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Sarker MS, Yao L, Yamahara H, Ma K, Liao Z, Terao K, Tang S, Ramaraj SG, Seki M, Tabata H. Reconfigurable magnon interference by on-chip dynamic wavelength conversion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4872. [PMID: 36964147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spin waves (SWs), an ultra-low power magnetic excitation in ferro or antiferromagnetic media, have tremendous potential as transport less data carriers for post-CMOS technology using their wave interference properties. The concept of magnon interference originates from optical interference, resulting in a historical taboo of maintaining an identical wavevector for magnon interference-based devices. This makes the attainment of on-chip design reconfigurability challenging owing to the difficulty in phase tuning via external fields. Breaking the taboo, this study explores a novel technique to systematically control magnon interference using asymmetric wavevectors from two different SW modes (magnetostatic surface SWs and backward volume magnetostatic SWs) in a microstructured yttrium iron garnet crossbar. Using this system, we demonstrate phase reconfigurability in the interference pattern by modulating the thermal landscape, modifying the dispersion of the interfering SW modes. Thus, we manifest that such a tunable interference can be used to implement reconfigurable logic gates operating between the XNOR and XOR modes by using symmetric and asymmetric interference, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Sarker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
| | - Lihao Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamahara
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
- Institute of AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kaijie Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Zhiqiang Liao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kenyu Terao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Siyi Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sankar Ganesh Ramaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Munetoshi Seki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tabata
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
- Institute of AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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Sensitivity enhancement in magnetic sensor using CoFeB/Y 3Fe 5O 12 resonator. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11105. [PMID: 35773387 PMCID: PMC9247025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnonics, an emerging research field that uses the quanta of spin waves as data carriers, has a potential to dominate the post-CMOS era owing to its intrinsic property of ultra-low power operation. Spin waves can be manipulated by a wide range of parameters; thus, they are suitable for sensing applications in a wide range of physical fields. In this study, we designed a highly sensitive, simple structure, and ultra-low power magnetic sensor using a simple CoFeB/Y3Fe5O12 bilayer structure. We demonstrated that the CoFeB/Y3Fe5O12 bilayer structure can create a sharp rejection band in its spin-wave transmission spectra. The lowest point of this strong rejection band allows the detection of a small frequency shift owing to the external magnetic field variation. Experimental observations revealed that such a bilayer magnetic sensor exhibits 20 MHz frequency shifts upon the application of an external magnetic field of 0.5 mT. Considering the lowest full width half maximum, which is about 2 MHz, a sensitivity of 10–2 mT order can be experimentally achieved. Furthermore, the higher sensitivity in the order of 10–6 T (µT) has been demonstrated using the sharp edge of the rejection band of the CoFeB/Y3Fe5O12 bilayer device. A Y-shaped spin waves interference device with two input arms consisting of CoFeB/Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Fe5O12 has been theoretically investigated. We proposed that such a structure can demonstrate a magnetic sensitivity in the range of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${10}^{-9}$$\end{document}10-9 T (nT) at room temperature. The sensitivity of the sensor can be further enhanced by tuning the width of the CoFeB metal stripe.
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Strain-Tuned Spin-Wave Interference in Micro- and Nanoscale Magnonic Interferometers. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091520. [PMID: 35564228 PMCID: PMC9101432 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report on the experimental study of spin-wave propagation and interaction in the double-branched Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) scheme. We show that the use of a piezoelectric plate (PP) with separated electrodes connected to each branch of the MZI leads to the tunable interference of the spin-wave signal at the output section. Using a finite element method, we carry out a physical investigation of the mechanisms of the impact of distributed deformations on the magnetic properties of YIG film. Micromagnetic simulations and finite-element modelling can explain the evolution of spin-wave interference patterns under strain induced via the application of an electric field to PP electrodes. We show how the multimode regime of spin-wave propagation is used in the interferometry scheme and how scaling to the nanometer size represents an important step towards a single-mode regime. Our findings provide a simple solution for the creation of tunable spin-wave interferometers for the magnonic logic paradigm.
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Montoncello F, Gubbiotti G. Controlling the three dimensional propagation of spin waves in continuous ferromagnetic films with an increasing out of plane undulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21344. [PMID: 34725392 PMCID: PMC8560927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of three-dimensionality in a ferromagnetic medium in ruling the propagation properties of spin-waves (SW) has been one of the main focuses of the research activity in recent years. In this context, we investigate the evolution of the SW dispersion (frequency vs wave vector) induced by a progressive vertical undulation of a ferromagnetic film. The geometric undulation is taken along a single direction and is periodic with constant period, while the amplitude (differential maximum height with respect to the film thickness) is gradually increased from 0 to 60 nm. We study the characteristic modification of the internal effective field and link it to the resulting SW dispersions and spatial profile. These systems display at once features both of a planar film and a discretized medium, and the dispersion curves change not only when SWs propagate along the undulation direction, but also perpendicular to it. We discuss the geometric and magnetic conditions for having either the invariance of the SW group velocity with respect to even major changes in the undulation, or a large group velocity for some edge modes. We address a potential dual-band activity, namely the simultaneous propagation of two independent SW-signals, with separated frequency bands and disjoint oscillation regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Montoncello
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, 44122, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Gubbiotti
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali del CNR (CNR-IOM), c/o Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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Murzin D, Mapps DJ, Levada K, Belyaev V, Omelyanchik A, Panina L, Rodionova V. Ultrasensitive Magnetic Field Sensors for Biomedical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1569. [PMID: 32168981 PMCID: PMC7146409 DOI: 10.3390/s20061569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of magnetic field sensors for biomedical applications primarily focuses on equivalent magnetic noise reduction or overall design improvement in order to make them smaller and cheaper while keeping the required values of a limit of detection. One of the cutting-edge topics today is the use of magnetic field sensors for applications such as magnetocardiography, magnetotomography, magnetomyography, magnetoneurography, or their application in point-of-care devices. This introductory review focuses on modern magnetic field sensors suitable for biomedicine applications from a physical point of view and provides an overview of recent studies in this field. Types of magnetic field sensors include direct current superconducting quantum interference devices, search coil, fluxgate, magnetoelectric, giant magneto-impedance, anisotropic/giant/tunneling magnetoresistance, optically pumped, cavity optomechanical, Hall effect, magnetoelastic, spin wave interferometry, and those based on the behavior of nitrogen-vacancy centers in the atomic lattice of diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Murzin
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia; (K.L.); (V.B.); (A.O.); (L.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Desmond J. Mapps
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK;
| | - Kateryna Levada
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia; (K.L.); (V.B.); (A.O.); (L.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Victor Belyaev
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia; (K.L.); (V.B.); (A.O.); (L.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Alexander Omelyanchik
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia; (K.L.); (V.B.); (A.O.); (L.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Larissa Panina
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia; (K.L.); (V.B.); (A.O.); (L.P.); (V.R.)
- National University of Science and Technology, MISiS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria Rodionova
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia; (K.L.); (V.B.); (A.O.); (L.P.); (V.R.)
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The effect of material defects on resonant spin wave modes in a nanomagnet. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16635. [PMID: 31719613 PMCID: PMC6851160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have theoretically studied how resonant spin wave modes in an elliptical nanomagnet are affected by fabrication defects, such as small local thickness variations. Our results indicate that defects of this nature, which can easily result from the fabrication process, or are sometimes deliberately introduced during the fabrication process, will significantly alter the frequencies, magnetic field dependence of the frequencies, and the power and phase profiles of the resonant spin wave modes. They can also spawn new resonant modes and quench existing ones. All this has important ramifications for multi-device circuits based on spin waves, such as phase locked oscillators for neuromorphic computing, where the device-to-device variability caused by defects can be inhibitory.
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Wang Q, Pirro P, Verba R, Slavin A, Hillebrands B, Chumak AV. Reconfigurable nanoscale spin-wave directional coupler. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:e1701517. [PMID: 29376117 PMCID: PMC5777403 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Spin waves, and their quanta magnons, are prospective data carriers in future signal processing systems because Gilbert damping associated with the spin-wave propagation can be made substantially lower than the Joule heat losses in electronic devices. Although individual spin-wave signal processing devices have been successfully developed, the challenging contemporary problem is the formation of two-dimensional planar integrated spin-wave circuits. Using both micromagnetic modeling and analytical theory, we present an effective solution of this problem based on the dipolar interaction between two laterally adjacent nanoscale spin-wave waveguides. The developed device based on this principle can work as a multifunctional and dynamically reconfigurable signal directional coupler performing the functions of a waveguide crossing element, tunable power splitter, frequency separator, or multiplexer. The proposed design of a spin-wave directional coupler can be used both in digital logic circuits intended for spin-wave computing and in analog microwave signal processing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Philipp Pirro
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | | | - Andrei Slavin
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Burkard Hillebrands
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - Andrii V. Chumak
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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