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Inagaki T, Wang KH, Kumar A, Izumiya C, Miura H, Komaki S, Davis RR, Tepper CG, Katano H, Shimoda M, Izumiya Y. KSHV vIL-6 enhances inflammatory responses by epigenetic reprogramming. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011771. [PMID: 37934757 PMCID: PMC10656005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS) is a newly described chronic inflammatory disease condition caused by KSHV infection and is characterized by high KSHV viral load and sustained elevations of serum KSHV-encoded IL-6 (vIL-6) and human IL-6 (hIL-6). KICS has significant immortality and greater risks of other complications, including malignancies. Although prolonged inflammatory vIL-6 exposure by persistent KSHV infection is expected to have key roles in subsequent disease development, the biological effects of prolonged vIL-6 exposure remain elusive. Using thiol(SH)-linked alkylation for the metabolic (SLAM) sequencing and Cleavage Under Target & Release Using Nuclease analysis (CUT&RUN), we studied the effect of prolonged vIL-6 exposure in chromatin landscape and resulting cytokine production. The studies showed that prolonged vIL-6 exposure increased Bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation co-occupancies on chromatin, and the recruitment sites were frequently co-localized with poised RNA polymerase II with associated enzymes. Increased BRD4 recruitment on promoters was associated with increased and prolonged NF-κB p65 binding after the lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The p65 binding resulted in quicker and sustained transcription bursts from the promoters; this mechanism increased total amounts of hIL-6 and IL-10 in tissue culture. Pretreatment with the BRD4 inhibitors, OTX015 and MZ1, eliminated the enhanced inflammatory cytokine production. These findings suggest that persistent vIL-6 exposure may establish a chromatin landscape favorable for the reactivation of inflammatory responses in monocytes. This epigenetic memory may explain the greater risk of chronic inflammatory disease development in KSHV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Inagaki
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Kang-Hsin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Chie Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroki Miura
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Somayeh Komaki
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan R. Davis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Clifford G. Tepper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
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Honda T, Inagawa H. Utility of In Vitro Cellular Models of Low-Dose Lipopolysaccharide in Elucidating the Mechanisms of Anti-Inflammatory and Wound-Healing-Promoting Effects of Lipopolysaccharide Administration In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14387. [PMID: 37762690 PMCID: PMC10532185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial component that activates intracellular signaling pathways upon binding to the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4/MD-2 complex. It is well known that LPS injected into animals and high-dose (100 ng/mL to 1 μg/mL) LPS treatment to innate immune cells induce an inflammatory response. In contrast, LPS is naturally present in the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin of humans and animals, and it has been shown that TLR-4-deficient animals cannot maintain their immune balance and gut homeostasis. LPS from commensal bacteria can help maintain homeostasis against mucosal stimulation in healthy individuals. Oral LPS administration has been shown to be effective in preventing allergic and lifestyle-related diseases. However, this effect was not observed after treatment with LPS at high doses. In mice, oral LPS administration resulted in the detection of LPS at a low concentration in the peritoneal fluid. Therefore, LPS administered at low and high doses have different effects. Moreover, the results of in vitro experiments using low-dose LPS may reflect the effects of oral LPS administration. This review summarizes the utility of in vitro models using cells stimulated with LPS at low concentrations (50 pg/mL to 50 ng/mL) in elucidating the mechanisms of oral LPS administration. Low-dose LPS administration has been demonstrated to suppress the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and promote wound healing, suggesting that LPS is a potential agent that can be used for the treatment and prevention of lifestyle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruko Honda
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inagawa
- Research Institute for Healthy Living, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956-0841, Japan;
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu 761-0301, Japan
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3
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Inagaki T, Wang KH, Kumar A, Izumiya C, Miura H, Komaki S, Davis RR, Tepper CG, Katano H, Shimoda M, Izumiya Y. KSHV vIL-6 Enhances Inflammatory Responses by Epigenetic Reprogramming. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.25.546454. [PMID: 37503036 PMCID: PMC10370004 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.25.546454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS) is a newly described chronic inflammatory disease condition caused by KSHV infection and is characterized by high KSHV viral load and sustained elevations of serum KSHV-encoded IL-6 (vIL-6) and human IL-6 (hIL-6). KICS has significant immortality and possesses greater risks of having other complications, which include malignancies. Although prolonged inflammatory vIL-6 exposure by persistent KSHV infection is expected to have key roles in subsequent disease development, the biological effects of prolonged vIL-6 exposure remain elusive. Using thiol-Linked Alkylation for the Metabolic Sequencing and Cleavage Under Target & Release Using Nuclease analysis, we studied the effect of prolonged vIL-6 exposure in chromatin landscape and resulting cytokine production. The studies showed that prolonged vIL-6 exposure increased Bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation co-occupancies on chromatin, and the recruitment sites were frequently co-localized with poised RNAPII with associated enzymes. Increased BRD4 recruitment on promoters was associated with increased and prolonged NF-κB p65 binding after the lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The p65 binding resulted in quicker and sustained transcription bursts from the promoters; this mechanism increased total amounts of hIL-6 and IL-10 in tissue culture. Pretreatment with the BRD4 inhibitor, OTX015, eliminated the enhanced inflammatory cytokine production. These findings suggest that persistent vIL-6 exposure may establish a chromatin landscape favorable for the reactivation of inflammatory responses in monocytes. This epigenetic memory may explain the greater risk of chronic inflammatory disease development in KSHV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Inagaki
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California USA
| | - Kang-Hsin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California USA
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California USA
| | - Chie Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California USA
| | - Hiroki Miura
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California USA
| | - Somayeh Komaki
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California USA
| | - Ryan R. Davis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California USA
| | - Clifford G. Tepper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California USA
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California USA
| | - Yoshihiro Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, the University of California Davis (UC Davis), Sacramento, California USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, California USA
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Zaichenko MI, Philenko P, Sidorina V, Grigoryan GA. Acute and Chronic Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Stress Changes Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokine Genes in the Rat Brain Region-Specifically and Affects Learning and Memory. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:526-538. [PMID: 37080938 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Goal of the current work was to conduct comparative analysis of the effects of acute and chronic lipopolysaccharide-induced stress on the behavior of rats in the Morris water maze test and on expression of mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines and BDNF in different brain structures. Relevance of this study is related to poor understanding of the effects of acute and chronic stress on manifestation of cognitive brain functions, as well as ambiguity of the literature data on the effects of both stresses on hypothalamic pituitary axis and expression of the proinflammatory cytokine genes. In the experiments with rats, acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced stress improved learning in the Morris water maze. For the period of learning, the rats under acute stress swam on average less distance to reach a hidden platform, spent less time in the peripheral zone of the pool (thigmotaxis), and had low speed compared to the control animals and to the group of rats under chronic LPS-induced stress. In the test without a platform in the pool there were no significant differences between the groups on the time spent in the platform quadrant and distance swum. Acute stress caused substantial increase of the TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA concentrations in the hippocampus and amygdala, but not in the frontal lobe in comparison with the control animals. Although chronic stress increased the levels of the TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA in the amygdala and hippocampus compared to the control groups, significance between the groups was only marginal and BDNF concentration did not differ from the control animals in any of the brain structures mentioned. Expression of the IL-6 mRNA only marginally increased in the amygdala of the animals under the acute LPS-induced stress and marginally decreased in the animals under chronic LPS stress in the hippocampus relative to the control groups. In total, the most pronounced molecular-biochemical changes occurred in the amygdala and hippocampus, where increase of the expression of the TNF-α and IL-1β interleukins mRNAs were observed in the animals under acute and chronic LPS-induced stress and no changes in the BDNF mRNA concentration were observed in the frontal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I Zaichenko
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia.
| | - Pavel Philenko
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Viktoriya Sidorina
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Grigory A Grigoryan
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
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5
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Opioid receptor activation suppresses the neuroinflammatory response by promoting microglial M2 polarization. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 121:103744. [PMID: 35660086 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of microglia is considered the most important component of neuroinflammation. Microglia can adopt a pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Opioid receptors (ORs) have been shown to control neurotransmission of various peptidergic neurons, but their potential role in regulating microglial function is largely unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of the OR agonists DAMGO, DADLE and U-50488 on the polarization of C8-B4 microglial cells. We observed that opioids suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered M1 polarization and promoted M2 polarization. This was reflected in lower phagocytic activity, lower production of NO, lower expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-86 and IL-12 beta p40 together with higher migration rate, and increased expression of IL-4, IL-10, arginase 1 and CD 206 in microglia, compared to cells affected by LPS. We demonstrated that the effect of opioids on microglial polarization is mediated by the TREM2/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results provide new insights into the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of opioids and highlight their potential in combating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Abstract
The gut microbiome influences many host physiologies, spanning gastrointestinal function, metabolism, immune homeostasis, neuroactivity, and behavior. Many microbial effects on the host are orchestrated by bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and immune system. Imbalances in this dialogue can lead to immune dysfunction and immune-mediated conditions in distal organs including the brain. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and dysregulated neuroimmune responses are common comorbidities of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of the gut microbiome–neuroimmune axis as a regulator of central nervous system homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent evidence supporting a role for the gut microbiome in regulating the neuroimmune landscape in health and disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis W. Yu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA;, ,
| | - Gulistan Agirman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA;, ,
| | - Elaine Y. Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA;, ,
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Zhao M, Jiang XF, Zhang HQ, Sun JH, Pei H, Ma LN, Cao Y, Li H. Interactions between glial cells and the blood-brain barrier and their role in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101483. [PMID: 34610479 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, is the most common form of dementia worldwide. However, currently, there are no satisfying curative therapies for AD. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) acts as a selective physical barrier and plays protective roles in maintaining brain homeostasis. BBB dysfunction as an upstream or downstream event promotes the onset and progression of AD. Moreover, the pathogenesis of AD caused by BBB injury hasn't been well elucidated. Glial cells, BBB compartments and neurons form a minimal functional unit called the neurovascular unit (NVU). Emerging evidence suggests that glial cells are regulators in maintaining the BBB integrity and neuronal function. Illustrating the regulatory mechanism of glial cells in the BBB assists us in drawing a glial-vascular coupling diagram of AD, which may offer new insight into the pathogenesis of AD and early intervention strategies for AD. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of glial-BBB interactions and their pathological implications in AD and to provide new therapeutic potentials for future investigations.
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8
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Mizobuchi H, Soma GI. Low-dose lipopolysaccharide as an immune regulator for homeostasis maintenance in the central nervous system through transformation to neuroprotective microglia. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1928-1934. [PMID: 33642362 PMCID: PMC8343302 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.308067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, which are tissue-resident macrophages in the brain, play a central role in the brain innate immunity and contribute to the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Lipopolysaccharide is a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, and activates immune cells including microglia via Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Lipopolysaccharide is generally known as an endotoxin, as administration of high-dose lipopolysaccharide induces potent systemic inflammation. Also, it has long been recognized that lipopolysaccharide exacerbates neuroinflammation. In contrast, our study revealed that oral administration of lipopolysaccharide ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology and suggested that neuroprotective microglia are involved in this phenomenon. Additionally, other recent studies have accumulated evidence demonstrating that controlled immune training with low-dose lipopolysaccharide prevents neuronal damage by transforming the microglia into a neuroprotective phenotype. Therefore, lipopolysaccharide may not a mere inflammatory inducer, but an immunomodulator that can lead to neuroprotective effects in the brain. In this review, we summarized current studies regarding neuroprotective microglia transformed by immune training with lipopolysaccharide. We state that microglia transformed by lipopolysaccharide preconditioning cannot simply be characterized by their general suppression of proinflammatory mediators and general promotion of anti-inflammatory mediators, but instead must be described by their complex profile comprising various molecules related to inflammatory regulation, phagocytosis, neuroprotection, anti-apoptosis, and antioxidation. In addition, microglial transformation seems to depend on the dose of lipopolysaccharide used during immune training. Immune training of neuroprotective microglia using low-dose lipopolysaccharide, especially through oral lipopolysaccharide administration, may represent an innovative prevention or treatment for neurological diseases; however more vigorous studies are still required to properly modulate these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Mizobuchi
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Soma
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan
- Macrophi Inc., Kagawa, Japan
- Research Institute for Healthy Living, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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9
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Mizobuchi H, Yamamoto K, Yamashita M, Inagawa H, Kohchi C, Soma GI. Prevention of streptozotocin‑induced Neuro‑2a cell death by C8‑B4 microglia transformed with repetitive low‑dose lipopolysaccharide. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:687. [PMID: 34328201 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes‑associated neuronal dysfunction (DAND) is one of the serious complications of diabetes, but there is currently no remedy for it. Streptozotocin [2‑deoxy‑2‑(3‑methy1‑3‑nitrosoureido) D‑glucopyranose; STZ] is one of the most well‑established diabetes inducers and has been used in vivo and in vitro DAND models. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate that C8‑B4 microglia transformed by the stimulus of repetitive low‑dose lipopolysaccharide (LPSx3‑microglia) prevent STZ‑induced Neuro‑2a neuronal cell death in vitro. The ELISA results showed that neurotrophin‑4/5 (NT‑4/5) secretion was promoted in LPSx3‑microglia and the cell viability assay with trypan blue staining revealed that the culture supernatant of LPSx3‑microglia prevented STZ‑induced neuronal cell death. In addition, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR showed that neurons treated with the culture supernatant of LPSx3‑microglia promoted the gene expression of B‑cell lymphoma‑extra large and glucose‑dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor. Furthermore, the inhibition of tyrosine kinase receptor B, a receptor of NT‑4/5, suppressed the neuroprotective effect of LPSx3‑microglia. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that LPSx3‑microglia prevent STZ‑induced neuronal death and that NT‑4/5 may be involved in the neuroprotective mechanism of LPSx3‑microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Mizobuchi
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu‑shi, Kagawa 761‑0301, Japan
| | - Kazushi Yamamoto
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu‑shi, Kagawa 761‑0301, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamashita
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu‑shi, Kagawa 761‑0301, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inagawa
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu‑shi, Kagawa 761‑0301, Japan
| | - Chie Kohchi
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu‑shi, Kagawa 761‑0301, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Soma
- Control of Innate Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Partnership, Takamatsu‑shi, Kagawa 761‑0301, Japan
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Wang ZC, Chen Q, Wang J, Yu LS, Chen LW. Sulforaphane mitigates LPS-induced neuroinflammation through modulation of Cezanne/NF-κB signalling. Life Sci 2020; 262:118519. [PMID: 33010279 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neuroinflammation is a potent pathological process of various neurodegenerative diseases. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural product and acts as a neuroprotective agent to suppress inflammatory response in brain. The present study investigated the protective effect of Sulforaphane (SFN) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were divided into three groups: control group, LPS group and LPS + SFN group. Morris water maze test was carried out to evaluate the spatial memory and learning function of rats. The inflammatory cytokines levels in hippocampal tissues, plasma were measured by ELISA. The western blot was used to detect Cezanne/NF-κB signalling. For in vitro study, the Cezanne siRNA and scrambled control were transfected into BV2 cells, and then treated with or without 20 μM SFN before exposed to LPS. The inflammatory cytokines levels and Cezanne/NF-κB signalling were detected by ELISA and western blot, respectively. Co-IP assay were applied to investigate the regulation of Cezanne on ubiquitination of TRAF6 and RIP1. KEY FINDINGS SFN improved LPS-induced neurocognitive dysfunction in rats. It inhibited the neuroinflammation and activation of NF-κB pathway induced by LPS. The modulation of TRAF6 and RIP1 ubiquitination by Cezanne was playing a pivotal role in relation to the mechanism of SFN inhibiting NF-κB pathway. SIGNIFICANCE The results of our study demonstrated that SFN could attenuate LPS-induced neuroinflammation through the modulation of Cezanne/NF-κB signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Chun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China.
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Ling-Shan Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Liang-Wan Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
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