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Blohm A, Domes C, Frosch T. Isotopomeric Peak Assignment for N 2O in Cross-Labeling Experiments by Fiber-Enhanced Raman Multigas Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38315571 PMCID: PMC10882577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Human intervention in nature, especially fertilization, greatly increased the amount of N2O emission. While nitrogen fertilizer is used to improve nitrogen availability and thus plant growth, one negative side effect is the increased emission of N2O. Successful regulation and optimization strategies require detailed knowledge of the processes producing N2O in soil. Nitrification and denitrification, the main processes responsible for N2O emissions, can be differentiated using isotopic analysis of N2O. The interplay between these processes is complex, and studies to unravel the different contributions require isotopic cross-labeling and analytical techniques that enable tracking of the labeled compounds. Fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (FERS) was exploited for sensitive quantification of N2O isotopomers alongside N2, O2, and CO2 in multigas compositions and in cross-labeling experiments. FERS enabled the selective and sensitive detection of specific molecular vibrations that could be assigned to various isotopomer peaks. The isotopomers 14N15N16O (2177 cm-1) and 15N14N16O (2202 cm-1) could be clearly distinguished, allowing site-specific measurements. Also, isotopomers containing different oxygen isotopes, such as 14N14N17O, 14N14N18O, 15N15N16O, and 15N14N18O could be identified. A cross-labeling showed the capability of FERS to disentangle the contributions of nitrification and denitrification to the total N2O fluxes while quantifying the total sample headspace composition. Overall, the presented results indicate the potential of FERS for isotopic studies of N2O, which could provide a deeper understanding of the different pathways of the nitrogen cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Blohm
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Domes
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Frosch
- Biophotonics and Biomedical Engineering Group, Technical University Darmstadt, Merckstr. 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert Einstein Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
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2
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Fry EL, Ashworth D, Allen KAJ, Chardon NI, Rixen C, Björkman MP, Björk RG, Stålhandske T, Molau M, Locke-King B, Cantillon I, McDonald C, Liu H, De Vries FT, Ostle NJ, Singh BK, Bardgett RD. Vegetation type, not the legacy of warming, modifies the response of microbial functional genes and greenhouse gas fluxes to drought in Oro-Arctic and alpine regions. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad145. [PMID: 37951295 PMCID: PMC10673709 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate warming and summer droughts alter soil microbial activity, affecting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Arctic and alpine regions. However, the long-term effects of warming, and implications for future microbial resilience, are poorly understood. Using one alpine and three Arctic soils subjected to in situ long-term experimental warming, we simulated drought in laboratory incubations to test how microbial functional-gene abundance affects fluxes in three GHGs: carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. We found that responses of functional gene abundances to drought and warming are strongly associated with vegetation type and soil carbon. Our sites ranged from a wet, forb dominated, soil carbon-rich systems to a drier, soil carbon-poor alpine site. Resilience of functional gene abundances, and in turn methane and carbon dioxide fluxes, was lower in the wetter, carbon-rich systems. However, we did not detect an effect of drought or warming on nitrous oxide fluxes. All gene-GHG relationships were modified by vegetation type, with stronger effects being observed in wetter, forb-rich soils. These results suggest that impacts of warming and drought on GHG emissions are linked to a complex set of microbial gene abundances and may be habitat-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L Fry
- School of Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Ashworth
- School of Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley A J Allen
- School of Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Isabelle Chardon
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Flüelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Centre CERC, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Mats P Björkman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 100 405 30 Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 100 405 30 Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert G Björk
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 100 405 30 Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 100 405 30 Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Stålhandske
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 100 405 30 Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mathias Molau
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 100 405 30 Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brady Locke-King
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Cantillon
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona McDonald
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Bourke Street, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Bourke Street, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Franciska T De Vries
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nick J Ostle
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Brajesh K Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Bourke Street, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Bourke Street, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard D Bardgett
- School of Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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3
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Lacroix EM, Aeppli M, Boye K, Brodie E, Fendorf S, Keiluweit M, Naughton HR, Noël V, Sihi D. Consider the Anoxic Microsite: Acknowledging and Appreciating Spatiotemporal Redox Heterogeneity in Soils and Sediments. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1592-1609. [PMID: 37753209 PMCID: PMC10519444 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions underlie essentially all biogeochemical cycles. Like most soil properties and processes, redox is spatiotemporally heterogeneous. However, unlike other soil features, redox heterogeneity has yet to be incorporated into mainstream conceptualizations of soil biogeochemistry. Anoxic microsites, the defining feature of redox heterogeneity in bulk oxic soils and sediments, are zones of oxygen depletion in otherwise oxic environments. In this review, we suggest that anoxic microsites represent a critical component of soil function and that appreciating anoxic microsites promises to advance our understanding of soil and sediment biogeochemistry. In sections 1 and 2, we define anoxic microsites and highlight their dynamic properties, specifically anoxic microsite distribution, redox gradient magnitude, and temporality. In section 3, we describe the influence of anoxic microsites on several key elemental cycles, organic carbon, nitrogen, iron, manganese, and sulfur. In section 4, we evaluate methods for identifying and characterizing anoxic microsites, and in section 5, we highlight past and current approaches to modeling anoxic microsites. Finally, in section 6, we suggest steps for incorporating anoxic microsites and redox heterogeneities more broadly into our understanding of soils and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Lacroix
- Institut
des Dynamiques de la Surface Terrestre (IDYST), Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department
of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Meret Aeppli
- Institut
d’ingénierie de l’environnement (IIE), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Boye
- Environmental
Geochemistry Group, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Eoin Brodie
- Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory, Earth and Environmental
Sciences Area, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Scott Fendorf
- Department
of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marco Keiluweit
- Institut
des Dynamiques de la Surface Terrestre (IDYST), Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hannah R. Naughton
- Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory, Earth and Environmental
Sciences Area, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vincent Noël
- Environmental
Geochemistry Group, SLAC National Accelerator
Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Debjani Sihi
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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4
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Rodríguez R, Barra PJ, Larama G, Carrion VJ, de la Luz Mora M, Hale L, Durán P. Microbiome engineering optimized by Antarctic microbiota to support a plant host under water deficit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1241612. [PMID: 37780522 PMCID: PMC10541027 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1241612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change challenges modern agriculture to develop alternative and eco-friendly solutions to alleviate abiotic and/or biotic stresses. The use of soil microbiomes from extreme environments opens new avenues to discover novel microorganisms and microbial functions to protect plants. In this study we confirm the ability of a bioinoculant, generated by natural engineering, to promote host development under water stress. Microbiome engineering was mediated through three factors i) Antarctic soil donation, ii) water deficit and iii) multigenerational tomato host selection. We revealed that tomato plants growing in soils supplemented with Antarctic microbiota were tolerant to water deficit stress after 10 generations. A clear increase in tomato seedling tolerance against water deficit stress was observed in all soils over generations of Host Mediated Microbiome Engineering, being Fildes mixture the most representatives, which was evidenced by an increased survival time, plant stress index, biomass accumulation, and decreased leaf proline content. Microbial community analysis using 16s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data suggested a microbiome restructuring that could be associated with increased tolerance of water deficit. Additionally, the results showed a significant increase in the relative abundance of Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus and Bacillus spp. which could be key taxa associated with the observed tolerance improvement. We proposed that in situ microbiota engineering through the evolution of three factors (long-standing extreme climate adaption and host and stress selection) could represent a promising strategy for novel generation of microbial inoculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rodríguez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Agroscientific SpA, Temuco, Chile
| | - Patricio J. Barra
- Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Giovanni Larama
- Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - María de la Luz Mora
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Lauren Hale
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States
| | - Paola Durán
- Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente, Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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5
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Huang L, Levintal E, Erikson CB, Coyotl A, Horwath WR, Dahlke HE, Mazza Rodrigues JL. Molecular and Dual-Isotopic Profiling of the Microbial Controls on Nitrogen Leaching in Agricultural Soils under Managed Aquifer Recharge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37467434 PMCID: PMC10399200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) leaching is a serious health and ecological concern in global agroecosystems, particularly those under the application of agricultural-managed aquifer recharge (Ag-MAR); however, there is an absence of information on microbial controls affecting NO3- leaching outcomes. We combine natural dual isotopes of NO3- (15N/14N and 18O/16O) with metagenomics, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and a threshold indicator taxa analysis (TITAN) to investigate the activities, taxon profiles, and environmental controls of soil microbiome associated with NO3- leaching at different depths from Californian vineyards under Ag-MAR application. The isotopic signatures demonstrated a significant priming effect (P < 0.01) of Ag-MAR on denitrification activities in the topsoil (0-10 cm), with a 12-25-fold increase of 15N-NO3- and 18O-NO3- after the first 24 h of flooding, followed by a sharp decrease in the enrichment of both isotopes with ∼80% decline in denitrification activities thereafter. In contrast, deeper soils (60-100 cm) showed minimal or no denitrification activities over the course of Ag-MAR application, thus resulting in 10-20-fold of residual NO3- being leached. Metagenomic profiling and laboratory microcosm demonstrated that both nitrifying and denitrifying groups, responsible for controlling NO3- leaching, decreased in abundance and potential activity rates with soil depth. TITAN suggested that Nitrosocosmicus and Bradyrhizobium, as the major nitrifier and denitrifier, had the highest and lowest tipping points with regard to the NO3- changes (P < 0.05), respectively. Overall, our study provides new insight into specific depth limitations of microbial controls on soil NO3- leaching in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laibin Huang
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Elad Levintal
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Christian Bernard Erikson
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Adolfo Coyotl
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - William R Horwath
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Helen E Dahlke
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jorge L Mazza Rodrigues
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Andrade-Linares DR, Zistl-Schlingmann M, Foesel B, Dannenmann M, Schulz S, Schloter M. Short term effects of climate change and intensification of management on the abundance of microbes driving nitrogen turnover in montane grassland soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146672. [PMID: 34030328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Montane grasslands in Europe are exposed to increasing temperatures twice as fast as the global average. Changes in climatic conditions are possibly accompanied by an increase in land use intensity, caused by a prolongation of the vegetation period and the need to improve productivity. Therefore, the investigation of combined effects of climate change and land use intensity is needed to further implement agricultural management strategies. Here we present results from a study performed in the pre-alpine region of southern Germany, where intact plant-soil mesocosms from grasslands, were translocated along an altitudinal gradient, resulting in an increase in soil temperature (moderate treatment: +0.5 K; strong treatment: +1.9 K warming) during the experimental period. Additionally, we applied an extensive or intensive agricultural management (two vs. five times of mowing and slurry application) on the transplanted mesocosms. After an exposure of one year, we measured plant growth and soil properties and quantified abundances of soil microorganisms catalyzing key steps in the nitrogen (N) cycle. Our data indicate, significant interactions between climate change and management. For example, microbial biomass was significantly reduced (-47.7% and -49.8% for Cmic and Nmic respectively), which was further accompanied by lower abundances of N2-fixing bacteria (up to -89,3%), as well as ammonia oxidizing bacteria (-81.4%) under intensive management, whereas N-mineralizing bacteria increased in abundance (up to +139.8%) under extensive management. Surprisingly, the abundances of denitrifying bacteria as well as mean N2O emissions were not affected by the treatments. Overall, our data suggest pronounced shifts in the abundance of microbes driving the N cycle in soil as a result of combined climate change and land use intensification already after a short simulation period of one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana R Andrade-Linares
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Marcus Zistl-Schlingmann
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Baerbel Foesel
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Dannenmann
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schulz
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Soil Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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7
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Harris E, Diaz-Pines E, Stoll E, Schloter M, Schulz S, Duffner C, Li K, Moore KL, Ingrisch J, Reinthaler D, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, Glatzel S, Brüggemann N, Bahn M. Denitrifying pathways dominate nitrous oxide emissions from managed grassland during drought and rewetting. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabb7118. [PMID: 33547069 PMCID: PMC7864578 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb7118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas whose atmospheric growth rate has accelerated over the past decade. Most anthropogenic N2O emissions result from soil N fertilization, which is converted to N2O via oxic nitrification and anoxic denitrification pathways. Drought-affected soils are expected to be well oxygenated; however, using high-resolution isotopic measurements, we found that denitrifying pathways dominated N2O emissions during a severe drought applied to managed grassland. This was due to a reversible, drought-induced enrichment in nitrogen-bearing organic matter on soil microaggregates and suggested a strong role for chemo- or codenitrification. Throughout rewetting, denitrification dominated emissions, despite high variability in fluxes. Total N2O flux and denitrification contribution were significantly higher during rewetting than for control plots at the same soil moisture range. The observed feedbacks between precipitation changes induced by climate change and N2O emission pathways are sufficient to account for the accelerating N2O growth rate observed over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Harris
- Plant, Soil and Ecosystem Processes Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - E Diaz-Pines
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - E Stoll
- Plant, Soil and Ecosystem Processes Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Schloter
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Soil Science, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - S Schulz
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - C Duffner
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Soil Science, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - K Li
- Department of Materials, Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - K L Moore
- Department of Materials, Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J Ingrisch
- Plant, Soil and Ecosystem Processes Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - D Reinthaler
- Plant, Soil and Ecosystem Processes Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Zechmeister-Boltenstern
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Glatzel
- Geoecology, Department of Geography and Regional Research, Faculty of Geosciences, Geography, and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - N Brüggemann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - M Bahn
- Plant, Soil and Ecosystem Processes Research Group, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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8
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Frąc M, Lipiec J, Usowicz B, Oszust K, Brzezińska M. Structural and functional microbial diversity of sandy soil under cropland and grassland. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9501. [PMID: 32953254 PMCID: PMC7474522 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Land use change significantly alters soil organic carbon content and the microbial community. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of changing cropland to grassland on structural and functional soil microbial diversity was evaluated. The specific aims were (i) to identify the most prominent members of the fungal communities and their relevant ecological guild groups; (ii) to assess changes in the diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea; (iii) to determine the relationships between microbial diversity and selected physical and chemical properties. Methods We investigated microbial diversity and activity indicators, bulk density and the water-holding capacity of sandy soil under both cropland and 25-year-old grassland (formerly cropland) in Trzebieszów, in the Podlasie Region, Poland. Microbial diversity was assessed by: the relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea, fungal community composition and functional diversity. Microbial activity was assessed by soil enzyme (dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase) and respiration tests. Results It was shown that compared to cropland, grassland has a higher soil organic carbon content, microbial biomass, basal respiration, rate of enzyme activity, richness and diversity of the microbial community, water holding capacity and the structure of the fungal and ammonia-oxidizing archaea communities was also altered. The implications of these results for soil quality and soil health are also discussed. The results suggest that grassland can have a significant phytosanitary capacity with regard to ecosystem services, due to the prominent presence of beneficial and antagonistic microbes. Moreover, the results also suggest that grassland use may improve the status of soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics, thereby increasing the relative abundance of fungi and ammonia-oxidizing archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Frąc
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Lipiec
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bogusław Usowicz
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Karolina Oszust
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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9
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Klaus VH, Friedritz L, Hamer U, Kleinebecker T. Drought boosts risk of nitrate leaching from grassland fertilisation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:137877. [PMID: 32481225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Both climate change and agricultural intensification are drivers of global nutrient cycles and biodiversity loss. A potentially great environmental threat can arise when these two drivers interact, for example, when farmers try to compensate reduced soil nutrient availability due to drought by the application of liquid organic fertiliser. As dry soils don't hold back nutrients very well, this approach can lead to nitrate leaching and potentially also to the pollution of drinking water. However, little is known about leaching from dry but fertilised grassland soil, and how this is affected by land use intensity and plant diversity. In this mesocosm study, we transferred 60 grassland sods differing in past land use intensity to a greenhouse and treated them with severe drought, fertilisation and both together. Drought was induced by almost entirely stopping irrigation for seven weeks. Fertilisation was done by three applications of slurry summing up to 168 kg total nitrogen per hectare (111 kg NH4-N). We assessed nutrient leaching risk with ion-exchange resin (IER) bags installed in the soil of all mesocosms. IER bags were retrieved after drought and extracts were analysed for concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, phosphate and potassium. Fertilisation partially buffered drought-induced losses in yield. However, the interaction of fertilisation and drought resulted in a drastic increase in nitrate leaching risk when soils are rewetted (>300%), while neither drought nor fertilisation alone were significant. Ammonium concentrations followed the same trend as nitrate, but less pronounced. Phosphate and potassium concentrations were not affected by the treatments. Past land use was hardly related to soil nutrient concentrations, rather was plant diversity. However, results indicate that plant diversity was not driving nitrate and ammonium concentrations under drought and/or fertilisation. This study reveals grassland fertilisation during drought to be a severe environmental problem due to significantly increased nitrate leaching risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin H Klaus
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstr, 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr, 2, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Lennart Friedritz
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr, 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ute Hamer
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr, 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Till Kleinebecker
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr, 2, 48149 Münster, Germany; Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, University of Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
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