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Bakay WMH, Cervantes B, Lao-Rodríguez AB, Johannesen PT, Lopez-Poveda EA, Furness DN, Malmierca MS. How 'hidden hearing loss' noise exposure affects neural coding in the inferior colliculus of rats. Hear Res 2024; 443:108963. [PMID: 38308936 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to brief, intense sound can produce profound changes in the auditory system, from the internal structure of inner hair cells to reduced synaptic connections between the auditory nerves and the inner hair cells. Moreover, noisy environments can also lead to alterations in the auditory nerve or to processing changes in the auditory midbrain, all without affecting hearing thresholds. This so-called hidden hearing loss (HHL) has been shown in tinnitus patients and has been posited to account for hearing difficulties in noisy environments. However, much of the neuronal research thus far has investigated how HHL affects the response characteristics of individual fibres in the auditory nerve, as opposed to higher stations in the auditory pathway. Human models show that the auditory nerve encodes sound stochastically. Therefore, a sufficient reduction in nerve fibres could result in lowering the sampling of the acoustic scene below the minimum rate necessary to fully encode the scene, thus reducing the efficacy of sound encoding. Here, we examine how HHL affects the responses to frequency and intensity of neurons in the inferior colliculus of rats, and the duration and firing rate of those responses. Finally, we examined how shorter stimuli are encoded less effectively by the auditory midbrain than longer stimuli, and how this could lead to a clinical test for HHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren M H Bakay
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Blanca Cervantes
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Spain; School of Medicine, University Anáhuac Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ana B Lao-Rodríguez
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Peter T Johannesen
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique A Lopez-Poveda
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - David N Furness
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel S Malmierca
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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2
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Pérez-González D, Lao-Rodríguez AB, Aedo-Sánchez C, Malmierca MS. Acetylcholine modulates the precision of prediction error in the auditory cortex. eLife 2024; 12:RP91475. [PMID: 38241174 PMCID: PMC10942646 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A fundamental property of sensory systems is their ability to detect novel stimuli in the ambient environment. The auditory brain contains neurons that decrease their response to repetitive sounds but increase their firing rate to novel or deviant stimuli; the difference between both responses is known as stimulus-specific adaptation or neuronal mismatch (nMM). Here, we tested the effect of microiontophoretic applications of ACh on the neuronal responses in the auditory cortex (AC) of anesthetized rats during an auditory oddball paradigm, including cascade controls. Results indicate that ACh modulates the nMM, affecting prediction error responses but not repetition suppression, and this effect is manifested predominantly in infragranular cortical layers. The differential effect of ACh on responses to standards, relative to deviants (in terms of averages and variances), was consistent with the representational sharpening that accompanies an increase in the precision of prediction errors. These findings suggest that ACh plays an important role in modulating prediction error signaling in the AC and gating the access of these signals to higher cognitive levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pérez-González
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando GallegoSalamancaSpain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL)SalamancaSpain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Behavioural Science Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Ciudad Jardín, University of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Ana Belén Lao-Rodríguez
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando GallegoSalamancaSpain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL)SalamancaSpain
| | - Cristian Aedo-Sánchez
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando GallegoSalamancaSpain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL)SalamancaSpain
| | - Manuel S Malmierca
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando GallegoSalamancaSpain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL)SalamancaSpain
- Department of Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, University of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
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3
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Quintela-Vega L, Morado-Díaz CJ, Terreros G, Sánchez JS, Pérez-González D, Malmierca MS. Novelty detection in an auditory oddball task on freely moving rats. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1063. [PMID: 37857812 PMCID: PMC10587131 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative importance or saliency of sensory inputs depend on the animal's environmental context and the behavioural responses to these same inputs can vary over time. Here we show how freely moving rats, trained to discriminate between deviant tones embedded in a regular pattern of repeating stimuli and different variations of the classic oddball paradigm, can detect deviant tones, and this discriminability resembles the properties that are typical of neuronal adaptation described in previous studies. Moreover, the auditory brainstem response (ABR) latency decreases after training, a finding consistent with the notion that animals develop a type of plasticity to auditory stimuli. Our study suggests the existence of a form of long-term memory that may modulate the level of neuronal adaptation according to its behavioural relevance, and sets the ground for future experiments that will help to disentangle the functional mechanisms that govern behavioural habituation and its relation to neuronal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Quintela-Vega
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Camilo J Morado-Díaz
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Terreros
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de O´Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Jazmín S Sánchez
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Pérez-González
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences. Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, 37005, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel S Malmierca
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
- The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
- Department of Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Al-youzbaki MU, Schormans AL, Allman BL. Past and present experience shifts audiovisual temporal perception in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1287587. [PMID: 37908200 PMCID: PMC10613659 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1287587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our brains have a propensity to integrate closely-timed auditory and visual stimuli into a unified percept; a phenomenon that is highly malleable based on prior sensory experiences, and is known to be altered in clinical populations. While the neural correlates of audiovisual temporal perception have been investigated using neuroimaging and electroencephalography techniques in humans, animal research will be required to uncover the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Prior to conducting such mechanistic studies, it is important to first confirm the translational potential of any prospective animal model. Thus, in the present study, we conducted a series of experiments to determine if rats show the hallmarks of audiovisual temporal perception observed in neurotypical humans, and whether the rat behavioral paradigms could reveal when they experienced perceptual disruptions akin to those observed in neurodevelopmental disorders. After training rats to perform a temporal order judgment (TOJ) or synchrony judgment (SJ) task, we found that the rats' perception was malleable based on their past and present sensory experiences. More specifically, passive exposure to asynchronous audiovisual stimulation in the minutes prior to behavioral testing caused the rats' perception to predictably shift in the direction of the leading stimulus; findings which represent the first time that this form of audiovisual perceptual malleability has been reported in non-human subjects. Furthermore, rats performing the TOJ task also showed evidence of rapid recalibration, in which their audiovisual temporal perception on the current trial was predictably influenced by the timing lag between the auditory and visual stimuli in the preceding trial. Finally, by manipulating either experimental testing parameters or altering the rats' neurochemistry with a systemic injection of MK-801, we showed that the TOJ and SJ tasks could identify when the rats had difficulty judging the timing of audiovisual stimuli. These findings confirm that the behavioral paradigms are indeed suitable for future testing of rats with perceptual disruptions in audiovisual processing. Overall, our collective results highlight that rats represent an excellent animal model to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the acuity and malleability of audiovisual temporal perception, as they showcase the perceptual hallmarks commonly observed in humans.
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Song P, Zhai Y, Yu X. Stimulus-Specific Adaptation (SSA) in the Auditory System: Functional Relevance and Underlying Mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 149:105190. [PMID: 37085022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of novel stimuli that appear suddenly in the surrounding environment is crucial for an animal's survival. Stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) may be an important mechanism underlying novelty detection. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in SSA research by addressing four main aspects: 1) the frequency dependence of SSA and the origin of SSA in the auditory cortex: 2) spatial SSA and its comparison with frequency SSA: 3) feature integration in SSA and its implications in novelty detection: 4) functional significance and the physiological mechanism of SSA. Although SSA has been extensively investigated, the cognitive insights from SSA studies are extremely limited. Future work should aim to bridge these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirun Song
- Department of Anesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuying Zhai
- Department of Anesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiongjie Yu
- Department of Anesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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6
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O'Reilly JA. Modelling mouse auditory response dynamics along a continuum of consciousness using a deep recurrent neural network. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac9257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective Understanding neurophysiological changes that accompany transitions between anaesthetized and conscious states is a key objective of anesthesiology and consciousness science. This study aimed to characterize the dynamics of auditory-evoked potential morphology in mice along a continuum of consciousness. Approach Epidural field potentials were recorded from above the primary auditory cortices of two groups of laboratory mice: urethane-anaesthetized (A, n = 14) and conscious (C, n = 17). Both groups received auditory stimulation in the form of a repeated pure-tone stimulus, before and after receiving 10 mg/kg i.p. ketamine (AK and CK). Evoked responses were then ordered by ascending sample entropy into AK, A, CK, and C, considered to reflect physiological correlates of awareness. These data were used to train a recurrent neural network (RNN) with an input parameter encoding state. Model outputs were compared with grand-average event-related potential (ERP) waveforms. Subsequently, the state parameter was varied to simulate changes in the ERP that occur during transitions between states, and relationships with dominant peak amplitudes were quantified. Main results The RNN synthesized output waveforms that were in close agreement with grand-average ERPs for each group (r2 > 0.9, p < 0.0001). Varying the input state parameter generated model outputs reflecting changes in ERP morphology predicted to occur between states. Positive peak amplitudes within 25 to 50 ms, and negative peak amplitudes within 50 to 75 ms post-stimulus-onset, were found to display a sigmoidal characteristic during the transition from anaesthetized to conscious states. In contrast, negative peak amplitudes within 0 to 25 ms displayed greater linearity. Significance This study demonstrates a method for modelling changes in ERP morphology that accompany transitions between states of consciousness using a RNN. In future studies, this approach may be applied to human data to support the clinical use of ERPs to predict transition to consciousness.
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7
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Zepeda NC, Crown LM, Medvidovic S, Choi W, Sheth M, Bergosh M, Gifford R, Folz C, Lam P, Lu G, Featherstone R, Liu CY, Siegel SJ, Lee DJ. Frequency-specific medial septal nucleus deep brain stimulation improves spatial memory in MK-801-treated male rats. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105756. [PMID: 35584727 PMCID: PMC9343054 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few treatments exist for the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Pharmacological agents resulting in glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction, such as MK-801, mimic many of these symptoms and disrupt neural activity. Recent evidence suggests that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the medial septal nucleus (MSN) can modulate medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampal activity and improve spatial memory. OBJECTIVE Here, we examine the effects of acute MK-801 administration on oscillatory activity within the septohippocampal circuit and behavior. We also evaluate the potential for MSN stimulation to improve cognitive behavioral measures following MK-801 administration. METHODS 59 Sprague Dawley male rats received either acute intraperitoneal (IP) saline vehicle injections or MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg). Theta (5-12 Hz), low gamma (30-50 Hz) and high frequency oscillatory (HFO) power were analyzed in the mPFC, MSN, thalamus and hippocampus. Rats underwent MSN theta (7.7 Hz), gamma (100 Hz) or no stimulation during behavioral tasks (Novel object recognition (NOR), elevated plus maze, Barnes maze (BM)). RESULTS Injection of MK-801 resulted in frequency-specific changes in oscillatory activity, decreasing theta while increasing HFO power. Theta, but not gamma, stimulation enhanced the anxiolytic effects of MK-801 on the elevated plus maze. While MK-801 treated rats exhibited spatial memory deficits on the Barnes maze, those that also received MSN theta, but not gamma, stimulation found the escape hole sooner. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that acute MK-801 administration leads to altered neural activity in the septohippocampal circuit and impaired spatial memory. Further, these findings suggest that MSN theta-frequency stimulation improves specific spatial memory deficits and may be a possible treatment for cognitive impairments caused by NMDA hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C. Zepeda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Lindsey M. Crown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sasha Medvidovic
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Wooseong Choi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Megha Sheth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Matthew Bergosh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Raymond Gifford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Caroline Folz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Phillip Lam
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gengxi Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Robert Featherstone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Charles Y. Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Steven J. Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Darrin J. Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200 North State Street, Suite 3300, Los Angeles, CA 90033. (D.J. Lee)
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Janz P, Nicolas MJ, Redondo RL, Valencia M.
GABA
B
R
activation partially normalizes acute
NMDAR
hypofunction oscillatory abnormalities but fails to rescue sensory processing deficits. J Neurochem 2022; 161:417-434. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Janz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann‐La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Maria Jesus Nicolas
- Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Program of Neuroscience, 31080 Pamplona Spain
- IdiSNA Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31080 Pamplona Spain
| | - Roger L. Redondo
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann‐La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Miguel Valencia
- Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Program of Neuroscience, 31080 Pamplona Spain
- IdiSNA Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31080 Pamplona Spain
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The posterior auditory field is the chief generator of prediction error signals in the auditory cortex. Neuroimage 2021; 242:118446. [PMID: 34352393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The auditory cortex (AC) encompasses distinct fields subserving partly different aspects of sound processing. One essential function of the AC is the detection of unpredicted sounds, as revealed by differential neural activity to predictable and unpredictable sounds. According to the predictive coding framework, this effect can be explained by repetition suppression and/or prediction error signaling. The present study investigates functional specialization of the rat AC fields in repetition suppression and prediction error by combining a tone frequency oddball paradigm (involving high-probable standard and low-probable deviant tones) with two different control sequences (many-standards and cascade). Tones in the control sequences were comparable to deviant events with respect to neural adaptation but were not violating a regularity. Therefore, a difference in the neural activity between deviant and control tones indicates a prediction error effect, whereas a difference between control and standard tones indicates a repetition suppression effect. Single-unit recordings revealed by far the largest prediction error effects for the posterior auditory field, while the primary auditory cortex, the anterior auditory field, the ventral auditory field, and the suprarhinal auditory field were dominated by repetition suppression effects. Statistically significant repetition suppression effects occurred in all AC fields, whereas prediction error effects were less robust in the primary auditory cortex and the anterior auditory field. Results indicate that the non-lemniscal, posterior auditory field is more engaged in context-dependent processing underlying deviance-detection than the other AC fields, which are more sensitive to stimulus-dependent effects underlying differential degrees of neural adaptation.
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10
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Casado-Román L, Carbajal GV, Pérez-González D, Malmierca MS. Prediction error signaling explains neuronal mismatch responses in the medial prefrontal cortex. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3001019. [PMID: 33347436 PMCID: PMC7785337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mismatch negativity (MMN) is a key biomarker of automatic deviance detection thought to emerge from 2 cortical sources. First, the auditory cortex (AC) encodes spectral regularities and reports frequency-specific deviances. Then, more abstract representations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) allow to detect contextual changes of potential behavioral relevance. However, the precise location and time asynchronies between neuronal correlates underlying this frontotemporal network remain unclear and elusive. Our study presented auditory oddball paradigms along with "no-repetition" controls to record mismatch responses in neuronal spiking activity and local field potentials at the rat medial PFC. Whereas mismatch responses in the auditory system are mainly induced by stimulus-dependent effects, we found that auditory responsiveness in the PFC was driven by unpredictability, yielding context-dependent, comparatively delayed, more robust and longer-lasting mismatch responses mostly comprised of prediction error signaling activity. This characteristically different composition discarded that mismatch responses in the PFC could be simply inherited or amplified downstream from the auditory system. Conversely, it is more plausible for the PFC to exert top-down influences on the AC, since the PFC exhibited flexible and potent predictive processing, capable of suppressing redundant input more efficiently than the AC. Remarkably, the time course of the mismatch responses we observed in the spiking activity and local field potentials of the AC and the PFC combined coincided with the time course of the large-scale MMN-like signals reported in the rat brain, thereby linking the microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic levels of automatic deviance detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Casado-Román
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Guillermo V. Carbajal
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Pérez-González
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel S. Malmierca
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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