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Witkop EM, Van Wassenbergh S, Heideman PD, Sanderson SL. Biomimetic models of fish gill rakers as lateral displacement arrays for particle separation. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:056009. [PMID: 37487501 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acea0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Ram suspension-feeding fish, such as herring, use gill rakers to separate small food particles from large water volumes while swimming forward with an open mouth. The fish gill raker function was tested using 3D-printed conical models and computational fluid dynamics simulations over a range of slot aspect ratios. Our hypothesis predicting the exit of particles based on mass flow rates, dividing streamlines (i.e. stagnation streamlines) at the slots between gill rakers, and particle size was supported by the results of experiments with physical models in a recirculating flume. Particle movement in suspension-feeding fish gill raker models was consistent with the physical principles of lateral displacement arrays ('bump arrays') for microfluidic and mesofluidic separation of particles by size. Although the particles were smaller than the slots between the rakers, the particles skipped over the vortical region that was generated downstream from each raker. The particles 'bumped' on anterior raker surfaces during posterior transport. Experiments in a recirculating flume demonstrate that the shortest distance between the dividing streamline and the raker surface preceding the slot predicts the maximum radius of a particle that will exit the model by passing through the slot. This theoretical maximum radius is analogous to the critical separation radius identified with reference to the stagnation streamlines in microfluidic and mesofluidic devices that use deterministic lateral displacement and sieve-based lateral displacement. These conclusions provide new perspectives and metrics for analyzing cross-flow and cross-step filtration in fish with applications to filtration engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Witkop
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, 540 Landrum Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America
| | - Sam Van Wassenbergh
- Departement Biologie, Universiteit Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Paul D Heideman
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, 540 Landrum Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America
| | - S Laurie Sanderson
- Department of Biology, William and Mary, 540 Landrum Dr, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America
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2
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Tang H, Niu J, Pan X, Jin H, Lin S, Cui D. Topology Optimization Based Deterministic Lateral Displacement Array Design for Cell Separation. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Simulative Investigation of Different DLD Microsystem Designs with Increased Reynolds Numbers Using a Two-Way Coupled IBM-CFD/6-DOF Approach. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) microsystems are suitable for the size fractionation of particle suspensions in the size range of 0.1 to 10 µm. To be able to fractionate real particles beyond a laboratory scale, these systems have to be designed for higher throughputs. High flow resistances and increasing the clogging of the systems impose substantial challenges for industrial operation. Simulative parameter studies are suitable for improving the design of the systems; for example, the position and shape of the posts. A high-resolution, two-way coupled 6-DOF CFD-DEM approach was used to study the flow and particle behavior of different post shapes (circular and triangular) and post sizes at different Reynolds numbers. The results were compared with the classical first streamline width theory. It was shown that the streamline theory does not account for all effects responsible for the separation. Furthermore, a shift in the critical particle diameter to smaller values could be obtained when increasing the Reynolds number and also when using triangular posts with reduced post sizes compared to the post spacing. These findings can help to improve the efficiency of the systems as the post spacing could be extended, thus reducing the flow resistance and the probability of clogging.
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Tang H, Niu J, Jin H, Lin S, Cui D. Geometric structure design of passive label-free microfluidic systems for biological micro-object separation. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:62. [PMID: 35685963 PMCID: PMC9170746 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Passive and label-free microfluidic devices have no complex external accessories or detection-interfering label particles. These devices are now widely used in medical and bioresearch applications, including cell focusing and cell separation. Geometric structure plays the most essential role when designing a passive and label-free microfluidic chip. An exquisitely designed geometric structure can change particle trajectories and improve chip performance. However, the geometric design principles of passive and label-free microfluidics have not been comprehensively acknowledged. Here, we review the geometric innovations of several microfluidic schemes, including deterministic lateral displacement (DLD), inertial microfluidics (IMF), and viscoelastic microfluidics (VEM), and summarize the most creative innovations and design principles of passive and label-free microfluidics. We aim to provide a guideline for researchers who have an interest in geometric innovations of passive label-free microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Jiaqi Niu
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Han Jin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 28 Jiangchuan Easternroad, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Shujing Lin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 28 Jiangchuan Easternroad, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai, 200240 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 28 Jiangchuan Easternroad, Shanghai, 200241 China
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Hochstetter A, Vernekar R, Austin RH, Becker H, Beech JP, Fedosov DA, Gompper G, Kim SC, Smith JT, Stolovitzky G, Tegenfeldt JO, Wunsch BH, Zeming KK, Krüger T, Inglis DW. Deterministic Lateral Displacement: Challenges and Perspectives. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10784-10795. [PMID: 32844655 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The advent of microfluidics in the 1990s promised a revolution in multiple industries from healthcare to chemical processing. Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a continuous-flow microfluidic particle separation method discovered in 2004 that has been applied successfully and widely to the separation of blood cells, yeast, spores, bacteria, viruses, DNA, droplets, and more. Deterministic lateral displacement is conceptually simple and can deliver consistent performance over a wide range of flow rates and particle concentrations. Despite wide use and in-depth study, DLD has not yet been fully elucidated or optimized, with different approaches to the same problem yielding varying results. We endeavor here to provide up-to-date expert opinion on the state-of-art and current fundamental, practical, and commercial challenges with DLD as well as describe experimental and modeling opportunities. Because these challenges and opportunities arise from constraints on hydrodynamics, fabrication, and operation at the micro- and nanoscale, we expect this Perspective to serve as a guide for the broader micro- and nanofluidic community to identify and to address open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Hochstetter
- Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Rohan Vernekar
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3DW Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H Austin
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton 08544, New Jersey, United States
| | | | - Jason P Beech
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dmitry A Fedosov
- Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gompper
- Institute of Biological Information Processing and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Sung-Cheol Kim
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Joshua T Smith
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Gustavo Stolovitzky
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Jonas O Tegenfeldt
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Benjamin H Wunsch
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Kerwin K Zeming
- Critical Analytics for Manufacturing of Personalized Medicine, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 138602 Singapore
| | - Timm Krüger
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3DW Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David W Inglis
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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Salafi T, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. A Review on Deterministic Lateral Displacement for Particle Separation and Detection. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2019; 11:77. [PMID: 34138050 PMCID: PMC7770818 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The separation and detection of particles in suspension are essential for a wide spectrum of applications including medical diagnostics. In this field, microfluidic deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) holds a promise due to the ability of continuous separation of particles by size, shape, deformability, and electrical properties with high resolution. DLD is a passive microfluidic separation technique that has been widely implemented for various bioparticle separations from blood cells to exosomes. DLD techniques have been previously reviewed in 2014. Since then, the field has matured as several physics of DLD have been updated, new phenomena have been discovered, and various designs have been presented to achieve a higher separation performance and throughput. Furthermore, some recent progress has shown new clinical applications and ability to use the DLD arrays as a platform for biomolecules detection. This review provides a thorough discussion on the recent progress in DLD with the topics based on the fundamental studies on DLD models and applications for particle separation and detection. Furthermore, current challenges and potential solutions of DLD are also discussed. We believe that a comprehensive understanding on DLD techniques could significantly contribute toward the advancements in the field for various applications. In particular, the rapid, low-cost, and high-throughput particle separation and detection with DLD have a tremendous impact for point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoriq Salafi
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
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Pariset E, Parent C, Fouillet Y, François B, Verplanck N, Revol-Cavalier F, Thuaire A, Agache V. Separation of Biological Particles in a Modular Platform of Cascaded Deterministic Lateral Displacement Modules. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17762. [PMID: 30531826 PMCID: PMC6288093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) has been extensively implemented in the last decade for size-based sample preparation, owing to its high separation performances for a wide range of particle dimensions. However, separating particles from 1 μm to 10 μm in one single DLD device is challenging because of the required diversity of pillar dimensions and inherent fabrication issues. This paper presents an alternative approach to achieve the extraction of E. coli bacteria from blood samples spiked with prostate cancer cells. Our approach consists in cascading individual DLD devices in a single automated platform, using flexible chambers that successively collect and inject the sample between each DLD stage without any external sample manipulation. Operating DLD separations independently enables to maximize the sorting efficiency at each step, without any disturbance from downstream stages. The proposed two-step automated protocol is applied to the separation of three types of components (bacteria, blood particles and cancer cells), with a depletion yield of 100% for cancer cells and 93% for red blood cells. This cascaded approach is presented for the first time with two DLD modules and is upscalable to improve the dynamic range of currently available DLD devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Pariset
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Charlotte Parent
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Yves Fouillet
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Boizot François
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Verplanck
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Aurélie Thuaire
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Agache
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
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9
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Dijkshoorn JP, de Valença JC, Wagterveld RM, Boom RM, Schutyser MAI. Visualizing the hydrodynamics in sieve-based lateral displacement systems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12861. [PMID: 30150611 PMCID: PMC6110767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) systems structure suspension flow in so called flow lanes. The width of these flow lanes is crucial for separation of particles and determines whether particles with certain size are displaced or not. In previous research, separation was observed in simplified DLD systems that did not meet the established DLD geometric design criteria, by adjusting the outflow conditions. We here investigated why these simplified DLD systems are able to displace particles, by experimentally investigating the hydrodynamics in the device. Flow lanes were visualized and the local flow velocities were measured using µPIV and compared with 2D fluid dynamics simulations. The size of the flow lanes strongly correlates with the local flow velocity (Vy and Vx), which depends on the hydrodynamics. Therefore, the geometric design criteria of DLD devices is in fact just one method to control the local hydrodynamics, which may also be influenced by other means. These findings give a new perspective on the separation principle, which makes the technique more flexible and easier to translate to industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dijkshoorn
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - J C de Valença
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - R M Wagterveld
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - R M Boom
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M A I Schutyser
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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