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Reichert MN, Koewler NJ, Hargis AM, Felgenhauer JL, Impelluso LC. Effects of Depilatory Cream Formulation and Contact Time on Mouse Skin. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2023; 62:153-162. [PMID: 36878480 PMCID: PMC10078930 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-22-000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Depilatory creams are widely used in research to remove hair in preparation for surgery, imaging, and other procedures. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of these creams on mouse skin. We sought to determine the cutaneous effects of 2 different depilatory formulations of a widely used brand as related to the duration of exposure. We compared a standard body formula [BF] and a facial formula [FF] that is marketed as being more gentle on skin. The cream was applied to one flank for 15, 30, 60, or 120 s; hair on the contralateral flank was clipped and used as a control. Treatment and control skin were scored for gross lesions (erythema, ulceration, and edema), degree of depilation, and histopathologic changes. C57BL/6J (B6) and Crl:CD-1(ICR) (CD-1) mice were used to allow comparison of an inbred/pigmented strain to an outbred/albino strain. BF caused significant cutaneous injury to both strains of mice, whereas FF produced significant cutaneous injury only in CD-1 mice. Both strains showed gross skin erythema, with the most severe erythema seen in CD-1 mice treated with BF. Contact time did not affect histopathologic changes or gross erythema. Both formulations produced depilation comparable to clipping in both strains when left on for a sufficient duration. In CD-1, mice, BF required at least 15 s of exposure, whereas FF required at least 120 s. In B6 mice, BF required at least 30 s of exposure, whereas FF required at least 120 s. The 2 mouse strains did not show statistically significant differences in erythema or histopathologic lesions. Overall, these depilatory creams were comparable to clippers for hair removal from mice but they produce cutaneous injury that may affect research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Reichert
- Research Animal Resources, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;,
| | - Nathan J Koewler
- Research Animal Resources, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
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Shin SM, Itson-Zoske B, Fan F, Gani U, Rahman M, Hogan QH, Yu H. Peripheral sensory neurons and non-neuronal cells express functional Piezo1 channels. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069231174315. [PMID: 37247618 DOI: 10.1177/17448069231174315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present evidence showing Piezo1 protein expression in the primary sensory neurons (PSNs) and non-neuronal cells of rat peripheral nervous system. Using a knockdown/knockout validated antibody, we detected Piezo1 immunoreactivity (IR) in ∼60% of PSNs of rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) with higher IR density in the small- and medium-sized neurons. Piezo1-IR was clearly identified in DRG perineuronal glia, including satellite glial cells (SGCs) and Schwann cells; in sciatic nerve Schwann cells surrounding the axons and cutaneous afferent endings; and in skin epidermal Merkel cells and melanocytes. Neuronal and non-neuronal Piezo1 channels were functional since various cells (dissociated PSNs and SGCs from DRGs, isolated Schwann cells, and primary human melanocytes) exhibited a robust response to Piezo1 agonist Yoda1 by an increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). These responses were abolished by non-specific Piezo1 antagonist GsMTx4. Immunoblots showed elevated Piezo1 protein in DRG proximal to peripheral nerve injury-induced painful neuropathy, while PSNs and SGCs from rats with neuropathic pain showed greater Yoda1-evoked elevation of [Ca2+]i and an increased frequency of cells responding to Yoda1, compared to controls. Sciatic nerve application of GsMTx4 alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity induced by Yoda1. Overall, our data show that Piezo1 is widely expressed by the neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the peripheral sensory pathways and that painful nerve injury appeared associated with activation of Piezo1 in PSNs and peripheral glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brandon Itson-Zoske
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Uarda Gani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Quinn H Hogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Channer B, Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Pappa V, Agarwal Y, Wickman J, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:62-158. [PMID: 36757901 PMCID: PMC9832385 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Canonically, dopamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, and reward. However, dopamine also acts as an immune modulator in the central nervous system and periphery. This review comprehensively assesses the current knowledge of dopaminergic immunomodulation and the role of dopamine in disease pathogenesis at the cellular and tissue level. This will provide broad access to this information across fields, identify areas in need of further investigation, and drive the development of dopaminergic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Channer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Jason Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
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Recognition of Melanocytes in Immuno-Neuroendocrinology and Circadian Rhythms: Beyond the Conventional Melanin Synthesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132082. [PMID: 35805166 PMCID: PMC9266247 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes produce melanin to protect the skin from UV-B radiation. Notwithstanding, the spectrum of their functions extends far beyond their well-known role as melanin production factories. Melanocytes have been considered as sensory and computational cells. The neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other hormones produced by melanocytes make them part of the skin’s well-orchestrated and complex neuroendocrine network, counteracting environmental stressors. Melanocytes can also actively mediate the epidermal immune response. Melanocytes are equipped with ectopic sensory systems similar to the eye and nose and can sense light and odor. The ubiquitous inner circadian rhythm controls the body’s basic physiological processes. Light not only affects skin photoaging, but also regulates inner circadian rhythms and communicates with the local neuroendocrine system. Do melanocytes “see” light and play a unique role in photoentrainment of the local circadian clock system? Why, then, are melanocytes responsible for so many mysterious functions? Do these complex functional devices work to maintain homeostasis locally and throughout the body? In addition, melanocytes have also been shown to be localized in internal sites such as the inner ear, brain, and heart, locations not stimulated by sunlight. Thus, what can the observation of extracutaneous melanocytes tell us about the “secret identity” of melanocytes? While the answers to some of these intriguing questions remain to be discovered, here we summarize and weave a thread around available data to explore the established and potential roles of melanocytes in the biological communication of skin and systemic homeostasis, and elaborate on important open issues and propose ways forward.
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Kobus M, Żądzińska E, Sitek A, Pełka J, Rożniecki JJ, Antoszewski B. Risk of Migraine in Europeans with Low Melanin Levels—A Population Based Case-Control Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050620. [PMID: 35625007 PMCID: PMC9139100 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations with a relatively low concentration of melanin, e.g., inhabitants of Europe, North America, and Australia, are the most vulnerable to the harmful effects of UV radiation. Individuals with fair phototype are at greatest risk of developing skin cancer. Several neurological studies present that light skin may modify the risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. However, the relationship between migraine and skin pigmentation has not been investigated yet. The objective of this study is to provide evidence of the relationship between skin pigmentation and migraine prevalence in adults. We examined a group of 148 adults (33 men, 115 women) with migraine and a control group of 107 adults (43 men, 64 women). Parameters of skin pigmentation (melanin index, erythema index, CIElab, and RGB scales) were measured using a DSM II Cortex Technology dermospectrophotometer. Risk of migraine in lightly pigmented adults was elevated. Individuals with a low melanin index had over 3-fold increased risk of migraine (women: OR 3.53, men: OR 3.73). Fair phototype, which results from lightly pigmented skin, was associated with migraine prevalence. Migraineurs should take extra care to protect their skin from the negative effects of solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kobus
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (E.Ż.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elżbieta Żądzińska
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (E.Ż.); (A.S.)
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Aneta Sitek
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (E.Ż.); (A.S.)
| | - Jacek Pełka
- Department of Neurology, Norbert Barlicki Memory University Teaching Hospital, 90-153 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jacek J. Rożniecki
- Department of Neurology, Stroke and Neurorehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Bogusław Antoszewski
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Institute of Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland;
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Chronic itch in African Americans: an unmet need. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 314:405-415. [PMID: 34129098 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pruritus carries a significant burden of disease and is associated with a negative impact on quality of life. African Americans are disproportionately burdened by chronic pruritic disorders, including but not limited to atopic dermatitis, prurigo nodularis, inflammatory scalp dermatoses, pathologic scarring, and HIV-related dermatoses. Racial differences in skin structure and function may contribute to the pathogenesis of itch in African Americans. Itch perception and response to treatment in African Americans remain understudied and not well understood. As such, there is a large unmet need with regard to the knowledge and management of pruritus in African Americans. This review highlights notable differences in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, genetic predisposition, clinical presentation, and response to treatment for select pruritic skin conditions. By addressing itch as an unmet need in African Americans, we hope to improve patient outcomes and lessen disparities in dermatologic care.
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Dang D, Ye Y, Aouizerat BE, Patel YK, Viet DT, Chan KC, Ono K, Doan C, Figueroa JD, Yu G, Viet CT. Targeting the endothelin axis as a therapeutic strategy for oral cancer metastasis and pain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20832. [PMID: 33257729 PMCID: PMC7704690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis reduces survival in oral cancer patients and pain is their greatest complaint. We have shown previously that oral cancer metastasis and pain are controlled by the endothelin axis, which is a pathway comprised of the endothelin A and B receptors (ETAR and ETBR). In this study we focus on individual genes of the pathway, demonstrating that the endothelin axis genes are methylated and dysregulated in cancer tissue. Based on these findings in patients, we hypothesize that ETAR and ETBR play dichotomous roles in oral carcinogenesis and pain, such that ETAR activation and silenced ETBR expression result in increased carcinogenesis and pain. We test a treatment strategy that targets the dichotomous functions of the two receptors by inhibiting ETAR with macitentan, an ETAR antagonist approved for treatment of pulmonary hypertension, and re-expressing the ETBR gene with adenovirus transduction, and determine the treatment effect on cancer invasion (i.e., metastasis), proliferation and pain in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that combination treatment of macitentan and ETBR gene therapy inhibits invasion, but not proliferation, in cell culture and in a mouse model of tongue cancer. Furthermore, the treatment combination produces an antinociceptive effect through inhibition of endothelin-1 mediated neuronal activation, revealing the analgesic potential of macitentan. Our treatment approach targets a pathway shown to be dysregulated in oral cancer patients, using gene therapy and repurposing an available drug to effectively treat both oral cancer metastasis and pain in a preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Dang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Ye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley E Aouizerat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yogin K Patel
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan T Viet
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - King Chong Chan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Section of Hospital Dentistry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Department of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Coleen Doan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Johnny D Figueroa
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gary Yu
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chi T Viet
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Selvam P, Jain A, Cheema A, Atwal H, Forghani I, Atwal PS. Poirier-Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome: A report of a patient with a pathogenic variant in CSNK2B with abnormal linear growth. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:539-543. [PMID: 33166063 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase 2-related disorders have been linked to pathogenic variants in CSNK2A1 and CSNK2B. CSNK2B-related disease is predominantly associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities affecting cognition; however, the extent of the phenotype associated with CSNK2B pathogenic variants is yet to be fully explored. Here, we describe a patient with features suggestive of Poirier-Bienvenu neurodevelopmental syndrome, harboring a novel CSNK2B pathogenic variant. We also report that the linear growth abnormalities could be a recurrent presentation in patients with this syndrome and suggest the effect of growth hormone therapy in our patient's stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavalan Selvam
- Atwal Clinic: Genomic & Personalized Medicine, Palm Beach, United States, USA
| | - Angita Jain
- Atwal Clinic: Genomic & Personalized Medicine, Palm Beach, United States, USA
| | - Anvir Cheema
- Atwal Clinic: Genomic & Personalized Medicine, Palm Beach, United States, USA
| | - Herjot Atwal
- Atwal Clinic: Genomic & Personalized Medicine, Palm Beach, United States, USA
| | - Irman Forghani
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Paldeep S Atwal
- Atwal Clinic: Genomic & Personalized Medicine, Palm Beach, United States, USA
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Böhme I, Schönherr R, Eberle J, Bosserhoff AK. Membrane Transporters and Channels in Melanoma. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 181:269-374. [PMID: 32737752 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has revealed that ion channels and transporters can be important players in tumor development, progression, and therapy resistance in melanoma. For example, members of the ABC family were shown to support cancer stemness-like features in melanoma cells, while several members of the TRP channel family were reported to act as tumor suppressors.Also, many transporter proteins support tumor cell viability and thus suppress apoptosis induction by anticancer therapy. Due to the high number of ion channels and transporters and the resulting high complexity of the field, progress in understanding is often focused on single molecules and is in total rather slow. In this review, we aim at giving an overview about a broad subset of ion transporters, also illustrating some aspects of the field, which have not been addressed in detail in melanoma. In context with the other chapters in this special issue on "Transportome Malfunctions in the Cancer Spectrum," a comparison between melanoma and these tumors will be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Böhme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Schönherr
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena and Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eberle
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité, University Medical Center Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Katrin Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany.
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Dube U, Ibanez L, Budde JP, Benitez BA, Davis AA, Harari O, Iles MM, Law MH, Brown KM, Cruchaga C. Overlapping genetic architecture between Parkinson disease and melanoma. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:347-364. [PMID: 31845298 PMCID: PMC7379325 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have reported inconsistent results regarding an association between Parkinson disease (PD) and cutaneous melanoma (melanoma). Identifying shared genetic architecture between these diseases can support epidemiologic findings and identify common risk genes and biological pathways. Here, we apply polygenic, linkage disequilibrium-informed methods to the largest available case-control, genome-wide association study summary statistic data for melanoma and PD. We identify positive and significant genetic correlation (correlation: 0.17, 95% CI 0.10-0.24; P = 4.09 × 10-06) between melanoma and PD. We further demonstrate melanoma and PD-inferred gene expression to overlap across tissues (correlation: 0.14, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.22; P = 7.87 × 10-04) and highlight seven genes including PIEZO1, TRAPPC2L, and SOX6 as potential mediators of the genetic correlation between melanoma and PD. These findings demonstrate specific, shared genetic architecture between PD and melanoma that manifests at the level of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umber Dube
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Laura Ibanez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John P Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Albert A Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mark M Iles
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew H Law
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, NeuroGenomics and Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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11
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Tissue Transparency In Vivo. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132388. [PMID: 31261621 PMCID: PMC6651221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo tissue transparency in the visible light spectrum is beneficial for many research applications that use optical methods, whether it involves in vivo optical imaging of cells or their activity, or optical intervention to affect cells or their activity deep inside tissues, such as brain tissue. The classical view is that a tissue is transparent if it neither absorbs nor scatters light, and thus absorption and scattering are the key elements to be controlled to reach the necessary transparency. This review focuses on the latest genetic and chemical approaches for the decoloration of tissue pigments to reduce visible light absorption and the methods to reduce scattering in live tissues. We also discuss the possible molecules involved in transparency.
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