Outcome of stage IV cancer patients receiving in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a population-based cohort study

Lipid Levels and Lung Cancer Risk: Findings from the Taiwan National Data Systems from 2012 to 2018

BACKGROUND

Lipids are known to be involved in carcinogenesis, but the associations between lipid profiles and different lung cancer histological classifications remain unknown.

METHODS

Individuals who participated in national adult health surveillance from 2012 to 2018 were included. For patients who developed lung cancer during follow-up, a 1:2 control group of nonlung cancer participants was selected after matching. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to explore the associations between lipid profiles, different lung cancer histological classifications and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation statuses. Subgroup, sensitivity, and dose‒response analyses were also performed.

RESULTS

A total of 4,704,853 participants (30,337 lung cancer participants and 4,674,516 nonlung cancer participants) were included. In both the main and sensitivity analyses, the associations remained constant between lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and a higher risk of lung cancer (main analysis: odds ratio: 1.13 [1.08-1.18]) and squamous cell carcinoma (1.29 [1.16-1.43]). Hypertriglyceridemia was associated with a lower risk of adenocarcinoma (0.90 [0.84-0.96]) and a higher risk of small cell lung cancer (1.31 [1.11-1.55]). Hypercholesterolemia was associated with a lower risk of squamous cell carcinoma (0.84 [0.76-0.94]). In the subgroup analysis, lower HDL cholesterol levels were associated with greater risk across most subgroups. HDL cholesterol levels also demonstrated a dose‒response association with the development of lung cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

The distinct associations between specific lipid profiles and lung cancer subtypes suggest that lipid metabolism may play different mechanistic roles in lung cancer development.

Impact of isoniazid monoresistance on overall and vulnerable patient populations in Taiwan

Isoniazid is an early bactericidal anti-tuberculosis (TB) agent and isoniazid mono-resistance TB is the most prevalent drug-resistant TB worldwide. Concerns exist regarding whether resistance to isoniazid would lead to delayed culture conversion and worst outcomes. From January 2008 to November 2017, adult culture-positive pulmonary TB patients receiving isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol were identified through Taiwan Center for Disease Control database and were followed until the end of 2017. Primary outcomes included time to sputum culture conversion (SCC) within two months. Secondary outcomes included death and unfavourable outcomes at the end of 2nd month. A total of 37,193 drug-susceptible and 2,832 isoniazid monoresistant pulmonary TB patients were identified. Compared with no resistance, isoniazid monoresistance was not associated with a delayed SCC (HR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.94─1.05, p = 0.8145), a higher risk of 2-month mortality (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 0.92─1.53, p = 0.1884), and unfavourable outcomes at 2nd month (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.97─1.14, p = 0.2427). Isoniazid monoresistance was associated with delayed SCC (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83─0.98, p = 0.0099) and a higher risk of unfavourable outcomes (OR:1.18, 95% CI: 1.05─1.32, p = 0.0053) in patients aged between 20 and 65, and delayed SCC in patients without underlying comorbidities (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.81─0.98, p = 0.0237). Isoniazid mono-resistant TB had a comparable outcome with drug-susceptible TB at the end of the intensive phase. Healthy, and non-elderly patients were more likely to had culture persistence, raising concerns about disease transmission in these subgroups and warranting early molecular testing for isoniazid resistance.

Racial disparities in the frequency and timing of code status orders among women with breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Black/African American women with breast cancer have a disproportionately higher risk of mortality compared to other race groups, although their overall incidence of disease is lower. Despite this, advance care planning (ACP) and consequent code status documentation remain low in this vulnerable patient population. Code status orders (i.e., Full code, Do Not Attempt Resuscitation [DNAR], Do Not Intubate [DNI]) allow consideration of patient preferences regarding the use of aggressive treatments, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation and intubation. The aim of this study is to characterize presence of code status orders and determine whether race affects code status documentation after the first encounter for breast cancer.

METHODS

Data were derived from 7524 women with breast cancer from the University of Chicago Medical Center (UCMC) between 2016 and 2021. Cox regression was used to estimate the effects of race and adjusted for age, ethnicity, inpatient stays, metastatic breast cancer, marital status, and body mass index.

RESULTS

The sample included 60.5% White, 3.6% Asian/Mideast Indian, 28.9% Black/African American, and 7.0% other or unknown race. Results indicate that code status orders after the first breast cancer encounter were uncommon (7.2%). Black/African American race (HR = 2.74; 95% CI: 1.75, 4.28) emerged as a significant factor associated with any code status orders compared to other race groups even when adjusting for covariates.

CONCLUSIONS

Code status documentation in this sample of women with breast cancer was low overall, yet rates were higher among Black/African American patients compared to other race groups. In fact, race remains a significant predictor of code status documentation even when accounting for indirect measures of cancer severity. This could be denoting the racial disparities (e.g., higher cancer malignancy such as triple negative breast cancer) in breast cancer mortality risk. Future research is needed to identify factors unique to Black/African American women that would increase code status documentation so that goal concordant care can be prioritized among patients with breast cancer.

In-Hospital Code Status Updates: Trends Over Time and the Impact of COVID-19

OBJECTIVE

The primary objective was to evaluate if the percentage of patients with missing or inaccurate code status documentation at a Trauma Level 1 hospital could be reduced through daily updates. The secondary objective was to examine if patient preferences for DNR changed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

This retrospective study, spanning March 2019 to December 2022, compared the code status in ICU and ED patients drawn from two data sets. The first was based on historical electronic medical records (EHR), and the second involved daily updates of code status following patient admission.

RESULTS

Implementing daily updates upon admission was more effective in ICUs than in the ED in reducing missing code status documentation. Around 20% of patients without a specific code status chose DNR under the new system. During COVID-19, a decrease in ICU patients choosing DNR and an increase in full code (FC) choices were observed.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the importance of regular updates and discussions regarding code status to enhance patient care and resource allocation in ICU and ED settings. The COVID-19 pandemic's influence on shifting patient preferences towards full code status underscores the need for adaptable documentation practices. Emphasizing patient education about DNR implications and benefits is key to supporting informed decisions that reflect individual health contexts and values. This approach will help balance the considerations for DNR and full code choices, especially during health care crises.

Factors affecting do-not-attempt-resuscitation (DNAR) decisions among adult patients in the emergency department of a general tertiary teaching hospital in China: a retrospective observational study

OBJECTIVE

Do-not-attempt-resuscitation (DNAR) orders are designed to allow patients to opt out of receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the event of a cardiac arrest. While DNAR has become a standard component of medical care, there is limited research available specifically focusing on DNAR orders in the context of emergency departments in China. This study aimed to fill that gap by examining the factors related to DNAR orders among patients in the emergency department of a general tertiary teaching hospital in China.

DESIGN

Retrospective observational study.

SETTING

Emergency department.

PARTICIPANTS

This study and analysis on adult patients with DNAR or no DNAR data between 1 January 2022 and 1 January 2023 in the emergency department of a large academic comprehensive tertiary teaching hospital. A total of 689 were included in our study.

PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES

Whether the patient received DNAR was our dependent variable.

RESULTS

Among the total patients, 365 individuals (53.0%) had DNAR orders. The following variables, including age, sex, age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (ACCI), primary diagnosis of cardiogenic or cancer related, history of neurological dysfunction or cancer, were independently associated with the difference between the DNAR group and the no DNAR group. Furthermore, there were significant statistical differences observed in the choice of DNAR among patients with different stages of cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

In comparison to the no DNAR group, patients with DNAR were characterised by being older, having a higher proportion of female patients, higher ACCI scores, a lower number of patients with a primary diagnosis of cardiogenic and a higher number of patients with a primary diagnosis of cancer related, history of neurological dysfunction or cancer.

Oral uracil-tegafur compared with intravenous chemotherapy as adjuvant therapy for resected early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Studies comparing the effectiveness of either adjuvant oral uracil-tegafur (UFT) or intravenous chemotherapy on early-stage (stage I and II) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with complete surgical treatment remain limited.

METHODS

From January 2011 to December 2017, patients with early-stage NSCLC (defined as tumor size >3 cm without mediastinal lymph node involvement or any distant metastasis) receiving either adjuvant oral UFT or intravenous chemotherapy after surgical resection were identified from the Taiwan Cancer Registry. Overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) were the primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. Propensity matching was used for controlling confounders.

RESULTS

A total of 840 patients receiving adjuvant therapy after surgery (including 595 oral UFT and 245 intravenous chemotherapy) were enrolled. Before matching, patients using oral UFT had significantly longer OS (HR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49-0.98, p = 0.0387) and RFS (HR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.61-0.97, p = 0.0392) than those with intravenous chemotherapy. A matched cohort of 352 patients was created using 1:1 propensity score-matching. In the Cox regression analysis, the UFT and the matched chemotherapy groups had similar OS (HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.48-1.32, p = 0.3753) and RFS (HR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.72-1.34, p = 0.9149). Among subgroup analysis, oral UFT use was associated with longer RFS among the subgroups of non-drinker (HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.34-0.99, p = 0.0478) and patients with stage IB disease (HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.42-0.97, p = 0.0341).

CONCLUSIONS

This population-based study in the real-world setting of Taiwan demonstrates comparable effectiveness between oral UFT and intravenous chemotherapy in terms of clinical outcomes for early-stage NSCLC patients after surgery.

Impact of Race on Outcomes of Advanced Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Immunotherapy

BACKGROUND

The impact of race in advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is conflicting. Our study sought to examine racial disparities in time to treatment initiation (TTI), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) using a population that was almost equally black and white.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of stage IV NSCLC patients > 18 years receiving immunotherapy at our center between 2014 and 2021. Kaplan-Meier curves and the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model determined the predictors of OS and PFS. Analyses were undertaken using IBM PSAW (SPSS v.28).

RESULTS

Out of 194 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 42.3% were black (n = 82). In the multivariate analysis, there was no difference in PFS (HR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.66,1.40; p = 0.846) or OS (HR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.66, 1.48; p = 0.966). No difference in treatment selection was observed between white and black patients (p = 0.363), nor was there a difference observed in median time to overall treatment initiation (p = 0.201).

CONCLUSIONS

No difference was observed in OS and PFS in black and white patients. Black patients' reception of timelier immunotherapy was an unanticipated finding. Future studies are necessary to better understand how race impacts patient outcomes.

Indicators of Clinical Trajectory in Patients With Cancer Who Receive Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

BACKGROUND

Patients with cancer who require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) historically have had low survival to hospital discharge; however, overall CPR outcomes and cancer survival have improved. Identifying patients with cancer who are unlikely to survive CPR could guide and improve end-of-life discussions prior to cardiac arrest.

METHODS

Demographics, clinical variables, and outcomes including immediate and hospital survival for patients with cancer aged ≥18 years who required in-hospital CPR from 2012 to 2015 were collected. Indicators capturing the overall declining clinical and oncologic trajectory (ie, no further therapeutic options for cancer, recommendation for hospice, or recommendation for do not resuscitate) prior to CPR were determined a priori and manually identified.

RESULTS

Of 854 patients with cancer who underwent CPR, the median age was 63 years and 43.6% were female; solid cancers accounted for 60.6% of diagnoses. A recursive partitioning model selected having any indicator of declining trajectory as the most predictive factor in hospital outcome. Of our study group, 249 (29%) patients were found to have at least one indicator identified prior to CPR and only 5 survived to discharge. Patients with an indicator were more likely to die in the hospital and none were alive at 6 months after discharge. These patients were younger (median age, 59 vs 64 years; P≤.001), had a higher incidence of metastatic disease (83.0% vs 62.9%; P<.001), and were more likely to undergo CPR in the ICU (55.8% vs 36.5%; P<.001) compared with those without an indicator. Of patients without an indicator, 145 (25%) were discharged alive and half received some form of cancer intervention after CPR.

CONCLUSIONS

Providers can use easily identifiable indicators to ascertain which patients with cancer are at risk for death despite CPR and are unlikely to survive to discharge. These findings can guide discussions regarding utility of resuscitation and the lack of further cancer interventions even if CPR is successful.

Factors influencing terminal cancer patients' autonomous DNR decision: a longitudinal statutory document and clinical database study

Objective

Much of our knowledge of patient autonomy of DNR (do-not-resuscitate) is derived from the cross-sectional questionnaire surveys. Using signatures on statutory documents and medical records, we analyzed longitudinal data to understand the fact of terminal cancer patients’ autonomous DNR decision-making in Taiwan.

Methods

Using the medical information system database of one public medical center in Taiwan, we identified hospitalized cancer patients who died between Jan. 2017 and Dec. 2018, collected their demographic and clinical course data and records of their statutory DNR document types, letter of intent (DNR-LOI) signed by the patient personally and the consent form signed by their close relatives.

Results

We identified 1,338 signed DNR documents, 754 (56.35%) being DNR-LOI. Many patients had the first DNR order within their last week of life (40.81%). Signing the DNR-LOI was positively associated with being under the care of a family medicine physician prior to death at last hospitalization and having hospice palliative care and negatively associated with patient age ≥ 65 years, no formal education, having ≥ 3 children, having the first DNR order to death ≤ 29 days, and the last admission in an intensive care unit.

Conclusions

A substantial proportion of terminal cancer patients did not sign DNR documents by themselves. It indicates they may not know their actual terminal conditions and lose the last chance to grasp time to express their life values and wishes. Medical staff involving cancer patient care may need further education on the legal and ethical issues revolving around patient autonomy and training on communicating end-of-life options with the patients. We suggest proactively discussing DNR decision issues with terminal cancer patients no later than when their estimated survival is close to 1 month.

Trends in In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation from 2010 through 2019: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea

We aimed to examine recent trends in in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in South Korea from 2010 to 2019. A population-based sample of all adult patients who experienced in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019, was included. In all, 298,676 patients who received in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation were included in the survival analysis. In 2010, 60.7 per 100,000 adults experienced in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A similar rate was observed until 2015. The rate increased to 83.5 per 100,000 adults in 2016 and gradually increased to 92.1 per 100,000 adults in 2019. Among all patients, 78,783 (26.2%) were discharged alive after in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The 6-month and 1-year survival rates were 9.8% and 8.7%, respectively. In 2010, the mean total cost of hospitalization was USD 5822.80 (United States Dollar) (standard deviation; SD: USD 7493.4), which increased to USD 7886.20 (SD: USD 13,071.6) in 2019. The rate of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and cost of care have significantly increased since 2010, while the 6-month and 1-year rates of survival post in-hospital resuscitation remain low.

The feasibility of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for patients with active cancer who undergo in-hospital cardiac arrest

Indications of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) are still debatable, particularly in patients with cancer. Prediction of the prognosis of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) in patients with cancer receiving ECPR is important given the increasing prevalence and survival rate of cancer. We compared the neurologic outcomes and survival rates of IHCA patients with and without cancer receiving ECPR. Data from the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation registry between 2015 and 2019 were used in a retrospective manner. The primary outcome was 6-month good neurologic outcome, defined as a Cerebral performance category score of 1 or 2. The secondary outcomes were 1- and 3-month good neurologic outcome, and 6-month survival. Among 247 IHCA patients with ECPR, 43 had active cancer. The 6-month good neurologic outcome rate was 27.9% and 32.4% in patients with and without active cancer, respectively (P > 0.05). Good neurologic outcomes at 1-month (30.2% vs. 20.6%) and 3-month (30.2% vs. 28.4%), and the survival rate at 6-month (39.5% vs. 36.5%) were not significantly different (all P > 0.05) Active cancer was not associated with 6-month good neurologic outcome by logistic regression analyses. Therefore, patients with IHCA should not be excluded from ECPR solely for the presence of cancer itself.

Active Cancer Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Acute Venous Thromboembolism: A Retrospective Cohort Study on Risks and Outcomes

BACKGROUND

There is no prior study that has documented emergency department (ED) outcomes or stratified mortality risks of cancer patients presenting with an acute venous thromboembolism (VTE).

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate ED treatment of these patients, to document their outcomes, and to identify risk factors associated with death.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was performed on active cancer patients presenting with deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism to two academic EDs between July 2012 and June 2016. Key outcomes included mortality, ED revisit, and admission within 30 days. The patient cohort was characterized; crosstabs and regression analysis were performed to assess relative risks (RRs) and mitigating factors associated with 30-day mortality.

RESULTS

Of 355 patients, 9% died and 38% had one or more ED revisits or admissions. Recent immobility (RR 2.341, 95% CI 1.227-4.465), poor functional status (RR 2.090, 95% CI 1.028-4.248), recent admission (RR 2.441, 95% CI 1.276-4.669), and metastatic cancer (RR 4.669, 95% CI 1.456-14.979) were major risk factors for mortality. ED-provided anticoagulation reduced the overall mortality risk (RR 0.274, 95% CI 0.146-0.515) and mitigated the risk from recent immobility (RR 1.250, 95% CI 0.462-3.381), especially among patients with good or fair functional status.

CONCLUSION

Immobility and cancer morbidity are key risk factors for mortality after an acute VTE, but ED-provided anticoagulation mitigates the risk of immobility among healthier patients. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status can help clinicians risk stratify these patients at presentation.

Factors associated with physician decision making on withholding cardiopulmonary resuscitation in prehospital medicine

This study seeks to identify factors that are associated with decisions of prehospital physicians to start (continue, if ongoing) or withhold (terminate, if ongoing) CPR in patients with OHCA. We conducted a retrospective study using anonymised data from a prehospital physician response system. Data on patients attended for cardiac arrest between January 1st, 2010 and December 31st, 2018 except babies at birth were included. Logistic regression analysis with start of CPR by physicians as the dependent variable and possible associated factors as independent variables adjusted for anonymised physician identifiers was conducted. 1525 patient data sets were analysed. Obvious signs of death were present in 278 cases; in the remaining 1247, resuscitation was attempted in 920 (74%) and were withheld in 327 (26%). Factors significantly associated with higher likelihood of CPR by physicians (OR 95% CI) were resuscitation efforts by EMS before physician arrival (60.45, 19.89-184.29), first monitored heart rhythm (3.07, 1.21-7.79 for PEA; 29.25, 1.93-442. 51 for VF / pVT compared to asystole); advanced patient age (modelled using cubic splines), physician response time (0.92, 0.87-0.97 per minute) and malignancy (0.22, 0.05-0.92) were significantly associated with lower odds of CPR. We thus conclude that prehospital physicians make decisions to start or withhold resuscitation routinely and base those mostly on situational information and immediately available patient information known to impact outcomes.

Treatment Options of First-Line Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Subsequent Systemic Chemotherapy Agents for Advanced EGFR Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients: Implications From Taiwan Cancer Registry Cohort

Objectives

Large-scale, population-based real-world studies on the treatment outcomes of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and subsequent systemic chemotherapy agents for lung adenocarcinoma (with activating epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] mutations) remain limited.

Materials and Methods

From March 2014 to December 2016, patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma, identified from the Taiwan Cancer Registry were included in this study if they received any of the three TKIs as first-line treatment. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). The secondary outcome was time-to-treatment discontinuation (TTD).

Results

A total of 4,889 patients (median age: 67 years and two-thirds with distant metastasis) were recruited (1,778 gefitinib, 1,599 erlotinib, and 1,512 afatinib users). A 1:1 propensity score (PS)-matched cohorts of 1,228 afatinib/erlotinib and 1054 afatinib/gefitinib was created. After PS matching, it was found that afatinib was not associated with better OS (afatinib vs. erlotinib, HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.86–1.07; afatinib vs. gefitinib, HR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.81–1.02). In the subgroup analysis, afatinib demonstrated a survival benefit in patients with active smoking (afatinib vs. erlotinib, HR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.51–0.93; afatinib vs. gefitinib, HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.48–0.94) and ECOG > 1 (afatinib vs. erlotinib, HR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.63–0.99; afatinib vs. gefitinib, HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62–0.98). A total of 41.1% (n = 1992) of first-line TKI users received subsequent chemotherapy. Among the three TKI groups, pemetrexed usage was associated with better OS compared with other chemotherapy agents, with the exception of gemcitabine in the afatinib and gefitinib groups. Pemetrexed and gemcitabine had the longest TTD of 3–4 months.

Conclusions

Among patients with EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinoma, afatinib use may not provide longer OS compared with first-generation TKIs. Afatinib may be preferably considered among patients with active smoking and should not be withheld among those with worse performance status. With 40% of patients receiving subsequent chemotherapy, pemetrexed may be the preferred agent, while gemcitabine can be a reasonable alternative.