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Kim YY, Khubbutdinov R, Carnis J, Kim S, Nam D, Nam I, Kim G, Shim CH, Yang H, Cho M, Min CK, Kim C, Kang HS, Vartanyants IA. Statistical analysis of hard X-ray radiation at the PAL-XFEL facility performed by Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1465-1479. [PMID: 36345755 PMCID: PMC9641567 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522008773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry experiment based on second-order correlations was performed at the PAL-XFEL facility. The statistical properties of the X-ray radiation were studied within this experiment. Measurements were performed at the NCI beamline at 10 keV photon energy under various operation conditions: self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), SASE with a monochromator, and self-seeding regimes at 120 pC, 180 pC and 200 pC electron bunch charge. Statistical analysis showed short average pulse duration from 6 fs to 9 fs depending on the operational conditions. A high spatial degree of coherence of about 70-80% was determined in the spatial domain for the SASE beams with the monochromator and self-seeding regime of operation. The obtained values describe the statistical properties of the beams generated at the PAL-XFEL facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Yong Kim
- Photon Science, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruslan Khubbutdinov
- Photon Science, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jerome Carnis
- Photon Science, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewoong Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhyuk Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyujin Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hyun Shim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeryong Yang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghoon Cho
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Min
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Changbum Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Kang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ivan A. Vartanyants
- Photon Science, Deutsche Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Khubbutdinov R, Gerasimova N, Mercurio G, Assalauova D, Carnis J, Gelisio L, Le Guyader L, Ignatenko A, Kim YY, Van Kuiken BE, Kurta RP, Lapkin D, Teichmann M, Yaroslavtsev A, Gorobtsov O, Menushenkov AP, Scholz M, Scherz A, Vartanyants IA. High spatial coherence and short pulse duration revealed by the Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry at the European XFEL. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:044305. [PMID: 34476285 PMCID: PMC8384452 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Second-order intensity interferometry was employed to study the spatial and temporal properties of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL). Measurements were performed at the soft x-ray Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE3) undulator beamline at a photon energy of 1.2 keV in the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) mode. Two high-power regimes of the SASE3 undulator settings, i.e., linear and quadratic undulator tapering at saturation, were studied in detail and compared with the linear gain regime. The statistical analysis showed an exceptionally high degree of spatial coherence up to 90% for the linear undulator tapering. Analysis of the measured data in spectral and spatial domains provided an average pulse duration of about 10 fs in our measurements. The obtained results will be valuable for the experiments requiring and exploiting short pulse duration and utilizing high coherence properties of the EuXFEL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dameli Assalauova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jerome Carnis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gelisio
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexandr Ignatenko
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Young Yong Kim
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Dmitry Lapkin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Oleg Gorobtsov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Alexey P. Menushenkov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Matthias Scholz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Serkez S, Gorobtsov O, Rivas DE, Meyer M, Sobko B, Gerasimova N, Kujala N, Geloni G. Wigner distribution of self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser pulses and extracting its autocorrelation. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:3-17. [PMID: 33399547 PMCID: PMC7842223 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752001382x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emerging concept of `beam by design' in free-electron laser (FEL) accelerator physics aims for accurate manipulation of the electron beam to tailor spectral and temporal properties of the radiation for specific experimental purposes, such as X-ray pump/X-ray probe and multiple wavelength experiments. `Beam by design' requires fast, efficient, and detailed feedback on the spectral and temporal properties of the generated X-ray radiation. Here a simple and cost-efficient method to extract information on the longitudinal Wigner distribution function of emitted FEL pulses is proposed. The method requires only an ensemble of measured FEL spectra and is rather robust with respect to accelerator fluctuations. The method is applied to both the simulated SASE spectra with known radiation properties as well as to the SASE spectra measured at the European XFEL revealing underlying non-linear chirp of the generated radiation. In the Appendices an intuitive understanding of time-frequency representations of chirped SASE radiation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleg Gorobtsov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
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Khubbutdinov R, Menushenkov AP, Vartanyants IA. Coherence properties of the high-energy fourth-generation X-ray synchrotron sources. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1851-1862. [PMID: 31721727 PMCID: PMC6853378 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519013079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the coherence properties of the fourth-generation high-energy storage rings with emittance values of 10 pm rad is performed. It is presently expected that a storage ring with these low emittance values will reach diffraction limit at hard X-rays. Simulations of coherence properties were performed with the XRT software and an analytical approach for different photon energies from 500 eV to 50 keV. It was demonstrated that a minimum photon emittance (diffraction limit) reached at such storage rings is λ/2π. Using mode decomposition it is shown that, for the parameters of the storage ring considered in this work, the diffraction limit will be reached for soft X-ray energies of 500 eV. About ten modes will contribute to the radiation field at 12 keV photon energy and even more modes give a contribution at higher photon energies. Energy spread effects of the electron beam in a low-emittance storage ring were analysed in detail. Simulations were performed at different relative energy spread values from zero to 2 × 10-3. A decrease of the degree of coherence with an increase of the relative energy spread value was observed. This analysis shows that, to reach the diffraction limit for high photon energies, electron beam emittance should go down to 1 pm rad and below.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Khubbutdinov
- Deutsches Electronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation
| | - A. P. Menushenkov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation
| | - I. A. Vartanyants
- Deutsches Electronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russian Federation
- Correspondence e-mail:
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Asban S, Cho D, Mukamel S. Frequency-, Time-, and Wavevector-Resolved Ultrafast Incoherent Diffraction of Noisy X-ray Pulses. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5805-5814. [PMID: 31503495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We study theoretically incoherent time-resolved X-ray diffraction of fluctuating sources such as free electron lasers, as well as coherent sources with controllably added randomness. We find that the temporal resolution is strongly eroded by the noise. By considering frequency resolution of the signal, we find that the statistical properties of the noise carry important information allowing us to restore the temporal resolution. We propose a multidimensional stochastic resonance treatment to shape the optical window and extract this information from signals. Using the frequency-dependent stochastic phase as a frequency marker allows to improve the spectral resolution as well via intensity correlations. Frequency-tuned field correlation functions are used to modify the effective frequency gating and extract specific charge density contributions to the diffraction pattern while maintaining temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahaf Asban
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Daeheum Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
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Hua W, Zhou G, Hu Z, Yang S, Liao K, Zhou P, Dong X, Wang Y, Bian F, Wang J. On-line monitoring of the spatial properties of hard X-ray free-electron lasers based on a grating splitter. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:619-628. [PMID: 31074424 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519001681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) play an increasingly important role in addressing the new scientific challenges relating to their high brightness, high coherence and femtosecond time structure. As a result of pulse-by-pulse fluctuations, the pulses of an XFEL beam may demonstrate subtle differences in intensity, energy spectrum, coherence, wavefront, etc., and thus on-line monitoring and diagnosis of a single pulse are required for many XFEL experiments. Here a new method is presented, based on a grating splitter and bending-crystal analyser, for single-pulse on-line monitoring of the spatial characteristics including the intensity profile, coherence and wavefront, which was suggested and applied experimentally to the temporal diagnosis of an XFEL single pulse. This simulation testifies that the intensity distribution, coherence and wavefront of the first-order diffracted beam of a grating preserve the properties of the incident beam, by using the coherent mode decomposition of the Gaussian-Schell model and Fourier optics. Indicatively, the first-order diffraction of appropriate gratings can be used as an alternative for on-line monitoring of the spatial properties of a single pulse without any characteristic deformation of the principal diffracted beam. However, an interesting simulation result suggests that the surface roughness of gratings will degrade the spatial characteristics in the case of a partially coherent incident beam. So, there exists a suitable roughness value for non-destructive monitoring of the spatial properties of the downstream beam, which depends on the specific optical path. Here, experiments based on synchrotron radiation X-rays are carried out in order to verify this method in principle. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Hua
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhao Zhou
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Hu
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Yang
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Keliang Liao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohao Dong
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenggang Bian
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
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7
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Gorobtsov OY, Mercurio G, Capotondi F, Skopintsev P, Lazarev S, Zaluzhnyy IA, Danailov MB, Dell'Angela M, Manfredda M, Pedersoli E, Giannessi L, Kiskinova M, Prince KC, Wurth W, Vartanyants IA. Seeded X-ray free-electron laser generating radiation with laser statistical properties. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4498. [PMID: 30374062 PMCID: PMC6206026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The invention of optical lasers led to a revolution in the field of optics and to the creation of such fields of research as quantum optics. The reason was their unique statistical and coherence properties. The emerging, short-wavelength free-electron lasers (FELs) are sources of very bright coherent extreme-ultraviolet and X-ray radiation with pulse durations on the order of femtoseconds, and are presently considered to be laser sources at these energies. FELs are highly spatially coherent to the first-order but in spite of their name, behave statistically as chaotic sources. Here, we demonstrate experimentally, by combining Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry with spectral measurements that the seeded XUV FERMI FEL-2 source does indeed behave statistically as a laser. The results may be useful for quantum optics experiments and for the design and operation of next generation FEL sources. Free electron lasers are emerging as important tools for nonlinear spectroscopy in the X-ray regime. Here the authors demonstrate the second order coherence of a seeded FEL source that may be useful for measurements in quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Yu Gorobtsov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Giuseppe Mercurio
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chausse 149, D-22761, Hamburg, Germany.,European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Petr Skopintsev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, PSI Aarebrucke, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sergey Lazarev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (TPU), pr. Lenina 30, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ivan A Zaluzhnyy
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, 115409, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Luca Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149, Basovizza (Trieste), Italy.,ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044, Frascati, Rome, Italy
| | - Maya Kiskinova
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149, Basovizza (Trieste), Italy
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149, Basovizza (Trieste), Italy.,Molecular Model Discovery Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Wilfried Wurth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chausse 149, D-22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivan A Vartanyants
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany. .,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, 115409, Moscow, Russia.
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