1
|
David NA, Lee RD, LaRue RS, Joo S, Farrar MA. Nuclear corepressors NCOR1 and NCOR2 entrain thymocyte signaling, selection, and emigration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559810. [PMID: 37808728 PMCID: PMC10557688 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
T cell development proceeds via discrete stages that require both gene induction and gene repression. Transcription factors direct gene repression by associating with corepressor complexes containing chromatin-remodeling enzymes; the corepressors NCOR1 and NCOR2 recruit histone deacetylases to these complexes to silence transcription of target genes. Earlier work identified the importance of NCOR1 in promoting the survival of positively-selected thymocytes. Here, we used flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing to identify a broader role for NCOR1 and NCOR2 in regulating thymocyte development. Using Cd4-cre mice, we found that conditional deletion of NCOR2 had no effect on thymocyte development, whereas conditional deletion of NCOR1 had a modest effect. In contrast, Cd4-cre x Ncor1f/f x Ncor2f/f mice exhibited a significant block in thymocyte development at the DP to SP transition. Combined NCOR1/2 deletion resulted in increased signaling through the T cell receptor, ultimately resulting in elevated BIM expression and increased negative selection. The NF-κB, NUR77, and MAPK signaling pathways were also upregulated in the absence of NCOR1/2, contributing to altered CD4/CD8 lineage commitment, TCR rearrangement, and thymocyte emigration. Taken together, our data identify multiple critical roles for the combined action of NCOR1 and NCOR2 over the course of thymocyte development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A David
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Robin D Lee
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Rebecca S LaRue
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sookyong Joo
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Michael A Farrar
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nuclear corepressors NCOR1/NCOR2 regulate B cell development, maintain genomic integrity and prevent transformation. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1763-1776. [PMID: 36316474 PMCID: PMC9772092 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear corepressors NCOR1 and NCOR2 interact with transcription factors involved in B cell development and potentially link these factors to alterations in chromatin structure and gene expression. Herein, we demonstrate that Ncor1/2 deletion limits B cell differentiation via impaired recombination, attenuates pre-BCR signaling and enhances STAT5-dependent transcription. Furthermore, NCOR1/2-deficient B cells exhibited derepression of EZH2-repressed gene modules, including the p53 pathway. These alterations resulted in aberrant Rag1 and Rag2 expression and accessibility. Whole-genome sequencing of Ncor1/2 DKO B cells identified increased number of structural variants with cryptic recombination signal sequences. Finally, deletion of Ncor1 alleles in mice facilitated leukemic transformation, whereas human leukemias with less NCOR1 correlated with worse survival. NCOR1/2 mutations in human leukemia correlated with increased RAG expression and number of structural variants. These studies illuminate how the corepressors NCOR1/2 regulate B cell differentiation and provide insights into how NCOR1/2 mutations may promote B cell transformation.
Collapse
|
3
|
Dong X, Liang Z, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Zhang B, Zhao Y. Trappc1 deficiency impairs thymic epithelial cell development by breaking endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1789-1804. [PMID: 35908180 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are important for T cell development and immune tolerance establishment. Although comprehensive molecular regulation of TEC development has been studied, the role of transport protein particle complexes (Trappcs) in TECs is not clear. Using TEC-specific homozygous or heterozygous Trappc1 deleted mice model, we found that Trappc1 deficiency caused severe thymus atrophy with decreased cell number and blocked maturation of TECs. Mice with a TEC-specific Trappc1 deletion show poor thymic T cell output and have a greater percentage of activated/memory T cells, suffered from spontaneous autoimmune disorders. Our RNA-seq and molecular studies indicated that the decreased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus, enhanced unfolded protein response (UPR) and subsequent Atf4-CHOP-mediated apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated ferroptosis coordinately contributed to the reduction of Trappc1-deleted TECs. Additionally, reduced Aire+ mTECs accompanied by the decreased expression of Irf4, Irf8, and Tbx21 in Trappc1 deficiency mTECs, may further coordinately block the tissue-restricted antigen expression. In this study, we reveal that Trappc1 plays an indispensable role in TEC development and maturation and provide evidence for the importance of inter-organelle traffic and ER homeostasis in TEC development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhanfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yanan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases and Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bao X, Qin Y, Lu L, Zheng M. Transcriptional Regulation of Early T-Lymphocyte Development in Thymus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884569. [PMID: 35432347 PMCID: PMC9008359 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocytes play crucial roles for maintaining immune homeostasis by fighting against various pathogenic microorganisms and establishing self-antigen tolerance. They will go through several stages and checkpoints in the thymus from progenitors to mature T cells, from CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) cells to CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) cells, finally become CD4+ or CD8+ single positive (SP) cells. The mature SP cells then emigrate out of the thymus and further differentiate into distinct subsets under different environment signals to perform specific functions. Each step is regulated by various transcriptional regulators downstream of T cell receptors (TCRs) that have been extensively studied both in vivo and vitro via multiple mouse models and advanced techniques, such as single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq). This review will summarize the transcriptional regulators participating in the early stage of T cell development reported in the past decade, trying to figure out cascade networks in each process and provide possible research directions in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Bao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingyu Qin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linrong Lu
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Renji Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu L, Xie X, Shi X, Zhang P, Liu A, Wang J, Zhang B. Potential application of genomic profiling for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with sarcoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:353. [PMID: 33747210 PMCID: PMC7967939 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal malignancies arising at various locations in the soft tissue and bone. Though a rare disease, sarcoma affects ~200,000 patients worldwide every year. The prognosis of patients with sarcoma is poor, and targeted therapy options are limited; therefore, accurate diagnosis and classification are essential for effective treatment. Sarcoma samples were acquired from 199 patients, in which TP53 (39.70%, 79/199), CDKN2A (19.10%, 38/199), CDKN2B (15.08%, 30/199), KIT (14.07%, 28/199), ATRX (10.05%, 20/199) and RB1 (10.05%, 20/199) were identified as the most commonly mutated genes (>10% incidence). Among 64 soft-tissue sarcomas that were unclassified by immunohistochemistry, 15 (23.44%, 15/64) were subsequently classified using next-generation sequencing (NGS). For the most part, the sarcoma subtypes were evenly distributed between male and female patients, while a significant association with sex was detected in leiomyosarcomas. Statistical analysis showed that osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and liposarcoma were all significantly associated with the patient age, and that angiosarcoma was significantly associated with high tumor mutational burden. Furthermore, serially mutated genes associated with myxofibrosarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, osteosarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma were identified, as well as neurotrophic tropomyosin-related kinase (NTRK) fusions of IRF2BP2-NTRK1, MEF2A-NTRK3 and ITFG1-NTRK3. Collectively, the results of the present study suggest that NGS-targeting provides potential new biomarkers for sarcoma diagnosis, and may guide more precise therapeutic strategies for patients with bone and soft-tissue sarcomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Xianbiao Xie
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | | | - Peng Zhang
- OrigiMed Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201114, P.R. China
| | - Angen Liu
- OrigiMed Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201114, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Geiger MA, Guillaumon AT, Paneni F, Matter CM, Stein S. Role of the Nuclear Receptor Corepressor 1 (NCOR1) in Atherosclerosis and Associated Immunometabolic Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:569358. [PMID: 33117357 PMCID: PMC7578257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.569358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is part of chronic immunometabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Their common risk factors comprise hypertension, insulin resistance, visceral obesity, and dyslipidemias, such as hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, which are part of the metabolic syndrome. Immunometabolic diseases include chronic pathologies that are affected by both metabolic and inflammatory triggers and mediators. Important and challenging questions in this context are to reveal how metabolic triggers and their downstream signaling affect inflammatory processes and vice-versa. Along these lines, specific nuclear receptors sense changes in lipid metabolism and in turn induce downstream inflammatory and metabolic processes. The transcriptional activity of these nuclear receptors is regulated by the nuclear receptor corepressors (NCORs), including NCOR1. In this review we describe the function of NCOR1 as a central immunometabolic regulator and focus on its role in atherosclerosis and associated immunometabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Geiger
- Vascular Diseases Discipline, Clinics Hospital of the University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana T Guillaumon
- Vascular Diseases Discipline, Clinics Hospital of the University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Matter
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sokrates Stein
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hainberger D, Stolz V, Zhu C, Schuster M, Müller L, Hamminger P, Rica R, Waltenberger D, Alteneder M, Krausgruber T, Hladik A, Knapp S, Bock C, Trauner M, Farrar MA, Ellmeier W. NCOR1 Orchestrates Transcriptional Landscapes and Effector Functions of CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579. [PMID: 32318068 PMCID: PMC7147518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into T helper (Th) subsets is key for a functional immune response and has to be tightly controlled by transcriptional and epigenetic processes. However, the function of cofactors that connect gene-specific transcription factors with repressive chromatin-modifying enzymes in Th cells is yet unknown. Here we demonstrate an essential role for nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) in regulating naïve CD4+ T cell and Th1/Th17 effector transcriptomes. Moreover, NCOR1 binds to a conserved cis-regulatory element within the Ifng locus and controls the extent of IFNγ expression in Th1 cells. Further, NCOR1 controls the survival of activated CD4+ T cells and Th1 cells in vitro, while Th17 cell survival was not affected in the absence of NCOR1. In vivo, effector functions were compromised since adoptive transfer of NCOR1-deficient CD4+ T cells resulted in attenuated colitis due to lower frequencies of IFNγ+ and IFNγ+IL-17A+ Th cells and overall reduced CD4+ T cell numbers. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the coregulator NCOR1 shapes transcriptional landscapes in CD4+ T cells and controls Th1/Th17 effector functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hainberger
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Stolz
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ci Zhu
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schuster
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Müller
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Hamminger
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramona Rica
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Darina Waltenberger
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlis Alteneder
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasiya Hladik
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A. Farrar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The nuclear receptor corepressor NCoR1 regulates hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis in vivo. Blood Adv 2020; 3:644-657. [PMID: 30804018 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018022756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced understanding of normal and malignant hematopoiesis pathways should facilitate the development of effective clinical treatment strategies for hematopoietic malignancies. Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) has been implicated in transcriptional repression and embryonic organ development, but its role in hematopoiesis is yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we showed that hematopoietic-specific loss of NCoR1 leads to expansion of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool due to aberrant cell cycle entry of long-term HSCs under steady-state conditions. Moreover, NCoR1-deficient HSCs exhibited normal self-renewal capacity but severely impaired lymphoid-differentiation potential in competitive hematopoietic-reconstitution assays. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that several hematopoiesis-associated genes are regulated by NCoR1. In addition, NCoR1 deficiency in hematopoietic cells delayed the course of leukemia and promoted leukemia cell differentiation in an MLL-AF9-induced mouse model. NCoR1 and its partner, histone deacetylase 3, can modulate histone acetylation and gene transcription through binding the promoter regions of myeloid-differentiation genes. Our collective results support the critical involvement of NCoR1 in normal and malignant hematopoiesis in vivo.
Collapse
|
9
|
Müller L, Hainberger D, Stolz V, Ellmeier W. NCOR1-a new player on the field of T cell development. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:1061-1068. [PMID: 30117609 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ri0418-168r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) is a transcriptional corepressor that links chromatin-modifying enzymes with gene-specific transcription factors. Although identified more than 20 years ago as a corepressor of nuclear receptors, the role of NCOR1 in T cells remained only poorly understood. However, recent studies indicate that the survival of developing thymocytes is regulated by NCOR1, revealing an essential role for NCOR1 in the T cell lineage. In this review, we will briefly summarize basic facts about NCOR1 structure and functions. We will further summarize studies demonstrating an essential role for NCOR1 in controlling positive and negative selection of thymocytes during T cell development. Finally, we will discuss similarities and differences between the phenotypes of mice with a T cell-specific deletion of NCOR1 or histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), because HDAC3 is the predominant member of the HDAC family that interacts with NCOR1 corepressor complexes. With this review we aim to introduce NCOR1 as a new player in the team of transcriptional coregulators that control T cell development and thus the generation of the peripheral T cell pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Müller
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Hainberger
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Stolz
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|