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Carneiro RK, da Cruz ICK, Gasser B, Lima B, Aires LPN, Ferreira MP, Uscategui RAR, Giglio RF, Minto BW, Rossi Feliciano MA. B-mode ultrasonography and ARFI elastography of articular and peri-articular structures of the hip joint in non-dysplastic and dysplastic dogs as confirmed by radiographic examination. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:181. [PMID: 37784120 PMCID: PMC10544497 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine hip dysplasia is a common orthopedic disease in veterinary practice. The diagnosis is made by radiographic examinations that evaluate bone alterations associated with hip dysplasia. Although radiographic examination is the gold standard for diagnosis, it does not allow a detailed evaluation of soft tissues such as the joint capsule and periarticular muscles. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of B-mode ultrasonography and acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in assessing the joint capsule and periarticular muscles of dogs using the Orthopedic Foundation of Animals (OFA) classification and the distraction index (DI) in the early and late diagnosis of hip dysplasia. This study sought to propose a protocol for the ultrasonographic evaluation of the structures involved in canine hip dysplasia. METHODS Radiographic and ultrasonographic evaluations were performed on 108 hip joints of 54 dogs. Thirty dogs were older than 2 years and 24 were aged between 4 and 10 months. RESULTS It was verified that an increase in pectineus muscle stiffness (cutoff value > 2.77 m/s) by elastography in some dysplastic dogs and an increase in the thickness of the joint capsule (cutoff value > 0.9 mm) in B-mode ultrasonography, were associated with a distraction index > 0.5, with both having a positive correlation. In B-mode ultrasonographic evaluation, the presence of signs of degenerative joint disease, such as irregularities of the cranial edge of the acetabulum and femoral head, were associated with a distraction index > 0.5 in canines, with a specificity of 94%. In adult dogs, the findings of degenerative joint disease on ultrasound were associated with a diseased OFA classification (P < 0.05). Measurement of the joint capsule > 1.10 mm was diagnostic for dysplasia in unhealthy dogs by OFA. CONCLUSIONS ARFI elastography has shown that the pectineus muscle may experience changes in stiffness in dysplastic animals. Additionally, changes in joint capsule thickness can be identified in B-mode in young and adult dogs with dysplastic joints, which contributes to the diagnosis of hip dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kretzer Carneiro
- São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
- State University of Santa Catarina, UDESC, Lages, SC, Brazil.
| | | | - Beatriz Gasser
- Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, UFVJM, Unaí, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lima
- São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Watanabe Minto
- São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Niinikoski I, Himanen S, Tenhunen M, Lilja‐Maula L, Rajamäki MM. Description of a novel method for detection of sleep-disordered breathing in brachycephalic dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1475-1481. [PMID: 37232547 PMCID: PMC10365046 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), defined as any difficulty in breathing during sleep, occurs in brachycephalic dogs. Diagnostic methods for SDB in dogs require extensive equipment and laboratory assessment. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the usability of a portable neckband system for detection of SDB in dogs. We hypothesized that the neckband is a feasible method for evaluation of SDB and that brachycephaly predisposes to SDB. ANIMALS Twenty-four prospectively recruited client-owned dogs: 12 brachycephalic dogs and 12 control dogs of mesocephalic or dolicocephalic breeds. METHODS Prospective observational cross-sectional study with convenience sampling. Recording was done over 1 night at each dog's home. The primary outcome measure was the obstructive Respiratory Event Index (OREI), which summarized the rate of obstructive SDB events per hour. Additionally, usability, duration of recording, and snore percentage were documented. RESULTS Brachycephalic dogs had a significantly higher OREI value (Hodges-Lehmann estimator for median difference = 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2-6.8; P < .001) and snore percentage (Hodges-Lehmann estimator = 34.2, 95% CI 13.6-60.8; P < .001) than controls. A strong positive correlation between OREI and snore percentage was detected in all dogs (rs = .79, P < .001). The neckband system was easy to use. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Brachycephaly is associated with SDB. The neckband system is a feasible way of characterizing SDB in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iida Niinikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sari‐Leena Himanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyTampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital DistrictTampereFinland
| | - Mirja Tenhunen
- Department of Clinical NeurophysiologyTampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital DistrictTampereFinland
- Department of Medical PhysicsTampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital DistrictTampereFinland
| | - Liisa Lilja‐Maula
- Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Minna M. Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Erjavec V, Svete AN. Thrombocytosis in brachycephalic dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:57-61. [PMID: 38332764 PMCID: PMC10847823 DOI: 10.17221/23/2021-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Brachycephalic dogs are prone to a conformation-related respiratory disorder known as brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Due to its systemic consequences, BOAS should be considered a systemic disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), and plateletcrit (PCT) in patients with various grades of BOAS and non-brachycephalic dogs. The latter served as a control group. We included 106 patients with BOAS and 41 non-brachycephalic dogs. According to the severity of the disease, BOAS patients were classified into grade 1 (17 dogs), grade 2 (42 dogs), and grade 3 (47 dogs). Thrombocytosis was found in 46% (49/106) of all BOAS patients. High platelet mass was found in 62% (66/106) of all BOAS patients. We found significantly (P < 0.05) higher PLT, MPV, and PCT in BOAS patients of all grades compared to non-brachycephalic dogs. However, further studies are needed to clarify the role of PLT and platelet indices in BOAS and their relationship with inflammation and hypercoagulability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimira Erjavec
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Nemec Svete
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Small Animal Clinic, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Niinikoski I, Kouki S, Koho N, Aromaa M, Holopainen S, Laurila HP, Fastrès A, Clercx C, Lilja-Maula L, Rajamäki MM. Evaluation of VEGF-A and CCL2 in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome or canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and in normocephalic dogs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:557-563. [PMID: 36183612 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) and canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) of West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs) often cause intermittent or chronic hypoxemia. Our objective was to evaluate serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) concentrations of hypoxemia-related proinflammatory mediators vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in brachycephalic dogs (BDs) and WHWTs with and without CIPF. Additionally, effects of BOAS severity and ageing on these mediators were assessed. 114 BDs (28 English Bulldogs (EBs), 37 French Bulldogs, 49 Pugs), 16 WHWTs with CIPF, 26 healthy WHWTs, and 39 normocephalic control dogs were included. Fifty-four BDs were re-examined after two to three years. Bead-based immunoassay was used for proinflammatory mediator measurements. Compared with controls, significantly higher serum concentrations of VEGF-A were seen in EBs (P = 0.009) and of CCL2 in CIPF and healthy WHWTs (P < 0.001; P = 0.002). BALF samples were available from controls, EBs, and WHWTs. VEGF-A was significantly lower in EBs (P < 0.001) and in CIPF and healthy WHWTs (P = 0.006; P = 0.007) and CCL2 was higher in CIPF WHWTs (P = 0.01) compared with controls. Between visits, only serum VEGF-A significantly decreased in BDs (P < 0.001), but breed, BOAS severity, or its change had no significant effect. In conclusion, in EBs with BOAS proinflammatory changes in VEGF-A were detected in both serum and BALF. Ageing reduced serum VEGF-A in BDs. In WHWTs, our results confirmed earlier findings of CCL2 as an important biomarker for CIPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Niinikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - S Kouki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Koho
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Aromaa
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Holopainen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - H P Laurila
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Fastrès
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - C Clercx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Bd de Colonster 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - L Lilja-Maula
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - M M Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Puccinelli C, Pelligra T, Briganti A, Citi S. Two-dimensional shear wave elastography of liver in healthy dogs: anaesthesia as a source of variability. Int J Vet Sci Med 2022; 10:46-51. [PMID: 35677323 PMCID: PMC9132446 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2022.2073138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) is a non-invasive method to quantitatively evaluate the liver stiffness (LS), allowing the detection of hepatic pathological changes in both dogs and humans. In dogs, some factors such as patient movement and respiration can cause artefacts and potential errors of measurements. Therefore, anaesthesia has been suggested to reduce the effect of the movement on 2D-SWE in dogs. This study was performed to evaluate the influence of an anaesthetic protocol on 2D-SWE measurements for assessment of LS in healthy dogs. Forty-five dogs were included and subjected to anaesthesia: in 11 dogs, the 2D-SWE was performed both before and under anaesthesia, in 19 dogs, the 2D-SWE was performed only when they were awake and in 15 dogs, the examination was carried out only under anaesthesia. The anaesthetic protocol was composed of intramuscular injection of a combination of dexmedetomidine, methadone and ketamine and intravenous administration of propofol for induction and isoflurane for maintenance. The variability of 2D-SWE values according to anaesthesia was evaluated. Median 2D-SWE values were significantly higher in anesthetized dogs compared to awake dogs either by considering separately the dogs in which the examination was performed both awake and under anaesthesia and by considering all dogs included. According to our study, anaesthesia helped to avoid challenges related to patient movement and respiration; however, it was a source of variability on 2D-SWE values, and this factor should be considered before performing 2D-SWE under anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Pelligra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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The Need for Head Space: Brachycephaly and Cerebrospinal Fluid Disorders. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020139. [PMID: 33673129 PMCID: PMC7918167 DOI: 10.3390/life11020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachycephalic dogs remain popular, despite the knowledge that this head conformation is associated with health problems, including airway compromise, ocular disorders, neurological disease, and other co-morbidities. There is increasing evidence that brachycephaly disrupts cerebrospinal fluid movement and absorption, predisposing ventriculomegaly, hydrocephalus, quadrigeminal cistern expansion, Chiari-like malformation, and syringomyelia. In this review, we focus on cerebrospinal fluid physiology and how this is impacted by brachycephaly, airorhynchy, and associated craniosynostosis.
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