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Wang FH, Han LY, Jiang QP, Jiao P, Liu JQ, Liu SY, Guan SY, Ma YY. Functional analysis of transgenic cry1Ah-1 maize. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106455. [PMID: 37995881 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Maize is an important food crop in the world, but the yield and quality of maize have been significantly reduced due to the impact of insect pests. In order to address this issue, the cry1Ah gene was subjected to error-prone PCR for mutagenesis, and subsequently, the mutant cry1Ah-1 gene was introduced into maize inbred line GSH9901 callus using the Agrobacterium-mediated method. The T2 generation transformed plants were obtained by subculture, and 9 transgenic positive plants were obtained by molecular detection which was carried out by PCR, qRT-PCR, Bt gold-labeled immunoassay test strips, Western blot and ELISA. It was found that the Cry1Ah-1 gene could be transcribed normally in maize leaves, of which OE1 and OE3 had higher relative expression levels and could successfully express proteins of 71.94 KD size. They were expressed in different tissues at the 6-leaf stage, heading stage and grain-filling stage, and could ensure the protection of maize from corn borer throughout the growth period. The biological activities of OE1 and OE3 were tested indoors and in the field, and the results showed that in indoors, the corn borer that fed on OE1 and OE3 corn leaves had a mortality rate of 100 % after 3 days; in the field, OE1 and OE3 had strong insecticidal activity against corn borer, reaching a high resistance level. In conclusion, the transgenic cry1Ah-1 maize has a strong insecticidal effect on corn borer, and has a good prospect of commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Hao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Li-Yuan Han
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Qing-Ping Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Peng Jiao
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jia-Qi Liu
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Si-Yan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shu-Yan Guan
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Yi-Yong Ma
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Hemthanon T, Promdonkoy B, Boonserm P. Screening and characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates for high production of Vip3A and Cry proteins and high thermostability to control Spodoptera spp. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108020. [PMID: 37956858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an entomopathogenic bacterium that produces crystalline (Cry and Cyt) and soluble (vegetative insecticidal proteins or Vips) proteins during the sporulation and vegetative growth phases, respectively. Combining Cry and Vip proteins could delay insect resistance development and exhibit synergistic activity against various insect pests. This study aims to screen Bt isolates collected from Thailand for high Vip3A and Cry protein production levels and high thermostability to control Spodoptera spp. Among the selected Bt isolates with high target protein synthesis, Bt isolate 506 was found to be safe for further biopesticide formulation due to the absence of non-specific metabolite, as determined by the detection of thermo-stable β-exotoxin I based on biological assays and PCR analysis. Bt isolate 506 showed the presence of Cry1A, Cry2A, and Vip3A-type proteins identified as Cry1Aa45, Cry2Aa22, and Vip3A87, respectively. The insecticidal activity of whole culture extracts containing Vip3A and Cry mixtures and culture supernatants containing secreted Vip3A protein was evaluated against the second-instar larvae of S. exigua and S. frugiperda. The Bt isolate 506 showed high toxicity against both insects, and the insecticidal proteins produced by this isolate retained their activity after heating at 50 °C. This Bt isolate is a promising candidate for further development as a biopesticide against lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharathip Hemthanon
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Boonhiang Promdonkoy
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Panadda Boonserm
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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Fragoso RR, Arraes FBM, Lourenço-Tessutti IT, Miranda VJ, Basso MF, Ferreira AVJ, Viana AAB, Lins CBJ, Lins PC, Moura SM, Batista JAN, Silva MCM, Engler G, Morgante CV, Lisei-de-Sa ME, Vasques RM, de Almeida-Engler J, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Functional characterization of the pUceS8.3 promoter and its potential use for ectopic gene overexpression. PLANTA 2022; 256:69. [PMID: 36066773 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pUceS8.3 is a constitutive gene promoter with potential for ectopic and strong genes overexpression or active biomolecules in plant tissues attacked by pests, including nematode-induced giant cells or galls. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important agricultural commodities worldwide and a major protein and oil source. Herein, we identified the soybean ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzyme gene (GmUBC4; Glyma.18G216000), which is significantly upregulated in response to Anticarsia gemmatalis attack and Meloidogyne incognita-induced galls during plant parasitism by plant nematode. The GmUBC4 promoter sequence and its different modules were functionally characterized in silico and in planta using transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and G. max lines. Its full-length transcriptional regulatory region (promoter and 5´-UTR sequences, named pUceS8.3 promoter) was able to drive higher levels of uidA (β-glucuronidase) gene expression in different tissues of transgenic A. thaliana lines compared to its three shortened modules and the p35SdAMV promoter. Notably, higher β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymatic activity was shown in M. incognita-induced giant cells when the full pUceS8.3 promoter drove the expression of this reporter gene. Furthermore, nematode-specific dsRNA molecules were successfully overexpressed under the control of the pUceS8.3 promoter in transgenic soybean lines. The RNAi gene construct used here was designed to post-transcriptionally downregulate the previously characterized pre-mRNA splicing factor genes from Heterodera glycines and M. incognita. A total of six transgenic soybean lines containing RNAi gene construct were selected for molecular characterization after infection with M. incognita pre-parasitic second-stage (ppJ2) nematodes. A strong reduction in the egg number produced by M. incognita after parasitism was observed in those transgenic soybean lines, ranging from 71 to 92% compared to wild-type control plants. The present data demonstrated that pUceS8.3 is a gene promoter capable of effectively driving dsRNA overexpression in nematode-induced giant cells of transgenic soybean lines and can be successfully applied as an important biotechnological asset to generate transgenic crops with improved resistance to root-knot nematodes as well as other pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rocha Fragoso
- Embrapa Savannah, Planaltina, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Barbosa Monteiro Arraes
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Tristan Lourenço-Tessutti
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
| | - Vívian Jesus Miranda
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fernando Basso
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Barrozo Jesus Lins
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
| | - Philippe Castro Lins
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
| | - Stéfanie Menezes Moura
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
| | - João Aguiar Nogueira Batista
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Mattar Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
| | - Gilbert Engler
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Carolina Vianna Morgante
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
- Embrapa Semiarid, Petrolina-PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia Lisei-de-Sa
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
- Minas Gerais Agricultural Research Company (EPAMIG), Uberaba-MG, Brazil
| | - Raquel Medeiros Vasques
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil
| | - Janice de Almeida-Engler
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil.
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasília DF, CEP 70.770-900, Brazil.
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF, Brazil.
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Ongaratto S, Silveira CM, Santos MC, Gorri JER, Sartori MMP, Hunt TE, Lourenção AL, Baldin ELL. Resistance of Soybean Genotypes to Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): Antixenosis and Antibiosis Characterization. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2571-2580. [PMID: 34718639 PMCID: PMC8648384 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Injury by herbivores is a major biotic stress that limits soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] crop production. Among the main soybean insect pests, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner is responsible for causing significant economic damage in soybean. The primary management strategy for this insect is chemical control and use of Bt transgenic soybean. Alternative strategies, such as host plant resistance, are considered an efficient and less-aggressive method, especially in association with other strategies as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) approach. In this study, we evaluated 30 soybean genotypes to verify antixenosis expression through oviposition, attractiveness, and food consumption tests. From this, we selected 13 promising genotypes to verify the possible presence of antibiosis. Our results suggest that antixenosis was found in genotypes 'TMG 133' RR, 'TMG 1179' RR, 'IAC 19', 'IAC 17', 'IAC 100', D75-10169, and IAC 78-2318. By influence on behavior and negative impact on larval viability, antixenosis and antibiosis were indicated for the genotypes IAC 74-2832, 'IAC 19', 'IAC 17', 'IAC 100', and PI 274454. 'TMG 7062' IPRO was found to provide antibiosis resistance by negatively affecting larval development and viability. Because of reduced food consumption by larvae, antixenosis was indicated for 'IAC 24'. These genotypes should be considered in soybean breeding programs focusing on soybean resistance to A. gemmatalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ongaratto
- Department of Crop Protection, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C M Silveira
- Department of Crop Protection, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C Santos
- Department of Crop Protection, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J E R Gorri
- Department of Crop Protection, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M M P Sartori
- Department of Crop Protection, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas E Hunt
- Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Concord, NE, USA
| | - A L Lourenção
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E L L Baldin
- Department of Crop Protection, School of Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pinheiro DH, Valicente FH. Identification of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains for the Management of Lepidopteran Pests. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:804-811. [PMID: 34398398 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-based bioinsecticides and transgenic plants expressing proteins with insecticidal activity (Cry and Vip) have been successfully used in several integrated pest management programs worldwide. Lepidoptera comprise some of the most economically important insect pests of the major agricultural crops. In this study, the toxicity of 150 Bt strains was evaluated against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) larvae. Eight strains (426, 520B, 1636, 1641, 1644, 1648, 1657 and 1658) showed high insecticide activity against H. armigera and were therefore tested against Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner), Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), and Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) larvae. Our results showed that most of the Bt strains were also toxic to these lepidopteran species. The biochemical and molecular analyses of these strains revealed that they had a similar protein profile; however, their cry and vip gene contents were variable. In addition, the median lethal concentration (LC50) of the selected strains indicated that the strains 1636, 1641, and 1658 were the most effective against H. armigera, showing LC50 values of 185.02, 159.44, and 192.98 ng/cm2, respectively. Our results suggest that the selected Bt strains have great potential to control the lepidopteran pests H. armigera, A. gemmatalis, D. saccharalis, S. cosmioides, and C. includes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Heloísa Pinheiro
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Silva-Júnior NR, Cabrera YM, Barbosa SL, Barros RDA, Barros E, Vital CE, Ramos HJO, Oliveira MGA. Intestinal proteases profiling from Anticarsia gemmatalis and their binding to inhibitors. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 107:e21792. [PMID: 33948994 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of intestinal hydrolases is recognized, there is little information on the intestinal proteome of lepidopterans such as Anticarsia gemmatalis. Thus, we carried out the proteomic analysis of the A. gemmatalis intestine to characterize the proteases by LC/MS. We examined the interactions of proteins identified with protease inhibitors (PI) using molecular docking. We found 54 expressed antigens for intestinal protease, suggesting multiple important isoforms. The hydrolytic arsenal featured allows for a more comprehensive understanding of insect feeding. The docking analysis showed that the soybean PI (SKTI) could bind efficiently with the trypsin sequences and, therefore, insect resistance does not seem to involve changing the sequences of the PI binding site. In addition, a SERPIN was identified and the interaction analysis showed the inhibitor binding site is in contact with the catalytic site of trypsin, possibly acting as a regulator. In addition, this SERPIN and the identified PI sequences can be targets for the control of proteolytic activity in the caterpillar intestine and serve as a support for the rational design of a molecule with greater stability, less prone to cleavage by proteases and viable for the control of insect pests such as A. gemmatalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neilier R Silva-Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yaremis M Cabrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samuel L Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael de A Barros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Barros
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas, NuBioMol, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCB, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camilo E Vital
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Humberto J O Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas, NuBioMol, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCB, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Goreti A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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7
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Ongaratto S, Baldin ELL, Hunt TE, Montezano DG, Robinson EA, dos Santos MC. Effects of intraguild interactions on Anticarsia gemmatalis and Chrysodeixis includens larval fitness and behavior in soybean. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2939-2947. [PMID: 33619825 PMCID: PMC8251851 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crop pest management requires an understanding of the complex interactions among species that potentially impact crop yield. In soybean, the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner), and the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker), are described as key pests, sharing the same feeding guild. We assessed the intraguild interactions of these species under laboratory conditions. Fitness cost study was conducted to examine the influence of competition on insect development. A video tracking system was used to evaluate behavioral parameters during larval interactions in scenarios with and without food availability. RESULTS In the fitness cost assay, pupal weight was not significantly affected, regardless of sex. However, larval and pupal survival were influenced by the competition, especially in third versus fifth instar scenarios. We detected 40.00% cannibalism and 46.67% predation when A. gemmatalis and C. includens third instars competed with A. gemmatalis fifth instar, respectively. Distance moved, distance between larvae, body contact (food available) and frequency in food of C. includens larvae were negatively affected by interactions. Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae showed highly active behavior, moving twice or more the distance compared to C. includens larvae, and A. gemmatalis spent more time in body contact with food. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that A. gemmatalis has a competitive advantage over C. includens. This study provides important information regarding lepidopteran behavior in soybean. We recommended that additional studies are necessary to understand the effects of interactions, especially in field conditions. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ongaratto
- Department of Crop Protection, School of AgricultureSão Paulo State UniversityBotucatuSão PauloBrazil
| | - Edson LL Baldin
- Department of Crop Protection, School of AgricultureSão Paulo State UniversityBotucatuSão PauloBrazil
| | - Thomas E Hunt
- Haskell Agricultural LaboratoryUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnConcordNEUSA
| | | | - Emily A Robinson
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Maria C dos Santos
- Department of Crop Protection, School of AgricultureSão Paulo State UniversityBotucatuSão PauloBrazil
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