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Yang YM, Naseer M, Zhu Y, Wang BZ, Zhu SG, Chen YL, Ma Y, Ma BL, Guo JC, Wang S, Tao HY, Xiong YC. Iron Nanostructure Primes Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiosis Tightly Connecting Maize Leaf Photosynthesis via a Nanofilm Effect. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39072481 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
It is crucial to clarify how the iron nanostructure activates plant growth, particularly in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We first identified 1.0 g·kg-1 of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) as appropriate dosage to maximize maize growth by 12.7-19.7% in non-AMF and 18.9-26.4% in AMF, respectively. Yet, excessive nZVI at 2.0 g·kg-1 exerted inhibitory effects while FeSO4 showed slight effects (p > 0.05). Under an appropriate dose, a nano core-shell structure was formed and the transfer and diffusion of electrons between PS II and PS I were facilitated, significantly promoting the reduction of ferricyanide and NADP (p < 0.05). SEM images showed that excessive nZVI particles can form stacked layers on the surface of roots and hyphae, inhibiting water and nutrient uptake. TEM observations showed that excessive nanoparticles can penetrate into root cortical cells, disrupt cellular homeostasis, and substantially elevate Fe content in roots (p < 0.05). This exacerbated membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic regulation, accordingly restricting photosynthetic capacity and AMF colonization. Yet, appropriate nZVI can be adhered to a mycelium surface, forming a uniform nanofilm structure. The strength of the mycelium network was evidently enhanced, under an increased root colonization rate and an extramatrical hyphal length (p < 0.05). Enhanced mycorrhizal infection was tightly associated with higher gas exchange and Rubisco and Rubisco enzyme activities. This enabled more photosynthetic carbon to input into AMF symbiont. There existed a positive feedback loop connecting downward transfer of photosynthate and upward transport of water/nutrients. FeSO4 only slightly affected mycorrhizal development. Thus, it was the Fe nanostructure but not its inorganic salt state that primed AMF symbionts for better growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation and Application of Gansu Province, Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Minha Naseer
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation and Application of Gansu Province, Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuang-Guo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ying-Long Chen
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
| | - Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bao-Luo Ma
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Jia-Cheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong-Yan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - You-Cai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Tanveer Y, Jahangir S, Shah ZA, Yasmin H, Nosheen A, Hassan MN, Illyas N, Bajguz A, El-Sheikh MA, Ahmad P. Zinc oxide nanoparticles mediated biostimulant impact on cadmium detoxification and in silico analysis of zinc oxide-cadmium networks in Zea mays L. regulome. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120641. [PMID: 36372365 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) toxicity can significantly limit plant growth and development. To eliminate the toxic effects of Cd stress, we intended to evaluate the biochemical mediated physiological responses in maize treated with biostimulant and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnPs). In silico analysis exhibited that the maize treated with Cd stress (200 μM) had an adverse impact on CAT1, CAT2, CAT3 and gor1 proteins, which are influential in managing the machinery of redox homeostasis. While maize inoculated with bacteria-based biostimulant and ZnPs (10 ppm) showed prominently improved biomass, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid content. We found a significant increase in the total sugar, protein, proline content and antioxidants under the effect of Cd stress. However, these parameters are further enhanced by applying biostimulants and ZnPs. Declined lipid peroxidation and membrane solubilization index under the effect of biostimulant and ZnPs was observed. Furthermore, these treatments improved maize's zinc, copper, sodium, magnesium, iron, potassium and calcium content. Based on these results, an antagonistic relationship between Zn and Cd uptake that triggered efficient Cd detoxification in maize shoot was found. Scanning electron micrography showed distorted leaf structure of the Cd stressed plants while the biostimulant and ZnPs reduced the structural cell damage of maize leaves. In silico study showed that ZnO positively regulates all protein interactors, including GRMZM2G317386_P01 (Metallo endo proteinase 1-MMP), GRMZM2G110220_P01 (Metallo endo proteinase 5-MMP), GRMZM2G103055_P01 (Alpha-amylase) and GRMZM2G006069_P01 (Zn-dependent exo peptidase superfamily) proteins which are involved in energy generating processes, channels formation, matrix re-localization and stress response. This suggests that ZnO offers an ideal role with protein interactors in maize. Our findings depict that these treatments, i.e., biostimulant and ZnPs alone, are efficient enough to exhibit Cd remediation potential in maize; however, their combination showed synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashfa Tanveer
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Saman Jahangir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Abbas Shah
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Yasmin
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Asia Nosheen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Hassan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Noshin Illyas
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mohamed A El-Sheikh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, GDC Pulwama, 192301, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Francis DV, Sood N, Gokhale T. Biogenic CuO and ZnO Nanoparticles as Nanofertilizers for Sustainable Growth of Amaranthus hybridus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2776. [PMID: 36297798 PMCID: PMC9610597 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The biogenic synthesis of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) was carried out by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The shape, size, and chemical identity of the CuO and ZnO NPs were determined using FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TEM analysis. The study aimed to investigate the effects of the CuO and ZnO NPs on Amaranthus hybridus seed germination and plant growth. Two different fertilizer application modes (hydroponics and foliar) were studied with varying concentrations of CuO (0.06 µM, 0.12 µM) and ZnO (0.12 µM, 0.24 µM) nanoparticles with water control and Hoagland's media control. The hydroponic system of fertilizer application demonstrated better efficiency in terms of plant growth as compared to the foliar application. The agronomic traits, SPAD value, total reducing sugars, antioxidant activity, amount of copper, and zinc ions in root and shoot were analyzed for all experimental plants and found better with the nanoparticle application. The highlight of the study is the application of extremely low concentrations of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles, almost 70% lower than the copper and zinc salts in the Hoagland's medium for improved plant growth. The use of lower concentrations of nanoparticles can prevent their accumulation in the environment and also lower the production cost. The high antioxidant concentration exhibited by the plants treated with CuO and ZnO nanoparticles ensures the enhanced plant's resistance to infections and pests while promoting plant growth.
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Influence of the Electrical Conductivity of the Nutrient Solution in Different Phenological Stages on the Growth and Yield of Cherry Tomato. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Soilless cultivation is an important alternative to traditional agriculture and facilitates harvest by allowing for the precise control of plant nutrients to maximize the vegetable production of uniform fruits. Nutrient solution concentration is a critical factor affecting nutrient supply in soilless cultivation. Although some nutrient solution concentrations throughout the growth cycle for tomatoes have been developed, there are limited studies on nutrient solution concentrations at different phenological stages. Hence, we studied the effects of nutrient solution concentrations in different growth stages on the physiology, yield and fruit quality of cherry tomatoes with a previously developed nutrient solution formulation. The whole growth cycle of the tomato was divided into three stages which were irrigated with a nutrient solution with different electrical conductivities (ECs). A total of five treatments were set: CK (EC was 3.0 ms·cm−1 for the 1st–3rd stage), T1 (EC was 1.5 ms·cm−1 for the 1st stage, 3.0 ms·cm−1 for the 2nd–3rd stage), T2 (EC was 1.5 ms·cm−1 for the 1st stage, 3.0 ms·cm−1 for the 2nd stage, 4.5 ms·cm−1 for the 3rd stage ), T3 (EC was 1.5 ms·cm−1 for the 1st–2nd stage, 3.0 ms·cm−1 for the 3rd stage), and T4 (EC was 1.5 ms·cm−1 for the 1st stage, 4.5 ms·cm−1 for the 2nd–3rd stage). The results showed that the tomato plants treated with T2 and T4 had the strongest growth (with the highest plant height and leaf formation) as well as the best leaf photosynthetic performance (the chlorophyll content and the net photosynthetic rate were significantly increased). Additionally, the use of T2 and T4 significantly improved cherry tomato fruit quality as reflected by the significant promotion of total soluble solids by 9.1% and 9.8%, respectively, as well as by the improvement of maturity by 12.9% and 13.7%, respectively. Additionally, the yields for treatments T2 and T4 were increased by 7.3% and 13.4%, respectively, which was mainly due to the increase in single fruit weight. More importantly, nutrient solution EC management improved fertilizer use efficiency: the partial fertilizer productivity of T1, T2, and T4 was increased by 2%, 7% and 14%, respectively, while that of T3 was reduced by 7%. A comprehensive comparison showed that the ranking of the effect on production was T4 > T2 > T1 > CK > T3. Our results suggest that the regulation of EC in different growth stages affects the growth and yield characteristics of cherry tomatoes. This study may provide some references for further research to adjust the concentration of nutrient solutions to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and fruit quality.
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Foliar application of nano-zinc oxide crystals improved zinc biofortification in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis). APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Emamverdian A, Hasanuzzaman M, Ding Y, Barker J, Mokhberdoran F, Liu G. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Improve Pleioblastus pygmaeus Plant Tolerance to Arsenic and Mercury by Stimulating Antioxidant Defense and Reducing the Metal Accumulation and Translocation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:841501. [PMID: 35295636 PMCID: PMC8919428 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.841501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of nanoparticles to potentially reduce toxicity from metals/metalloids in plants has increased in recent years, which can help them to achieve tolerance under the stressful conditions. An in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate five different levels of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs; 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μM) both alone and in combination with 150 μM arsenic (As) and 150 μM mercury (Hg) in one-year-old Pleioblastus pygmaeus (Miq.) Nakai plants through four replications. The results demonstrated that As and Hg alone had damaging effects on the plant growth and development. However, the addition of various concentrations of ZnO-NPs led to increased antioxidant activity, proline (79%) content, glycine betaine (71%) content, tyrosine ammonia-lyase (43%) activity, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (69%) activity, chlorophyll indices, and eventually plant biomass, while the lipoxygenase activity, electrolyte leakage, soluble protein, hydrogen peroxide content, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were reduced. We concluded that ZnO-NPs detoxified As and Hg toxicity in the plants through increasing antioxidant activity, reducing As and Hg accumulation, As and Hg translocation from roots to shoots, and adjusting stomatal closure. This detoxification was further confirmed by the reduction of the translocation factor of As and Hg and the enhancement of the tolerance index in combination with ZnO-NPs. However, there is a need for further investigation with different metals/metalloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghassem Emamverdian
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yulong Ding
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - James Barker
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston-Upon-Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Farzad Mokhberdoran
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guohua Liu
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Wang LY, Wang MQ, Yao CB, Yin HT, Liu XJ, Shi BY. Two-step strategy, growth mechanism and optical properties of plasmonic Ag-modified ZnO nanomaterials. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3013-3026. [PMID: 35425285 PMCID: PMC8979126 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09457b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, plasma silver (Ag) modified zinc oxide (ZnO) (AZO) was used to form AZO nanomaterials (including AZO nanofilms (NFm), AZO nanowires (NWs) and AZO nanoflowers (NFw)) in a two-step-controlled manner to investigate the effect of compounding different contents of Ag on the linear optical aspects of ZnO materials. The growth mechanism of the AZO nanomaterials with different strategies is discussed. If Ag nanoparticles (NPs) grow on the ZnO NFm surface, they first grow with ZnO as the core and then self-core into islands, which are undoubtedly influenced by factors such as the growth mechanism of ZnO as well as Ag. If Ag is grown on the surface of the ZnO NWs and ZnO NFw, it is more likely to self-core owing to factors such as the roughness of the ZnO NWs and ZnO NFw surfaces. The AZO nanomaterials have excellent optical properties based on the surface plasmon resonance, local electromagnetic field and charge transfer mechanism between Ag and ZnO. With the increase in Ag content, the absorption edges of AZO NFm are red-shifted, and the absorption edges of AZO NWs and AZO NFw are first blue-shifted and then red-shifted. The results show that AZO nanomaterials prepared using different methods not only have different growth morphologies, but also have different optical properties with potential for the preparation of optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electric Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Meng-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electric Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Cheng-Bao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electric Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Hai-Tao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electric Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Xiao-Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electric Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Bing-Yin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electric Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 Heilongjiang Province China
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Skiba E, Pietrzak M, Glińska S, Wolf WM. The Combined Effect of ZnO and CeO 2 Nanoparticles on Pisum sativum L.: A Photosynthesis and Nutrients Uptake Study. Cells 2021; 10:3105. [PMID: 34831328 PMCID: PMC8624121 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are emerging pollutants that are likely to occur in the contemporary environment. So far, their combined effects on terrestrial plants have not been thoroughly investigated. Obviously, this subject is a challenge for modern ecotoxicology. In this study, Pisum sativum L. plants were exposed to either CeO2 NPs or ZnO NPs alone, or mixtures of these nano-oxides (at two concentrations: 100 and 200 mg/L). The plants were cultivated in hydroponic system for twelve days. The combined effect of NPs was proved by 1D ANOVA augmented by Tukey's post hoc test at p = 0.95. It affected all major plant growth and photosynthesis parameters. Additionally, HR-CS AAS and ICP-OES were used to determine concentrations of Cu, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca, K, Zn, and Ce in roots and shoots. Treatment of the pea plants with the NPs, either alone or in combination affected the homeostasis of these metals in the plants. CeO2 NPs stimulated the photosynthesis rate, while ZnO NPs prompted stomatal and biochemical limitations. In the mixed ZnO and CeO2 treatments, the latter effects were decreased by CeO2 NPs. These results indicate that free radicals scavenging properties of CeO2 NPs mitigate the toxicity symptoms induced in the plants by ZnO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Skiba
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (M.P.); (W.M.W.)
| | - Monika Pietrzak
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (M.P.); (W.M.W.)
| | - Sława Glińska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Wojciech M. Wolf
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (M.P.); (W.M.W.)
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El-Ramady H, Abdalla N, Elbasiouny H, Elbehiry F, Elsakhawy T, Omara AED, Amer M, Bayoumi Y, Shalaby TA, Eid Y, Zia-Ur-Rehman M. Nano-biofortification of different crops to immune against COVID-19: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112500. [PMID: 34274837 PMCID: PMC8270734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human health and its improvement are the main target of several studies related to medical, agricultural and industrial sciences. The human health is the primary conclusion of many studies. The improving of human health may include supplying the people with enough and safe nutrients against malnutrition to fight against multiple diseases like COVID-19. Biofortification is a process by which the edible plants can be enriched with essential nutrients for human health against malnutrition. After the great success of biofortification approach in the human struggle against malnutrition, a new biotechnological tool in enriching the crops with essential nutrients in the form of nanoparticles to supplement human diet with balanced diet is called nano-biofortification. Nano biofortification can be achieved by applying the nano particles of essential nutrients (e.g., Cu, Fe, Se and Zn) foliar or their nano-fertilizers in soils or waters. Not all essential nutrients for human nutrition can be biofortified in the nano-form using all edible plants but there are several obstacles prevent this approach. These stumbling blocks are increased due to COVID-19 and its problems including the global trade, global breakdown between countries, and global crisis of food production. The main target of this review was to evaluate the nano-biofortification process and its using against malnutrition as a new approach in the era of COVID-19. This review also opens many questions, which are needed to be answered like is nano-biofortification a promising solution against malnutrition? Is COVID-19 will increase the global crisis of malnutrition? What is the best method of applied nano-nutrients to achieve nano-biofortification? What are the challenges of nano-biofortification during and post of the COVID-19?
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan El-Ramady
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Neama Abdalla
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center, 12622 Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Heba Elbasiouny
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Home Economy faculty, Al-Azhar University, 31732 Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Fathy Elbehiry
- Central Laboratory of Environmental Studies, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Tamer Elsakhawy
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), 33717 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Alaa El-Dein Omara
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), 33717 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Megahed Amer
- Soils Improvement Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), Sakha Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 33717 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Yousry Bayoumi
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Tarek A Shalaby
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Yahya Eid
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Zia-Ur-Rehman
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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