMC9371153 DOI: 10.3390/s22155722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature measurements above 1000 °C are critical in harsh environments such as aerospace, metallurgy, fossil fuel, and power production. Fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are gradually replacing traditional electronic sensors due to their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference, remote detection, multiplexing, and distributed measurement advantages. This paper reviews the sensing principle, structural design, and temperature measurement performance of fiber-optic high-temperature sensors, as well as recent significant progress in the transition of sensing solutions from glass to crystal fiber. Finally, future prospects and challenges in developing fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonian Ma
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yanping Xu
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yuxi Pang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xian Zhao
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yongfu Li
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zengguang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ping Lu
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada;
| | - Xiaoyi Bao
- Physics Department, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
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4
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Chen Q, Pan Q, Kang S, Cai Z, Ye S, Xiong P, Yang Z, Qiu J, Dong G. Transparent nanocrystal-in-glass composite (NGC) fibers for multifunctional temperature and pressure sensing. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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5
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Abstract
In this paper, we report the development of a frequency-shifted (FS) terahertz (THz) wave source for the non-destructive inspection of buildings. Currently, terahertz-time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is the mainstream method for non-destructive inspection using THz waves. However, THz-TDS is limited by its measurement range and difficulties encountered when there is a strong frequency dependence in the absorption characteristics and refractive index of the measurement target. To address these issues, we developed a novel non-destructive approach for inspection applications using frequency-shifted THz waves. Our system uses a frequency-shifted feedback (FSF) laser as the pump light source to generate FS-THz waves; this allowed us to obtain precise distance measurements of objects over a broad range of distances. We tested a prototype FS-THz system and confirmed successful measurement of spatial distances inside a building material.
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6
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Li P, Fu C, Zhong H, Du B, Guo K, Meng Y, Du C, He J, Wang L, Wang Y. A Nondestructive Measurement Method of Optical Fiber Young's Modulus Based on OFDR. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041450. [PMID: 35214352 PMCID: PMC8878550 DOI: 10.3390/s22041450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A nondestructive measurement method based on an Optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) was demonstrated to achieve Young’s modulus of an optical fiber. Such a method can be used to measure, not only the averaged Young’s modulus within the measured fiber length, but also Young’s modulus distribution along the optical fiber axis. Moreover, the standard deviation of the measured Young’s modulus is calculated to analyze the measurement error. Young’s modulus distribution of the coated and uncoated single mode fiber (SMF) samples was successfully measured along the optical fiber axis. The average Young’s modulus of the coated and uncoated SMF samples was 13.75 ± 0.14, and 71.63 ± 0.43 Gpa, respectively, within the measured fiber length of 500 mm. The measured Young’s modulus distribution along the optical fiber axis could be used to analyze the damage degree of the fiber, which is very useful to nondestructively estimate the service life of optical fiber sensors immersed into smart engineer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (P.L.); (H.Z.); (B.D.); (K.G.); (Y.M.); (C.D.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Tings, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Cailing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (P.L.); (H.Z.); (B.D.); (K.G.); (Y.M.); (C.D.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Tings, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Huajian Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (P.L.); (H.Z.); (B.D.); (K.G.); (Y.M.); (C.D.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Tings, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bin Du
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (P.L.); (H.Z.); (B.D.); (K.G.); (Y.M.); (C.D.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Tings, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kuikui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (P.L.); (H.Z.); (B.D.); (K.G.); (Y.M.); (C.D.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Tings, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yanjie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (P.L.); (H.Z.); (B.D.); (K.G.); (Y.M.); (C.D.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Tings, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chao Du
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (P.L.); (H.Z.); (B.D.); (K.G.); (Y.M.); (C.D.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Tings, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (P.L.); (H.Z.); (B.D.); (K.G.); (Y.M.); (C.D.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Tings, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (P.L.); (H.Z.); (B.D.); (K.G.); (Y.M.); (C.D.); (J.H.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Tings, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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16 Ch × 200 GHz DWDM-Passive Optical Fiber Sensor Network Based on a Power Measurement Method for Water-Level Monitoring of the Spent Fuel Pool in a Nuclear Power Plant. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124055. [PMID: 34204684 PMCID: PMC8231610 DOI: 10.3390/s21124055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a remote 16 Ch × 200 GHz dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)-passive optical fiber sensor (OFS) network. We particularly investigate the remote water-level monitoring capability of the OFS network based on an optical power measurement that features simplicity and a fast processing speed. The OFS network utilizes a seeded amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light that is spectrum-sliced and distributed by an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) towards multiple sensing units (SU), where each SU is installed at a different height in the water pool. Then, each SU reflects either of the two different optical powers according to the medium (air vs. water) back to the monitoring station. Therefore, the total received optical power at the monitoring station linearly changes according to the water level. We can simply recognize the water level by utilizing the optical power meter (OPM) at the monitoring station rather than the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA), which is bulky and expensive and requires a relatively long processing time. Consequently, we can reduce the system complexity, processing time, and cost (both installation and maintenance). However, the OPM-based OFS network requires a new methodology to derive the water level from the measured optical power. Thus, we come up with the reference-to-power ratio (RPR) analysis, which can be used for the maximum distance analysis as well as water level recognition. Based on the new reception architecture supported by the new post-processing scheme, the OFS network can distinguish 17 different water levels of the SFP at the monitoring station, which is >40 km away from the SFP, without using any active devices (such as optical amplifiers) at the remote places.
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8
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Lyu G, Sun Y, Zhou B, Chen Z, Zhan H, Li H. Simultaneous measurement of liquid-level and density by detecting buoyancy and hydraulic pressure. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6843-6846. [PMID: 33325910 DOI: 10.1364/ol.412738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a method for simultaneous and complete discriminative measurement of liquid-level and density for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The principle is to measure the responses of optical fiber sensing units caused by buoyancy and hydraulic pressure. By utilizing a designed steel diamond structure, the sensor sensitivity is significantly improved. The theoretical models and experimental methods are analyzed in detail. For large-range liquid-level measurement, a high sensitivity of 77.3 pm/cm with resolution of 0.129 mm (accuracy of 0.149‰) is achieved. As a trade-off between density measurement and sensor capability, a dual-parameter sensing is demonstrated experimentally, which features liquid-level sensitivity of 34.7 pm/cm and density sensitivity varying from 1 to 3.44nm/g/cm3. Taking advantage of the compact size, easy fabrication, and low cost, this method has great potential in real-time intelligent monitoring of reserves and quality for industrial storage of fuels and chemicals.
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Lee HK, Choo J, Shin G, Kim SM. On-site water level measurement method based on wavelength division multiplexing for harsh environments in nuclear power plants. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Lee HK, Choo J, Shin G, Kim J. Long-Reach DWDM-Passive Optical Fiber Sensor Network for Water Level Monitoring of Spent Fuel Pool in Nuclear Power Plant. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20154218. [PMID: 32751294 PMCID: PMC7436080 DOI: 10.3390/s20154218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a passive optical fiber sensor network based on the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) to remotely monitor the water level of the spent fuel pool in nuclear power plants. In states of emergency, such as a tsunami, safety information must be secured for rapid response, in spite of all power losses in the plant. We consider the proposed passive sensor network to be one of the best solutions that is able to provide the remote (more than tens of kilometers) monitoring station with the highly reliable on-site information. The principle of water level measurement is based on the change of Fresnel reflection power coefficient at sensing units, which are installed according to the water levels in a row. The sensing units that play the role of reflector and modulator at the same time are connected to an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) for DWDM. By measuring the spectrum of the optical signal transferred from the sensing units, the water level can be determined in real-time. However, in the remote sensing, the system performance can be seriously degraded due to the Rayleigh Back-Scattering (RBS) of the seeded amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light that is induced at the fiber-optic link. As such, we investigate the effect of RBS on the remote (more than tens of kilometers) sensing performance of the proposed network. Following the theoretical analysis, we propose a simple network configuration to overcome the RBS issue by utilizing two different transmission paths: one for downstream of the ASE seed light, and the other for upstream of the optical signals coming from the sensing units. Based on the proposed configuration, the maximum sensing distance can be increased up to 42.5 km without the support of any optical amplifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Keun Lee
- Department of Safety Research, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, 62 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34142, Korea; (H.-K.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Jaeyul Choo
- Department of Instrumentation, Control and Electrical System, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, 62 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34142, Korea;
| | - Gangsig Shin
- Department of Safety Research, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, 62 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34142, Korea; (H.-K.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Joonyoung Kim
- Department of Smart Information Communication Engineering, Sangmyung University, 31 Sangmyungdae-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31066, Korea
- Correspondence:
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11
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Rizzolo S, Boukenter A, Ouerdane Y, Michalon JY, Marin E, Macé JR, Girard S. Distributed and discrete hydrogen monitoring through optical fiber sensors based on optical frequency domain reflectometry. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab6a73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The potential of discrete and distributed fiber-based sensors exploiting the Rayleigh scattering signature of doped amorphous silica is investigated for the real time monitoring of molecular hydrogen (H2) detection. We showed that the impact of the refractive index changes induced by the H2 diffusion into the silica host matrix can be used to detect and quantify this gas presence through two approaches: first via the related fiber length variation and second through the observed spectral shift. Comparing the obtained results with H2 diffusion calculations, we can estimate the sensor sensitivity thresholds to be ∼1016
n
molecule cm−3 for the distributed measurements (spatial resolution better than 1 mm) and below ∼1019
n
molecule cm−3 for the discrete-one. The presented architecture of the sensor is well adapted to the monitoring of slowly evolving H2 concentrations such as the ones expected in nuclear waste repositories as the time response of the sensor remains limited by the diffusion of the gas within the optical fiber. These threshold values and time responses can be easily improved by optimizing the length, the composition and/or the geometry of the sensing fiber.
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12
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Lee HK, Choo J, Shin G. A Simple All-Optical Water Level Monitoring System Based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing with an Arrayed Waveguide Grating. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19143095. [PMID: 31337002 PMCID: PMC6679317 DOI: 10.3390/s19143095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a simple water level monitoring system based on the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for the spent fuel pool (SFP) at a nuclear power plant. The basic principle is based on the measurement of the optical power spectra by the Fresnel reflection according to the change of the refractive index at the end facet of the optical fiber tip (OFT). An arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is employed to achieve multi-channel sensing capability with a C-band broadband light source (BLS) based on amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The feasibility of the proposed scheme is investigated with a simulation and experimentation. We also investigate the limiting factor for remote transmission. The system performance is degraded by the Rayleigh backscattering of the BLS light, but it can be operated over long distances within 10 km with 5 dB of difference peak power margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Keun Lee
- Department of Nuclear Safety Research, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, 62 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34142, Korea.
| | - Jaeyul Choo
- Department of Instrumentation, Control and Electrical System, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, 62 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34142, Korea
| | - Gangsig Shin
- Department of Nuclear Safety Research, Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, 62 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34142, Korea
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Fan Z, Diao X, Liu M, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Yan H. On-line monitoring of sealing glass in electrical penetration assembly based on femto-laser inscribed fiber Bragg grating sensors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:608-620. [PMID: 30696145 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel method was proposed to monitor the working state (temperature and stress) of sealing glass in electrical penetration assemblies, which was used for electrical connection in containment structures or pressure vessels of nuclear power plants, based on femto-laser inscribed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. Aging tests under thermal (~200°C) and radiation (~3.5MGy) conditions were carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of FBG in harsh environment. On-line state monitoring experiments were performed under high temperature 100~400°C and high pressure 7 MPa, referring to real conditions in the nuclear reactor. During monitoring, one FBG was embedded in sealing glass and the other was set outside the glass. Experimental and numerical results showed that the femto-laser inscribed FBG sensors could achieve simultaneous temperature and stress monitoring with good accuracy (monitoring deviation less than 10%) and transient response under harsh environment. This work set a base for the long-term real-time diagnosis of electrical penetration assembly in nuclear power plant.
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14
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Preložnik B, Gleich D, Donlagic D. All-fiber, thermo-optic liquid level sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:23518-23533. [PMID: 30184851 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.023518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes an all-optical-fiber sensor for continuous measurements of liquid levels. The proposed sensor utilizes an optically absorbing vanadium doped optical fiber, which is configured as a long-gauge, optically-heated, fiber-optic, Fabry-Perot interferometer that is immersed into the measured liquid. The sensor is excited cyclically by a medium-power 980 nm optical source, which induces periodic temperature variation and, consequently, optical path length modulation within the vanadium doped fiber. The amplitude of this path length variation depends on the liquid level and is measured by an interferometric approach. The relation between the liquid level and the amplitude of optical path length modulation caused by the fiber's temperature variation were investigated analytically, and the theoretical model proved to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Two versions of level sensors are demonstrated experimentally, the first with single-side optical heating power delivery and 0.45 m measurement range, and the second with dual-side power delivery and 1 m of operational measurement span. Experimental measurement level resolutions achieved for 0.45 m and 1m operational measurement span were approximately 2 and 3 mm, respectively. The simple and efficient design of sensor and signal interrogation system, the latter is based solely on a few widely available telecom components, provides straightforward opportunities for use of the proposed system in a variety of industrial applications.
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High Temperature High Sensitivity Multipoint Sensing System Based on Three Cascade Mach⁻Zehnder Interferometers. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18082688. [PMID: 30115819 PMCID: PMC6111578 DOI: 10.3390/s18082688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A temperature multipoint sensing system based on three cascade Mach⁻Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) is introduced. The MZIs with different lengths are fabricated based on waist-enlarged fiber bitapers. The fast Fourier transformation is applied to the overlapping transmission spectrum and the corresponding interference spectra can be obtained via the cascaded frequency spectrum based on the inverse Fourier transformation. By analyzing the drift of interference spectra, the temperature response sensitivities of 0.063 nm/°C, 0.071 nm/°C, and 0.059 nm/°C in different furnaces can be detected from room temperature up to 1000 °C, and the temperature response at different regions can be measured through the sensitivity matrix equation. These results demonstrate feasibility of multipoint measurement, which also support that the temperature sensing system provides new solution to the MZI cascade problem.
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