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Sainato D, Pelligra T, Puccinelli C, Petrini D, Citi S. Ultrasonographic measurements of the normal adrenal glands in guinea pigs (Cavia Porcellus). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024. [PMID: 38613764 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperadrenocorticism is an uncommon but important endocrine disease in guinea pigs, but due to its subtle clinical signs and the limited information in veterinary literature, it can be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Ultrasound of the adrenal glands in patients with suspected hyperadrenocorticism can help in identifying adrenomegaly. The purpose of this prospective study was to identify ultrasonographic adrenal gland dimensions in presumed healthy guinea pigs using the same standardized method described for dogs and cats. A conscious ultrasound scan was conducted on twenty client-owned, presumed healthy guinea pigs, and their adrenal glands were measured. A possible correlation between adrenal dimensions with age, sex, and body weight was investigated. The mean length, cranial and caudal pole thickness for the left and right adrenal glands were, respectively, 12.64 ± 2.11 mm and 11.55 ± 1.52 mm; 4.83 mm ± 1.03 mm and 4.69 ± 1.34 mm; 4.8 ± 1.23 mm and 4.04 ± 0.75 mm. The thickness of the left caudal pole was significantly higher than the right (P = 0.02). A significant positive correlation was found between the length of the left adrenal gland and both age (r = 0.46; P = .03) and weight (r = 0.59; P = .01). Statistical correlation between the thickness of each cranial and caudal pole, with age, sex, or weight, was not found. The dimensions provided could prove a useful tool in the clinical evaluation of guinea pigs with suspected hyperadrenocorticism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Pelligra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Petrini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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Nocera I, Sgorbini M, Meucci V, Gracia-Calvo LA, Tapio H, Camisi M, Sala G, Citi S. Procalcitonin and carbonylated protein concentrations in equine synovial fluid. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1263-1269. [PMID: 38127161 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of joint diseases is fundamental for prompt and appropriate management, particularly in septic arthritis. Procalcitonin (PCT) and protein carbonylated content (PCC) have been investigated in both human and veterinary medicine. An increase in PCT has been shown in infectious bacterial diseases, while higher levels of PCC have been shown in inflammatory pathologies characterized by oxidative damage. This study evaluated PCT and PCC in plasma and synovial fluid (SF), in healthy and pathological equine joints, affected by different types of arthropathy. Twenty-nine joints were evaluated and underwent orthopedic, radiographic, ultrasonographic and SF evaluation. The joints were divided in three groups: healthy, septic, and non-septic arthritis. PCT and PCC were measured in horse plasma and SF. Data distribution was evaluated and results were expressed as median, quartile values. Statistical differences in SF values among groups and correlations were assessed between plasma and SF of both PCT and PCC. The groups of joint disease included: 8/29 healthy, 13/29 non-septic and 8/29 septic. Significant differences were obtained for SF PCC and plasma PCT between healthy and septic joints, while no differences were found for plasma PCC and SF PCT. A positive correlation was found between plasma and SF PCT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting PCT in equine SF. SF PCC could be a useful biomarker to differentiate between septic and healthy joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Nocera
- Institute of Health Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Heidi Tapio
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcello Camisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Sala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Dini R, Gori E, Habermaass V, Lippi I, Citi S, Puccinelli C, Marchetti V. An Association between Pancreatic and Cholestatic Biliary Disorders in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:795. [PMID: 38473180 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine chronic biliary tree disease (CBTD) is a suspected risk factor for pancreatic injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and features of pancreatic involvement in canine CBTD, and their relationship with hyperlipemia and its severity. CBTD was defined as the increase in at least two of ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, cholesterol, and a biliary tree abnormal abdominal ultrasound (graded mild to severe). Pancreatic ultrasound appearance was recorded and classified as acute/chronic. Dogs were divided into a PBD group (pancreatic and biliary disease) and BD group (only biliary tree disease). PBD group was subgraded into a "pancreatic injury" and "pancreatitis" group. Eighty-one dogs were retrospectively included: 56 in the PBD group and 25 in the BD group. Of the PBD group, 20 had pancreatitis (15 chronic and 5 dogs acute). US score was mild in 64 dogs and moderate in 17 dogs, and it was not associated with evidence of pancreopathy. Sixty-six dogs had hyperlipemia (mild = 27 dogs; moderate-to-severe = 39 dogs) and no association with pancreopathy was found. Pancreatic injury was more frequent than pancreatitis in CBTD dogs. Although both acute and chronic pancreatic injury may be present, chronic forms were more frequent. Pancreatic injury should be considered in CBTD patients due its possible clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gori
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Verena Habermaass
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Petrini D, Puccinelli C, Citi S, Del Chicca F. Computed Tomographic Findings Secondary to Dental Pathologies: Comparison between Rabbits and Guinea Pigs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:705. [PMID: 38133256 PMCID: PMC10747827 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: dental pathologies are the most frequent reason for requesting a CT scan of the head in rabbits and guinea pigs. The study aimed to review head CT exams of both species to identify and characterize lesions secondary to dental disease. (2) Methods: head CT studies of 48 rabbits and 52 guinea pigs with dental pathologies were reviewed. (3) Results: dental abnormalities of mandibular teeth were the most represented, both in rabbits (81.2%) and guinea pigs (98%). The aggressive bone lesion associated with teeth was the more frequently observed bone lesion in rabbits' mandible and maxilla; in guinea pigs, the more frequent bone lesions were bulging around the roots of the teeth with focal lysis in the maxilla, and without focal lysis in the mandible. In the maxilla, the increased attenuation of nasal cavities (rhinitis) was the most frequently observed abnormality both in rabbits (60%) and guinea pigs (83.3%); the exophthalmos was more represented in rabbits (53.3%). In the mandible, the cavernous space-occupying lesion was more represented both in rabbits (92.3%) and guinea pigs (73.3%). (4) Conclusions: lesions secondary to dental pathologies were often observed both in rabbits and guinea pigs; CT examination has proven to be valuable in detecting secondary alterations in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Petrini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Del Chicca
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 258c, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Pelligra T, Petrini D, Puccinelli C, Unti S, Citi S. Sonography of the pituitary gland in pet rats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:1081-1089. [PMID: 37907397 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary gland (PG) tumors are common in rats over the age of 2. CT and MRI can be difficult to apply in this species, whereas ultrasound is more feasible and useful. To our knowledge, there are no studies on PG ultrasound in rats. The aim of this prospective, analytical study was to evaluate the reliability of ultrasound in identifying PG, to define the ultrasound dimension of the gland in a group of rats with no evidence of pituitary diseases, and to examine its correlations with age, sex, and weight. After localizing the PG with an MRI study on one rat, the gland was identified in 21 rats by ultrasound by two sonographers using a ventral neck approach and a transversal scan with a linear probe. The gland appears as a hypoechoic oval structure with a thin hyperechoic margin. The rats (15 male and 6 female) ranged from 4 to 18 months in age (median 6 months) and from 270 to 640 g in weight (median 370 g). The median pituitary width was 3.96 mm (interquartile range 25-75%: 6-4.5 mm), and the median height was 1.48 mm (interquartile range 25-75%: 1.3-1.67 mm). There was no statistically significant correlation between PG size and rat weight, gender, or age. We believe that these ultrasound measurements could be useful for the diagnosis of pituitary disease, irrespective of whether neurological symptoms are present. We report a clinical case of a rat with a pituitary mass detected by ultrasound and CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Pelligra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital Mario Modenato, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Petrini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital Mario Modenato, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital Mario Modenato, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Unti
- Clinica Veterinaria Valdinievole, Monsummano Terme, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital Mario Modenato, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Del Chicca F, Puccinelli C, Petrini D, Citi S. Incidental Findings in Computed Tomography Examination of the Head in Rabbits and Guinea Pigs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:504. [PMID: 37624291 PMCID: PMC10459266 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Rabbits and guinea pigs are popular pet animals and often undergo computed tomography (CT) examination for assessment of pathologies of the head. The goal of the study was to review CT examinations of the heads of rabbits and guinea pigs to identify and classify incidental findings. (2) Methods: 60 CT studies of the heads of rabbits and 65 of guinea pigs presented at 2 Institutions were reviewed and the indications for the study recorded. (3) Results: The presence of CT findings not directly related to the reason for the CT examination was present in 40/60 (66.7%) studies of rabbits and in 42/65 (64.4%) studies of guinea pigs. Most commonly, the incidental findings involved the ears, in 24/60 studies in rabbits and in 29/65 studies in guinea pigs. Incidental findings involved the nasal cavities, respectively, in 9 and 7 rabbits and guinea pigs. Soft tissue mineralization was present in 11 rabbits and 17 guinea pigs. (4) Conclusions: Based on the present study, incidental findings detected on CT studies are often present in rabbits and guinea pigs. Veterinarians should be aware of the possible clinical impact of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Del Chicca
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 258c, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Petrini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Nocera I, Sorvillo B, Sgorbini M, Aliboni B, Citi S. Radiographic Appearance of the Fore Digit and Carpal Joint in the Mule Foal from Birth to 3 Months of Age. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2417. [PMID: 37570226 PMCID: PMC10417842 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have established the normal radiographic anatomical development of the donkey foal and, to date, no data are available for mules. Our aim was thus to evaluate the radiographic development of the fore digit and carpal joint in the mule foal from 0 to 3 months of age. Ten forelimbs of five healthy full-term mule foals were included. Radiographs of the fore digit lateromedial and dorsopalmar and the carpus dorsopalmar were performed weekly for the first month of age, and bi-monthly during the following two months. Fore digit growth plate closure times, morphological, angular, and linear radiographic parameters, and also carpal cuboidal bone mineralization were evaluated. Growth plates were graded as open, closing, and closed. Carpal bone appearance was graded as mature, slightly immature, or immature. Growth plate closure times showed the following: middle phalangeal distal physis (DP) closed at birth, and proximal physis (PP) started to close at around two months; first phalanx DP closed at seven days, and PP started to close at three months; and third metacarpal bone DP started to close at two months. Carpal bones were immature at birth. Distal phalanx (PD) was triangular at birth, palmar processes had developed by one month, and proximal sesamoid bones were trapezoidal by three months. The hoof wall, PD dorsal wall, and palmar angles values changed in parallel, and hoof capsule thickness increased. No PD remodeling evidence within the hoof capsule or variations in the hoof axis with growth were found. We identified a baseline for the interpretation of forelimb radiological features in mule foals. The specific features found were intermediate between those found in horses and donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Nocera
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Via Santa Cecilia 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, Via Livornese snc, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.S.); (M.S.); (B.A.); (S.C.)
| | - Benedetta Sorvillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, Via Livornese snc, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.S.); (M.S.); (B.A.); (S.C.)
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, Via Livornese snc, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.S.); (M.S.); (B.A.); (S.C.)
| | - Benedetta Aliboni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, Via Livornese snc, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.S.); (M.S.); (B.A.); (S.C.)
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, Via Livornese snc, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.S.); (M.S.); (B.A.); (S.C.)
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Leoni FP, Puccinelli C, Pelligra T, Gori E, Marchetti V, Diana A, Linta N, Citi S. Ultrasonographic appearance and possible clinical relevance of hyperechoic foci of mineralization in the canine intrahepatic biliary tree. Open Vet J 2023; 13:541-549. [PMID: 37304613 PMCID: PMC10257450 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i5.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evidence of mineralizations in the canine liver is usually considered an incidental finding of unclear clinical significance, frequently observed in small-size old dogs. Aim To describe the ultrasound features of intrahepatic biliary tree foci of mineralization, to assess their clinical relevance and their possible relationship with other gastrointestinal pathological disorders. Methods A retrospective analysis evaluating the database of canine patients admitted to two referral veterinary centers we carried out. All dogs under study underwent an abdominal ultrasound examination in which intrahepatic biliary tree mineralization was found. Clinical and anamnestic data of the included dogs were reviewed. Results Approximatively 90% of the patients showed ultrasonographic abnormalities regarding the biliary system, and over 85% presented ultrasonographic abnormalities of the hepatic parenchyma. In 81.2% of dogs, ultrasonographic anomalies in the digestive tract were observed. In approximately half of our patients, we evidenced increased liver enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase). At the clinical evaluation, 84.4% (23 out of 32 dogs) of patients showed signs of gastrointestinal disease that persisted for over 3 months. Conclusion The presence of intrahepatic biliary tree mineralizations is an unusual and frequently incidental finding that could be related to a bile stasis condition, a chronic inflammatory disease involving the biliary system and the hepatic parenchyma, and it could be associated with a liver-gut axis alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Puccini Leoni
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato,” Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato,” Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tina Pelligra
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato,” Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gori
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato,” Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato,” Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Diana
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nikolina Linta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato,” Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Mattolini M, Citi S, Gianni B, Carozzi G, Caleri E, Puccinelli C, Rossi F. CT features of divisional bile ducts in healthy Labrador Retrievers. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023. [PMID: 36759745 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly being used for the study of gallbladder and bile duct diseases. The first step in interpreting CT findings is understanding the cross-sectional anatomy of the structures involved, but there are no published studies describing the CT features of the divisional bile ducts. In dogs, anatomic studies report two common patterns including three or four divisional bile ducts. The aim of this retrospective, descriptive, anatomical study was to describe the size and pattern of the visible divisional bile ducts, based on their location and extension, using contrast-enhanced CT in a group of Labrador Retrievers without evidence of hepatobiliary diseases. The correlation between the biliary duct number and dimensions, and the visceral fat area percentage (VFA%) was also evaluated. The right lateral divisional duct (RLD) was visualized in four of 40 dogs, the left lateral divisional duct (LLD) in nine of 40 dogs, and in 17 of 40 dogs, both were simultaneously visualized. In 10 of 40 dogs, the RLD and LLD were not highlighted. When visible, the RLD has a median diameter of 0.23 cm and a median length of 0.82 cm. The LLD has a median diameter of 0.23 cm and a median length of 2.72 cm. The median diameter of the common bile duct before and after the insertion of divisional bile ducts was 0.23 and 0.25 cm, respectively. No correlation with the VFA% was found. At least one of the divisional bile ducts could be visualized using contrast-enhanced CT in the majority of sampled dogs (75%) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Mattolini
- Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gianni
- Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gregorio Carozzi
- Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elvanessa Caleri
- Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Rossi
- Clinica Veterinaria dell'Orologio, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy
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Nocera I, Puccinelli C, Sgorbini M, Bagnoli E, Citi S. Ultrasonography of the Metacarpal/Tarsal-Phalangeal Joints in Healthy Racehorses: Normal Appearance, Breed-Related and Age-Related Features. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192657. [PMID: 36230398 PMCID: PMC9558986 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult horses, specific ultrasound (US) features and reference values have been reported for the appearance of the joint cartilage and thickness according to the type of joint, such as femoropatellar and tarsocrural. The US appearance of the fetlock has been described in several diseases. The present research evaluates the US features of the metacarpal/tarsal-phalangeal joints in healthy racehorses according to age and breed, since no information is available in the literature. Seventy-one fetlocks in 28 healthy horses (15/28 thoroughbreds and 13/28 standardbreds) were assessed. The horses were grouped as follows: group A < 5 years old vs. group B ≥ 5. A portable ultrasound machine and a linear transducer (5−7.5 MHz) were used. Dorsal metacarpal/tarsal-phalangeal joints were scanned. The US images were reviewed offline in terms of articular cartilage appearance, thickness, and subchondral bone appearance by an experienced observer. Data were reported as the median, minimum, and maximum for cartilage thickness values, and differences between groups were evaluated. Cartilage thickness values were statistically lower in group A than B in the standardbreds, except for the lateral thickness in longitudinal view. No differences were detected in the thoroughbreds within age groups. All of the young standardbreds showed a normal cartilage and subchondral appearance. No statistical differences were found between breeds. Our results highlight the characteristics of the US appearance of metacarpal/tarsal-phalangeal joints specifically in racehorses, with some variations according to age. Since the cartilage can change according to joint growth, age and training activity, the present findings suggest the use of specific references for US features, which are key to correctly evaluating the health of the fetlock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Nocera
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Via Santa Cecilia 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Emma Bagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Puccinelli C, Pelligra T, Briganti A, Citi S. Two-dimensional shear wave elastography of liver in healthy dogs: anaesthesia as a source of variability. Int J Vet Sci Med 2022; 10:46-51. [PMID: 35677323 PMCID: PMC9132446 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2022.2073138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) is a non-invasive method to quantitatively evaluate the liver stiffness (LS), allowing the detection of hepatic pathological changes in both dogs and humans. In dogs, some factors such as patient movement and respiration can cause artefacts and potential errors of measurements. Therefore, anaesthesia has been suggested to reduce the effect of the movement on 2D-SWE in dogs. This study was performed to evaluate the influence of an anaesthetic protocol on 2D-SWE measurements for assessment of LS in healthy dogs. Forty-five dogs were included and subjected to anaesthesia: in 11 dogs, the 2D-SWE was performed both before and under anaesthesia, in 19 dogs, the 2D-SWE was performed only when they were awake and in 15 dogs, the examination was carried out only under anaesthesia. The anaesthetic protocol was composed of intramuscular injection of a combination of dexmedetomidine, methadone and ketamine and intravenous administration of propofol for induction and isoflurane for maintenance. The variability of 2D-SWE values according to anaesthesia was evaluated. Median 2D-SWE values were significantly higher in anesthetized dogs compared to awake dogs either by considering separately the dogs in which the examination was performed both awake and under anaesthesia and by considering all dogs included. According to our study, anaesthesia helped to avoid challenges related to patient movement and respiration; however, it was a source of variability on 2D-SWE values, and this factor should be considered before performing 2D-SWE under anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Pelligra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Gori E, Pierini A, Lippi I, Citi S, Mannucci T, Marchetti V. Evaluation of diagnostic and prognostic usefulness of abdominal ultrasonography in dogs with clinical signs of acute pancreatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:631-636. [PMID: 34448616 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.6.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report abdominal ultrasonography (AUS) findings in dogs with clinical signs of acute pancreatitis (AP) during the first 2 days of hospitalization and to compare AUS findings with severity of disease and mortality rate. ANIMALS 37 client-owned dogs with clinical signs of AP. PROCEDURES Dogs suspected of having AP with complete medical records, AUS examinations performed throughout the first 2 days of hospitalization, and available frozen surplus serum samples for quantitative measurement of canine pancreatic lipase (cPL) concentrations at hospital admission met the criteria for study inclusion. Dogs were grouped as AUS+ or AUS- on the basis of positive or negative findings for AP on AUS, respectively. Abdominal ultrasonography findings of AP were stratified (as mild, moderate, or severe) by use of an AUS severity index, and a canine acute pancreatitis severity score was calculated. RESULTS 24 of 37 (64.8%) dogs had AUS findings of AP at hospital admission, whereas 10 had positive findings for AP on AUS within 2 days of hospitalization. Three (8%) dogs were AUS- but had serum cPL concentrations > 400 μg/L (ie, values considered diagnostic for AP). On the AUS severity index, 5 of 34 (14.7%) AUS+ dogs had mild findings, 18 (52.9%) AUS+ dogs had moderate findings, and 11 (32.4%) AUS+ dogs had severe findings. Severe findings were associated with a higher risk of death than mild and moderate findings. A significant association was found between canine acute pancreatitis severity scores and mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE For dogs with clinical signs of AP, repeated AUS examinations during hospitalization should be performed, severe findings on the AUS severity index may indicate an increased risk of death, and serum cPL concentrations may increase earlier than findings on AUS of AP.
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Lippi I, Puccinelli C, Perondi F, Ceccherini G, Pierini A, Marchetti V, Citi S. Predictors of Fatal Pulmonary Haemorrhage in Dogs Affected by Leptospirosis Approaching Haemodialysis. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8020025. [PMID: 33567544 PMCID: PMC7914731 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective case control study, which aimed to evaluate potential clinical, laboratory and imaging predictors of fatal pulmonary haemorrhage in dogs with Leptospirosis submitted to haemodialysis. The study population was divided in two groups according to the presence (PH) or absence (nPH) of pulmonary haemorrhage. A statistical comparison was performed at hospital admission for clinical (spontaneous bleeding, icterus, and respiratory distress), laboratory (serum creatinine, urea, phosphate, calcium, bicarbonate, bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALKP, GGT, total protein, albumin, glycaemia, sodium, potassium, CRP, RBC, HCT, HGB, WBC, PLT, PT, aPTT, fibrinogen), and pulmonary radiographic findings between the two groups of dogs. At hospital admission, dogs developing pulmonary haemorrhage were more likely to have respiratory distress (p = 0.002), severely elevated serum bilirubin (p = 0.002), AST (p = 0.04), ALT (p = 0.012), ALKP (p = 0.002), reduced serum glycaemia (p = 0.014), and thrombocytopenia (p = 0.04). Respiratory distress and elevated serum bilirubin (≥11.5 mg/dL) were independently associated with increased risk of pulmonary haemorrhage. In conclusion, the presence of respiratory distress at hospital admission is strongly associated (OR 40.9) with increased risk of pulmonary haemorrhage, even though no abnormalities are found at chest radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Francesca Perondi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Gianila Ceccherini
- Ospedale Veterinario San Concordio, Via Savonarola 106/f, 55100 Lucca, Italy;
| | - Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2210-100
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (I.L.); (C.P.); (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
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Vezzosi T, Puccinelli C, Citi S, Tognetti R. Two radiographic methods for assessing left atrial enlargement and cardiac remodeling in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 34:55-63. [PMID: 33581663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two radiographic measures of the left atrial (LA) size, the vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) and the radiographic left atrial dimension (RLAD), have been described in dogs. The aim of this study was to determine their feasibility and diagnostic value in the prediction of LA enlargement and clinical stage in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). ANIMALS 111 client-owned dogs affected by MMVD. METHODS Retrospective study. In each dog, VLAS, RLAD, vertebral heart score (VHS), and left atrium-to-aorta-ratio (LA/Ao) were measured. The correlation between VLAS, RLAD, and LA/Ao was evaluated. The diagnostic accuracy of VLAS and RLAD was assessed for the detection of LA enlargement and clinical staging using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS A positive correlation was observed between VLAS, RLAS, and LA/Ao (r = 0.816 and r = 0.855, respectively; p<0.0001). Both VLAS (area under the curve [AUC], 0.93; p<0.0001) and RLAD (AUC, 0.98; p<0.0001) showed high diagnostic accuracy in the detection of LA enlargement. In the stage B, the RLAD (AUC, 0.99; cutoff, ≥1.8; sensitivity, 100%; specificity 93%) performed better than VLAS (AUC, 0.90; cutoff, ≥2.4; sensitivity, 66%; specificity 100%) and VHS (AUC, 0.89; cutoff, ≥10.7; sensitivity, 88%; specificity 83%) in the detection of dogs fulfilling the echocardiographic criteria for stage B2. CONCLUSIONS VLAS and RLAD represent useful radiological tools for the detection of LA enlargement in dogs with MMVD. In asymptomatic dogs, the RLAD performs better than VLAS and VHS in the prediction of those fulfilling the echocardiographic criteria for stage B2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vezzosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
| | - R Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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Pacini MI, Bonelli F, Briganti A, Citi S, Perrucci S, Papini RA, Sgorbini M. Corrigendum: Wildlife Ungulate Rescue and Emergency Services in the Pisa Area (Tuscany, Italy): Evaluation of a 9-Years Period (2010-2018). Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:629099. [PMID: 33490141 PMCID: PMC7820938 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.629099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00626.].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, San Piero a Grado, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, San Piero a Grado, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, San Piero a Grado, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, San Piero a Grado, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Nocera I, Aliboni B, Ben David L, Gracia-Calvo LA, Sgorbini M, Citi S. Radiographic and Venographic Appearance of Healthy and Laminitic Feet in Amiata Donkeys. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:601665. [PMID: 33409297 PMCID: PMC7779588 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.601665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Laminitis is a debilitating disorder resulting in irreversible anatomical changes in the feet of equids. Assessing specific anatomical features through radiography and venography provides diagnostic and prognostic information. The reference ranges are well-established in horses, but not in donkeys. It is also uncertain as to whether these ranges can be applied to every donkey breed. The present study characterizes the radiological and venographic hoof anatomy of healthy feet of Amiata donkeys and defines the changes associated with severe and mild laminitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 forefeet were evaluated in 8 Amiata jennies. The animals underwent musculoskeletal examination, Obel grading assessment and radiological evaluation. Based on clinical examination and radiographic findings, the forefeet were grouped as healthy, mild or severe laminitic feet, thus the digital venograms were performed according to the group definition. Results: Radiology revealed 7/16 healthy, 4/16 mild laminitic, and 5/16 severe laminitic forefeet. Statistical analysis showed differences between the healthy and laminitic forefeet for the dorsal angle (p < 0.0001) and angle of solar aspect (p < 0.0001) of the distal phalanx, for deviation between dorsal aspect of distal phalanx and the hoof wall (p < 0.0001) and phalangeal rotation angle (p = 0.0032). Venography was abnormal in mild and severe laminitic forefeet. In particular, the vascularization was reduced or absent at the lamellar-circumflex junction dorsally, at the sub-lamellar vascular bed and at the circumflex veins. Coronary plexus vascularization was absent in severe laminitic forefeet. Discussion and Conclusions: This study provides the radiological parameters for the assessment of healthy and laminitic forefeet of Amiata donkeys. The mild laminitic foot venogram showed decreased vascularization mainly on lamellar-circumflex junction and sub-lamellar vascular bed, in latero-medial views. The severe laminitic foot showed very poor or absent vascularization in multiple areas. The technique is easily applicable and provides diagnostic support in laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Aliboni
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Luis Alfonso Gracia-Calvo
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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17
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Puccini Leoni F, Pelligra T, Citi S, Marchetti V, Gori E, Puccinelli C. Ultrasonographic Monitoring in 38 Dogs with Clinically Suspected Acute Pancreatitis. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040180. [PMID: 33207550 PMCID: PMC7711604 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal ultrasound examinations (AUEs) are commonly used in the diagnostic evaluation of canine acute pancreatitis (AP). The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate and monitor the ultrasonographic changes observed in dogs with clinically suspected AP on consecutive AUEs. The study population was constituted by 38 client-owned dogs hospitalized for no less than 48 h from January 2016 to December 2019. Dogs included in this study were suspected of AP based on the clinical examination and abnormal rapid specific canine pancreatic lipase test performed at admission. Dogs were submitted to two AUEs, the first on the first day of hospitalization, and the second between 40–52 h after the first one. Twelve dogs had both AUEs suggestive of AP. Fourteen dogs received an ultrasonographic diagnosis of AP exclusively on the second AUE. Twelve dogs remained negative on both the first and the second AUE. In 26 out of 38 patients the second AUE was suggestive of AP. If a patient is suspected of AP, it is advisable to carry out ultrasonographic monitoring at least within the first 52 h after admission, since ultrasonographic signs of AP may only become observable later after hospitalization.
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Bonelli F, Orsetti C, Turini L, Meucci V, Pierattini A, Sgorbini M, Citi S. Mammary Cistern Size during the Dry Period in Healthy Dairy Cows: A Preliminary Study for an Ultrasonographic Evaluation. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112082. [PMID: 33182597 PMCID: PMC7698221 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The dry period is a crucial moment for dairy cows since the udder may develop pathological conditions that could influence the next lactation. We propose a preliminary study for the ultrasonographic evaluation of the udder cistern during the dry period in healthy dairy cows. All four udder cisterns were evaluated and measured by ultrasound at different times. Our results showed a statistically significant negative linear correlation between the time and udder cistern size. In addition, this study showed that the udder cistern size decreased throughout the whole dry period and started to increase at the beginning of the next lactation. Abstract We evaluated the udder cistern (UC) size during the dry period using ultrasound. Forty healthy quarters were evaluated in both the longitudinal and cross-section of the UC. Quarters were evaluated at the drying-off (T0) and 24 h later (T1), then regularly until the end of the dry period (T7–T58), during the colostrum production phase (TCPP) and at 7 days in milking (T7PP). The Spearman test was applied to find the correlation between the ultrasonographic UC size (UUCS) assessment and time. The Friedman test and Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons as a post-hoc test were performed to compare the forequarter and hindquarter cross-sections (FQCSs and HQCSs, respectively) and the forequarter and hindquarter longitudinal sections (FQLSs and HQLSs, respectively) at T0 vs. T58 vs. TCPP vs. T7PP. A total of 440 images were evaluated. A negative linear correlation between time and FQCS and FQLS (r = −0.95; p < 0.0004) and between time and HQCS and HQLS (r = −0.90; p < 0.002) was found. The UUCS decreased throughout the dry period, starting to increase at the beginning of the next lactation. Measuring the UUCS provides useful information for monitoring the dry period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, via Vecchia di Marina 6, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Orsetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Turini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, via Vecchia di Marina 6, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Alessio Pierattini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, via Vecchia di Marina 6, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, via Livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (L.T.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (M.S.); (S.C.)
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Puccinelli C, Citi S, Vezzosi T, Garibaldi S, Tognetti R. A radiographic study of breed-specific vertebral heart score and vertebral left atrial size in Chihuahuas. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 62:20-26. [PMID: 33111364 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although echocardiography is the gold standard for the diagnosis of cardio-structural disease, thoracic radiography is a rapid, cost-effective, and widely accessible method for evaluating cardiac size in dogs. The vertebral heart score (VHS) and the vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) are established as objective measures of cardiomegaly on thoracic radiographs. However, several studies have shown significant variations in the VHS among different breeds. The Chihuahua is predisposed to both congenital and acquired cardiac diseases. The aim of this prospective, single-center, cross sectional study was thus to evaluate the VHS and the VLAS in healthy adult Chihuahua dogs. A total of 30 Chihuahuas were included. The VHS values in our sample population of Chihuahuas were 10.0 ± 0.6 (95% range, 8.9-11.0). This was significantly greater than the canine reference value of 9.7 ± 0.5 established by Buchanan and Bücheler (P = .002). The VLAS of Chihuahuas in our study was 1.8 ± 0.2 (95% range, 1.3-2.1). This was significantly lower than the values previously reported by Malcolm et al (2.07 ± 0.25; P = .0004). The VHS and the VLAS were not influenced by sex, body weight, short or long hair, and body condition score in normal Chihuahuas. Our results indicated that breed-specific reference values for radiographic VHS and VLAS are needed. In Chihuahuas, the values found in this study can be used as a normal reference in order to help avoid overinterpretation of cardiomegaly in these dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Vezzosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Garibaldi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosalba Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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20
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Nocera I, Aliboni B, Puccinelli C, Pietrini G, Sgorbini M, Citi S, Ricardi G. Radiographic parameters of the digit in a cohort population of Amiata donkeys. Open Vet J 2020; 10:354-362. [PMID: 33614429 PMCID: PMC7830172 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The most common musculoskeletal conditions reported in donkeys are related to the foot. Radiographic examinations are clinically important in the diagnosis of foot abnormalities and are commonly used. However, few studies have been conducted to establish the normal radiographic appearance of a donkey’s foot. Aim: To determine the radiographic features of the front digit in healthy Amiata donkeys. Methods: Radiographic examinations were performed on 56 forefeet of 28 Amiata donkeys. Three radiographic views of each front foot were taken: lateromedial, dorsopalmar and dorso-65°proximal/palmarodistal oblique. Seventeen angular and linear radiographic parameters and the crena solearis were evaluated in all forefeet, and 18 morphometric parameters were evaluated in 16 out of 56 forefeet. Statistical analysis was carried out on all the measures assessed. Results: The radiographic appearance of the forefoot was ascertained, and data were reported as median ± standard error, minimum and maximum values. No statistical differences were obtained between the right and left forefeet. Conclusion: The normal baseline parameters of the forefeet of Amiata donkeys were recorded and described and compared with other donkey breeds and horses. The findings highlighted that the donkey breed affects the radiographic parameters of the digit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Via Livornese snc, San Piero A Grado PI, Italy
| | - Benedetta Aliboni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Via Livornese snc, San Piero A Grado PI, Italy
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Via Livornese snc, San Piero A Grado PI, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Via Livornese snc, San Piero A Grado PI, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", Via Livornese snc, San Piero A Grado PI, Italy
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Perondi F, Lippi I, Marchetti V, Bruno B, Borrelli A, Citi S. How Ultrasound Can Be Useful for Staging Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs: Ultrasound Findings in 855 Cases. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040147. [PMID: 33019496 PMCID: PMC7712280 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD), some ultrasonographic (US) abnormalities have been shown to correlate better than others with the progression of the disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of the most frequent renal US abnormalities in dogs at different stages of CKD, and to investigate their association with CKD International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stages. Medical records and ultrasonographical report of 855 dogs were retrospectively included. The most frequent renal ultrasonographic abnormalities were: increased cortical echogenicity, abnormal ratio of cortico-medullary junction (C/M) and pyelectasia. A statistically significant difference in the prevalence of irregular contour, abnormal cortico-medullary junction, abnormal C/M, increased cortical echogenicity, and pyelectasia was found for dogs at different IRIS stages. The number of dogs with more than one US abnormality increased significantly with the progression of IRIS stage. In conclusion, increased cortical echogenicity, abnormal C/M junction and pyelectasia were the most prevalent US abnormalities in our CKD population. Although none of the US abnormalities showed a significantly higher prevalence, the number of dogs presenting > 3 US abnormalities increased significantly from IRIS 2 to IRIS 4. Renal US is an excellent ancillary diagnostic test, which should be used together with renal functional parameters, to monitor the progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perondi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Ilaria Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Barbara Bruno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10124 Turin (TO), Italy; (B.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonio Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10124 Turin (TO), Italy; (B.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (V.M.); (S.C.)
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Pacini MI, Bonelli F, Briganti A, Citi S, Perrucci S, Papini RA, Sgorbini M. Wildlife Ungulate Rescue and Emergency Services in the Pisa Area (Tuscany, Italy): Evaluation of a 9-Years Period (2010-2018). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:626. [PMID: 33033722 PMCID: PMC7509085 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We analyzed the clinical data of wildlife ungulates admitted for emergency care to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa over a 9-years period. Methods: Clinical data of all the wildlife ungulates admitted to the VTH were recorded. Blood samples were also taken from the animals for hematological and biochemical analysis. An assessment of ecto- and endoparasites was carried out, diagnostic imaging assessment was performed, and the outcomes were recorded. Results: Data concerning clinical parameters, blood work, parasitological analysis, and diagnostic imaging diagnosis were expressed as prevalence. Conclusion: The rescue and emergency treatments were related mostly to traumas caused by car accidents, followed by other causes. The traumatic injuries were mostly severe, characterized by multiple lesions involving hard and soft tissues. In this study, traffic accidents were the main cause of wildlife rescue and emergency management. This is probably due to the increased population of ungulates over the years, along with the considerable anthropization of the Pisa area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, San Piero a Grado, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, San Piero a Grado, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, San Piero a Grado, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, San Piero a Grado, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Nocera I, Aliboni B, Sgorbini M, Gracia-Calvo LA, Conte G, Ben David L, Citi S. Ultrasonographic Appearance of Elbow Joints in a Population of Amiata Donkeys. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103242. [PMID: 33077086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) is a well-established technique for investigating joint diseases in horses, complementary to radiography. Few studies have been performed on the ultrasonographic aspect of the elbow joint in horses and no reports are available on donkeys. The aim of this study is to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow joint in healthy donkeys. Descriptive cohort study included 34 elbow joints, which were evaluated in 17 donkeys. Inclusion criteria included no lameness or musculoskeletal diseases in the donkeys. The structures evaluated were the lateral and medial collateral ligaments, ulnaris lateralis proximal tendon, distal biceps brachii tendon, triceps brachii tendon, and the articular space. For each structure, one good-quality image was recorded. The structures were retrospectively assessed for echogenicity, fiber orientation, bone appearance, and shape. The prevalence of the visualized structures was calculated. Cohen κ coefficient was calculated for the repeatability (intraoperator agreement), the reproducibility (interoperator agreement), and the influence of the operator's experience in US examination. The US appearance of the structures was described. Statistical analysis showed scarce-to-moderate agreement concerning the repeatability and mostly scarce-to-good agreement concerning the reproducibility of the US examination; finally, low-to-discrete agreement concerning the operator's experience. Technical difficulties precluded an accurate description of the medial collateral ligament. The healthy animals included were limited. The US examination of the elbow joint in donkeys were similar to the features reported in horses. Individual experience partially influences the execution and the assessment of the US images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Aliboni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luis Alfonso Gracia-Calvo
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liri Ben David
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Nocera I, Sgorbini M, Gracia‐Calvo LA, Cacini M, Vitale V, Citi S. A novel dynamometer for the standardisation of the force applied during distal forelimb flexion tests in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Science Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato” University of Pisa San Piero a Grado (PI) Italy
| | - M. Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Science Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato” University of Pisa San Piero a Grado (PI) Italy
| | | | - M. Cacini
- Veterinary Practitioner Florence Italy
| | - V. Vitale
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital Sydney School of Veterinary Science The University of Sydney Camden New South Wales Australia
| | - S. Citi
- Department of Veterinary Science Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato” University of Pisa San Piero a Grado (PI) Italy
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Vezzosi T, Puccinelli C, Tognetti R, Pelligra T, Citi S. Radiographic vertebral left atrial size: A reference interval study in healthy adult dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:507-511. [PMID: 32621373 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic radiography is a useful technique for the evaluation of cardiac dimensions, especially when echocardiography is not possible. The vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) has recently been proposed as a new radiographic method for quantifying left atrial dimensions in dogs. The aims of this retrospective, reference interval, observational study were to describe values for VLAS in a group of healthy adult dogs and to compare intraobserver and interobserver agreement for VLAS versus vertebral heart score (VHS) methods. Thoracic radiographs of 80 healthy adult dogs were evaluated. Normal left atrial size was determined based on an echocardiographic left atrial-to-aorta ratio < 1.6. The VLAS and vertebral heart score values were measured from right lateral radiographs. The correlations between VLAS, the vertebral heart score, and the left atrial-to-aorta ratio were evaluated. The effects of body weight, sex, and age were also tested using regression analyses. The median value of VLAS were 1.9, with a reference interval of 1.4-2.2. A positive correlation was found between VLAS and vertebral heart score values (r = 0.53; P < .0001). No effect of body weight, sex, and age on VLAS was detected. Excellent intraobserver and interobserver agreements were found for both VLAS and vertebral heart score methods (intraclass correlation coefficients ≥ 0.91). Findings from this sample of healthy dogs indicated that VLAS is a repeatable radiographic method for quantifying left atrial size. Further studies are warranted to evaluate this measure in clinically affected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Vezzosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Rosalba Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tina Pelligra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Perondi F, Puccinelli C, Lippi I, Della Santa D, Benvenuti M, Mannucci T, Citi S. Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Urachal Anomalies in Cats and Dogs: Retrospective Study of 98 Cases (2009-2019). Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030084. [PMID: 32630639 PMCID: PMC7559830 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study investigated the prevalence of different urachal anomalies (UA) in cats (n = 60) and dogs (n = 38) and their association with clinical symptoms and urinalysis alterations. Among UA, the vesicourachal diverticulum was the most prevalent UA diagnosed in both cats (96.7%) and dogs (89.5%): the intramural vesicourachal diverticulum was diagnosed in 76.7% of cats and 71.1% of dogs, followed by extramural vesicourachal diverticulum (20.0% and 18.4% respectively). In both cats and dogs, bladder wall diffuse or regional thickening was the most prevalent alteration. The most common alterations of the urinary bladder content were urolithiasis sediment in cats (33.3%) and in dogs (31.6%). Dogs with UA were more often asymptomatic (p = 0.01). No difference was found in cats. Stranguria, hematuria, and urethral obstruction were the most frequently reported clinical signs, while hematuria and leukocyturia were the most prevalent abnormalities at urinalysis. In conclusion, our study confirmed UA as uncommon, and often incidental findings, with a high prevalence of animals without clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perondi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56121 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (C.P.); (T.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Caterina Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56121 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (C.P.); (T.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Ilaria Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56121 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (C.P.); (T.M.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0502210100
| | | | | | - Tommaso Mannucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56121 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (C.P.); (T.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56121 Pisa, Italy; (F.P.); (C.P.); (T.M.); (S.C.)
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Gori E, Pierini A, Ceccherini G, Citi S, Mannucci T, Lippi I, Marchetti V. Pulmonary complications in dogs with acute presentation of pancreatitis. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:209. [PMID: 32571307 PMCID: PMC7310026 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02427-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, respiratory complications in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) are a common life-threatening comorbidity. Since possible lung impairment has not been individually evaluated in canine AP, the aims of the present study were to: (1) describe the prevalence, types and severity of pulmonary complications in dogs with acute presentation of AP, and (2) evaluate their association with mortality. AP diagnosis was based on compatible clinical and laboratory parameters, abnormal canine pancreatic-lipase test, and positive abdominal ultrasound within 48 h from admission. The canine acute pancreatitis severity score (CAPS) was calculated for each dog at admission. Arterial blood gas analysis and thoracic radiography were performed at admission. Thoracic radiography was classified on the basis of pulmonary pattern (normal, interstitial or alveolar) and a modified lung injury score (mLIS) was applied to the ventrodorsal projections for each dog. VetALI/VetARDS were diagnosed using current veterinary consensus. Dogs were divided into non-survivors or survivors (hospital discharge). Clinical, radiological and blood gas parameters collected at presentation were compared between survivors and non-survivors and associated with mortality. Results This prospective cohort study included twenty-six client-owned dogs with AP. Twelve out of twenty-six dogs (46%) died or were euthanized. At admission, thirteen dogs showed respiratory distress at physical examination, which was associated with death (P < 0.001). Radiographic abnormalities were found in twenty-one dogs: alveolar (n = 11) and interstitial pattern (n = 10). Radiographic alterations and mLIS score were both associated with death (P = 0.02 and P = 0.0023). The results of the arterial blood-gas evaluation showed that non-survivors had lower PaCO2 and HCO3− levels, and higher A-a gradient than survivors (P = 0.0014, P = 0.019 and P = 0.004, respectively). Specifically, three dogs had aspiration pneumonia, and VetALI was diagnosed in nine dogs (34.6%), and no dogs met the criteria for VetARDS. The presence of VetALI was associated with mortality (P < 0.001). Conclusions As with humans, possible lung impairments, such as VetALI, should be investigated in dogs with acute presentation of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gori
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Gianila Ceccherini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mannucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital "Mario Modenato", University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato monte, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
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Ceccherini G, Lippi I, Citi S, Perondi F, Pamapanini M, Guidi G, Briganti A. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) provision with a pediatric helmet for treatment of hypoxemic acute respiratory failure in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 30:41-49. [PMID: 31872531 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate arterial blood gas parameters and pulmonary radiography, before and after provision of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) via a pediatric helmet in dogs with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. DESIGN Single-center, observational study conducted from 2016 to 2017. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Seventeen dogs presenting with clinical signs compatible with respiratory failure, confirmed by arterial blood gas analyses. INTERVENTIONS For each animal arterial blood samples and thoracic radiographs were performed at arrival (T0 ). Hypoxemic dogs (PaO2 <80 mm Hg), without evidence of pneumothorax or pleural effusion, received CPAP ventilation via a pediatric Helmet for at least 1 hour. At the end of CPAP ventilation, a second arterial blood gas analysis was performed at room air (T1 ). The F-shunt was also calculated. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Respiratory rate, heart rate and rhythm, mean blood pressure, mucosal membrane color, and rectal temperature were recorded. Tolerance to the helmet was evaluated using a predetermined scoring system. Two dogs were excluded from the study for low tolerance to the helmet. In 15 of 17 dogs, a significant difference between T0 and T1 was noted for PaO2 (60.84 ± 3 mm Hg vs 80.2 ± 5.5 mm Hg), P(A-a)O2 (52.4 ± 4.4 mm Hg vs 35.2 ± 6 mm Hg), PaO2 /FiO2 (289.7 ± 14.3 vs 371 ± 21), and %SO2 (91.3 vs 98.8). In 15 of 17 dogs, the helmet was well tolerated. F-shunt significantly decreased following provision of CPAP (37%; range, 8.4-68% vs 6%; range, -5.6-64.3%). CONCLUSION The use of a pediatric helmet appears to be a suitable device for delivery of CPAP in dogs with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. The device appears to be reasonably tolerated and improved oxygenation in most dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianila Ceccherini
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Francesca Perondi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Michela Pamapanini
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Grazia Guidi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Angela Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
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Della Santa D, Mannucci T, Busoni G, Citi S. Sublumbar grass awns in two cats: ultrasonographic features and ultrasound-guided retrieval. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919885677. [PMID: 31763050 PMCID: PMC6857115 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919885677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case series summary Two adult cats were evaluated because of recurrent abscesses of the right lateral thoracoabdominal wall. The abscesses receded with antibiotics but relapsed shortly after therapy interruption. Ultrasonography identified fluid-filled lesions containing linear, hyperechoic material with distal acoustic shadowing in the sublumbar region of both cats. Ultrasound-guided retrieval of grass awns was performed in both cases, which resulted in complete clinical resolution. Relevance and novel information While sublumbar abscesses in dogs are a relatively common disease, their occurrence in cats is much less common. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the ultrasonographic features of sublumbar abscessation induced by foreign bodies and their ultrasound-guided retrieval in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tommaso Mannucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Busoni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Lippi I, Mannucci T, Santa DD, Barella G, Oranges M, Citi S. Emphysematous cystitis: Retrospective evaluation of predisposing factors and ultrasound features in 36 dogs and 2 cats. Can Vet J 2019; 60:514-518. [PMID: 31080265 PMCID: PMC6463776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective study investigated predisposing factors and ultrasound features in dogs (n = 36) and cats (n = 2) with emphysematous cystitis (EC). Urinary tract infection was present in 25 patients (65.8%), impaired immune system in 10 (26.3%), bladder stones in 9 (23.7%) and neurologic bladder in 7 (18.4%). Diabetes mellitus was present in only 4 patients (10.5%). Most patients had positive urine culture (n = 35; 92.1%), with elevated concentration of Escherichia coli in 25 patients (71.4%). The most common ultrasound features were diffuse thickening of the urinary bladder (n = 15; 39.5%), polyps (n = 9; 23.7%), and focal thickening (n = 4; 10.5%). In 13 patients (34.2%) the bladder wall was not assessable, due to excessive bladder gas. Bladder gas was mostly identified in the lumen (n = 18; 47.4%), followed by the bladder wall (n = 11; 28.9%), and wall and lumen (n = 9; 23.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa (Italy), Via Livornese lato monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado (Pisa) Italy
| | - Tommaso Mannucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa (Italy), Via Livornese lato monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado (Pisa) Italy
| | - Daniele Della Santa
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa (Italy), Via Livornese lato monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado (Pisa) Italy
| | - Gabriele Barella
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa (Italy), Via Livornese lato monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado (Pisa) Italy
| | - Martina Oranges
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa (Italy), Via Livornese lato monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado (Pisa) Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa (Italy), Via Livornese lato monte, 56122 San Piero a Grado (Pisa) Italy
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Mannucci T, Lippi I, Rota A, Citi S. Contrast enhancement ultrasound of renal perfusion in dogs with acute kidney injury. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:471-476. [PMID: 31012121 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound to assess changes in renal perfusion in dogs with acute kidney injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS The left kidney of each dog in two groups was examined using contrast-enhanced ultrasound: Group A consisted of 16 healthy dogs and Group B consisted of 12 dogs with acute kidney injury. RESULTS All dogs in Group A showed the same sequence of wash-in and wash-out. In Group B the distribution of contrast media showed a similar cortical phase to healthy dogs, but a faster time to maximal medullary enhancement. Group B showed increased medullary peak intensity and medullary area under the curve compared to Group A. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses showed vascular changes especially in the medulla, with more rapid medullary vascularisation and increased medullary perfusion. These results were interpreted as medullary congestion in dogs with acute kidney injury. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Contrast-enhanced ultrasound represents an easy to perform, safe, and non-invasive method to detect changes in renal perfusion in dogs with acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mannucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa - Via Livornese, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - I Lippi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa - Via Livornese, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Rota
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa - Via Livornese, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa - Via Livornese, 56122, Pisa, Italy
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Barsotti G, Mannucci T, Citi S. Ultrasonography-guided removal of plant-based foreign bodies from the lacrimal sac in four dogs. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:76. [PMID: 30836969 PMCID: PMC6402165 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dacryocystitis is an inflammation of the lacrimal drainage system. One of the most common causes of dacryocystitis in dogs is due to plant-based foreign bodies typically located in the lacrimal sac. The aim of this case series was to describe an ultrasonography-guided technique for dogs with plant-based foreign bodies in the lacrimal sac, as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. CASE PRESENTATION Four dogs with clinically suspected plant-based foreign body in the lacrimal sac (with a total of five eyes affected) were evaluated by ultrasound with a multifrequency (8-14 MHz) linear probe. Under general anesthesia, the foreign body was removed using Hartmann alligator forceps inserted thorough the upper puncta. Ultrasound was used to guide the forceps in grasping the foreign body. Ultrasound was positive in four out of five lacrimal sac diseases. All identified foreign bodies were successfully removed by the ultrasonography-guided technique. CONCLUSIONS The results show that ultrasound is a fast, non-invasive, and inexpensive method for the assessment of dacryocystitis due to foreign bodies in dogs. Ultrasound is also useful not only for identification, but also in the non-invasive removal of the foreign body from the lacrimal sac. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study to describe the sonographic approach to the palpebral medial cantus as an initial diagnostic step in canine dacriocystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barsotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, via livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Mannucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, via livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, via livornese snc, San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
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Citi S, Mannucci T, Pedala’ F, Vannozzi I, Vignoli M. Acute Pancreatitis Associated With Peritoneal Migration of Grass Awn in Two Dogs. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/acve-2017-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A 12 year old male Fox Terrier (case 1) and a one year old female Poodle (case 2) were presented with a history of dysorexia and vomiting, and case 2 also with distress associated with eating. Both dogs were diagnosed with acute pancreatitis based on clinical signs, blood analysis and ultrasonography which revealed the presence of a vegetable foreign body in the proximity of the pancreatic right lobe. Laparatomy enabled the gramineae awns to be removed which led to full resolution of clinical signs. We believe that these are the first reported cases of acute pancreatitis due to grass awns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Citi
- Mario Modenato Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa , Italy
| | - Tommaso Mannucci
- Mario Modenato Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa , Italy
| | - Francesca Pedala’
- Mario Modenato Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa , Italy
| | - Iacopo Vannozzi
- Mario Modenato Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa , Italy
| | - Massimo Vignoli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo , Italy
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Lippi I, Bonelli F, Citi S, Meucci V, Sartoni M, Marmorini P, Sgorbini M. Renal Measures in Healthy Italian Trotter Foals and Correlation Between Renal and Biometric Measures: Preliminary Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vezzosi T, Mannucci T, Pistoresi A, Toma F, Tognetti R, Zini E, Domenech O, Auriemma E, Citi S. Assessment of Lung Ultrasound B-Lines in Dogs with Different Stages of Chronic Valvular Heart Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:700-704. [PMID: 28370336 PMCID: PMC5435052 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In dogs with chronic valvular heart disease (CVHD), early recognition of pulmonary edema (PE) is of paramount importance. Recent studies in dogs showed that lung ultrasound examination (LUS) is a useful technique to diagnose cardiogenic PE. Objectives To describe LUS features in dogs with different stages of CVHD, and to determine its diagnostic accuracy in detecting PE using thoracic radiography as the reference standard. Animals Sixty‐three dogs with CVHD. Methods Prospective, multicenter, cross‐sectional study. Each dog underwent physical examination, echocardiography, thoracic radiography, and LUS. The LUS findings were classified as absent, rare, numerous, or confluent B‐lines. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of LUS B‐lines to identify PE were calculated using thoracic radiography as the reference standard. Results Dogs in stage B1 had absent or rare B‐lines in 14 of 15 cases (93.3%). Dogs in stage B2 had absent or rare B‐lines in 16 of 18 cases (88.9%). All dogs in stage C, without radiographic signs of PE, had absent or rare B‐lines. Dogs in stage C, with radiographic signs of PE, had numerous or confluent B‐lines in 18 of 20 cases (90%). Lung ultrasound examination detected PE with a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 93%, and with positive and negative predictive values of 85.7 and 95.2%, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Lung ultrasound examination showed good diagnostic accuracy to identify cardiogenic PE and might be helpful in staging dogs with CVHD. Lung ultrasound examination should be considered as a new, noninvasive diagnostic tool for clinicians managing CVHD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vezzosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - T Mannucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Pistoresi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Toma
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Zini
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy.,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - O Domenech
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - E Auriemma
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - S Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Millanta F, Asproni P, Canale A, Citi S, Poli A. COX-2, mPGES-1 and EP2 receptor immunohistochemical expression in canine and feline malignant mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14:270-80. [PMID: 24824420 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) signalling is involved in human and animal cancer development. PG E2 (PGE2 ) tumour-promoting activity has been confirmed and its production is controlled by Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Evidence suggests that mPGES-1 and COX-2 contribute to carcinogenesis through the EP2 receptor. The aim of our study was to detect by immunohistochemistry COX-2, mPGES-1 and EP2 receptor expression in canine (n = 46) and feline (n = 50) mammary tumours and in mammary non-neoplastic tissues. COX-2 positivity was observed in 83% canine and 81% feline mammary carcinomas, mPGES-1 in 75% canine and 66% feline mammary carcinomas and the EP2 receptor expression was observed in 89% canine and 54% feline carcinomas. The frequency of COX-2, EP2 receptor and mPGES-1 expression was significantly higher in carcinomas than in non-neoplastic tissues and adenomas. COX-2, mPGES-1 and EP2 receptor expression was strongly associated. These findings support a role of the COX-2/PGE2 pathway in the pathogenesis of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Millanta
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Asproni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Canale
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Citi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Poli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Portela DA, Otero PE, Biondi M, Romano M, Citi S, Mannucci T, Briganti A, Breghi G, Bollini C. Peripheral nerve stimulation under ultrasonographic control to determine the needle‐to‐nerve relationship. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40:e91-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Citi S, Chimenti T, Marchetti V, Millanta F, Mannucci T. Micronodular ultrasound lesions in the colonic submucosa of 42 dogs and 14 cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:646-51. [PMID: 23802864 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronodular ultrasound lesions have been detected in the colonic submucosa of dogs and cats at our hospital. The lesions had rounded/oval shapes, measured 1-3 mm in size, and exhibited a hypo/anechoic ultrasonographic pattern. To our knowledge, these lesions have not been previously reported in human or veterinary patients. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether micronodular lesions were associated with other abdominal ultrasound abnormalities or clinical findings. Medical records of dogs and cats with sonographic reports describing micronodular lesions within the colonic submucosa were reviewed. Concurrent ultrasonographic abnormalities were recorded and compared with clinical sidgns and follow-up data. A total of 42 dogs and 14 cats met inclusion criteria. Concurrent sonographic abnormalities included the following: increased colon wall thickness (12.5%); small bowel wall thickening, altered layering, and/or hyperechoic mucosa (45%); abdominal effusion (29%); caudal mesenteric lymphadenopathy (46%); mesenteric lymphadenopathy (27%); and pericolic peritoneal fat reactivity (9%). Fifty of 56 animals presented with diarrhea. Twenty-seven cases had clinical signs of colitis and ultrasonographic lesions were limited to the colonic submucosa. In nine cases, follow-up examination at 6-8 weeks showed resolution of clinical and ultrasonographic signs. Ultrasonographic and clinical examinations in 17 patients at 12-18 months and in 20 patients at 18-30 months from initial diagnosis showed resolution of submucosal lesions and clinical signs of enteropathy. The authors propose that micronodular submucosal ultrasound lesions may represent reactive intraparietal lymphoid follicles and may be indicators of colonic inflammatory diseases in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Citi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Marchetti V, Giorgi M, Fioravanti A, Finotello R, Citi S, Canu B, Orlandi P, Di Desidero T, Danesi R, Bocci G. First-line metronomic chemotherapy in a metastatic model of spontaneous canine tumours: a pilot study. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:1725-30. [PMID: 21509468 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Marchetti
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Millanta F, Caneschi V, Ressel L, Citi S, Poli A. Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Canine Inflammatory and Non-inflammatory Mammary Carcinoma. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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41
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Santa DD, Gaschen L, Doherr MG, Citi S, Marchetti V, Lang J. Spectral waveform analysis of intranodal arterial blood flow in abnormally large superficial lymph nodes in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:478-85. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.4.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Della Santa
- Dipartimento di Clinica Veterinaria, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Pisa, 56010 San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
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Millanta F, Silvestri G, Vaselli C, Citi S, Pisani G, Lorenzi D, Poli A. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor Flk-1/KDR in promoting tumour angiogenesis in feline and canine mammary carcinomas: a preliminary study of autocrine and paracrine loops. Res Vet Sci 2006; 81:350-7. [PMID: 16556453 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and its receptor KDR are involved in the regulation of angiogenesis and are up-regulated in a number of tumours in humans and in particular, breast cancer. We therefore evaluated the prognostic potential of the angiogenetic process in feline and canine mammary carcinomas by the immunohistochemical assessment of VEGF expression and micro vessel density (MVD) quantification and examined the interplay between VEGF and KDR. These variables were related to some relevant clinicopathological parameters and to overall survival (OS). VEGF and KDR expression were evaluated in epithelial, stromal and endothelial compartments in order to identify autocrine and/or paracrine loops. In dogs an increased VEGF expression did not show any statistical correlation with the clinicopathological parameters examined and was not correlated to a poorer prognosis. MVD was found to be significantly correlated to the histologic type (P=0.04), tumour grading (P=0.02), and to the OS (P=0.01). In cats VEGF expression was significantly correlated to tumor grading (P=0.01) and OS (P=0.03), while no significant associations were found between MVD and the other parameters. VEGF and KDR were found to be detected on the epithelial, and/or endothelial and/or stromal cells of the carcinomas in both species, suggesting indications for some possible autocrine and paracrine loops. Our results encourage further studies on the possible prognostic role of VEGF and MVD in canine and feline mammary tumours and on the role of growth factors and their receptors in promoting tumour proliferation and an "angiogenetic shift". The VEGF/KDR system may play a role in malignant transformation and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Millanta
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Millanta F, Citi S, Della Santa D, Porciani M, Poli A. COX-2 expression in canine and feline invasive mammary carcinomas: correlation with clinicopathological features and prognostic fmolecular markers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 98:115-20. [PMID: 16538539 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-9138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an inducible enzyme linked to tumor growth and angiogenesis. Its expression occurs in a wide range of preneoplastic and neoplastic conditions in humans, including colon and breast carcinomas. We evaluated the role of COX-2 as a mediator of angiogenesis in feline and canine invasive carcinomas (IMCs) and its role as a prognostic indicator. COX-2 expression was assessed in neoplastic samples and healthy mammary glands by immunohistochemistry, and related to the following clinicopathological parameters: age, tumor size, histologic type, tumor grading, vessel invasion, estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, Ki-67, HER-2 overexpression, microvessel density (MVD), VEGF expression and overall survival (OS). In both species, COX-2 immunoreactivity was not observed in healthy tissues, whereas 96% of feline and 100% of canine invasive carcinomas scored positive. In queens, COX-2 overexpression was significantly correlated to ER-negative status (p=0.04) and to increased PR (p=0.038) expression, and angiogenesis assessed by VEGF expression (p=0.002). In bitches an increased COX-2 expression was significantly correlated to HER-2 overexpression (p=0.013) and to tumor dedifferentiation (p=0.03). In both species increased levels of COX-2 were correlated to poorer prognosis (p=0.03 in dogs and p=0.002 in cats). COX-2 is expressed in mammary tissues during tumorigenesis and its expression is associated with a poorer prognosis in bitches and queens. The correlation of COX-2 expression and angiogenesis provides support for a potential role of COX-2 inhibitors for the prevention and the treatment of feline IMCs via their anti-angiogenic properties. In the canine species, moreover, COX-2 may be important for mediating HER-2 induced mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Millanta
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
The authors reviewed pelvic radiographs of 891 dogs in a retrospective study, to determine the incidence of Unilateral Canine Hip Dysplasia (UCHD). Results show that 149 (16.7%) dogs had UCHD. Comparing dogs affected uni- and bilaterally, results show a maximum of 37.6% with UCHD in dogs less than 12 month old, 22.8% in dogs between 12-24 months of age, 25.5% in dogs between 25-72 months and 14.1% in dogs older than 73 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Citi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Pisa, Italy
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Millanta F, Calandrella M, Citi S, Della Santa D, Poli A. Overexpression of HER-2 in feline invasive mammary carcinomas: an immunohistochemical survey and evaluation of its prognostic potential. Vet Pathol 2005; 42:30-4. [PMID: 15657269 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-1-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of c-erbB-2 protooncogene status in feline invasive mammary carcinomas (FMCs) was assessed through the HER-2 receptor immunohistochemical expression. The HER-2 overexpression was then correlated with some relevant histologic parameters and with the clinical course of the disease during a 2-year follow-up. Forty-seven FMCs from surgically treated queens were considered. Tumors were classified according to the WHO criteria and stromal or lymphatic invasion (or both) and histologic grading were recorded. The immunohistochemical staining was performed on paraffin sections and a well-defined scoring system based upon numbers of HER-2 receptors expressed on the cell surface was applied according to standard guidelines. Overall survival (OS) distributions were generated with the Kaplan-Meier method. HER-2 overexpression was detected in 28 of the 47 carcinomas (59.6%). This parameter was demonstrated to be significantly correlated with the shorter OS (P = 0.02). However, the HER-2 overexpression did not show significant correlation with histologic type, tumor grading, or presence of lymphatic invasion. Furthermore, the HER-2 overexpression appeared with a higher percentage in FMCs than what is reported in canine or human mammary carcinomas. The significant correlation with a shorter OS suggests a possible role of HER-2 as an additional marker of malignancy in FMCs and as a reliable prognostic indicator. As in the human oncology practice, the identification of the FMCs that overexpress HER-2 may also promote new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Millanta
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Viale delle Piagge 2, Pisa I-56124, Italy
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Abstract
Cingulin, a M(r) 140-160 kDa protein of the cytoplasmic plaque of epithelial tight junctions (TJ), interacts in vitro with TJ proteins and myosin. Here we investigated cingulin interaction with actin, using His-tagged, full-length Xenopus laevis cingulin expressed in insect cells, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins of fragments of cingulin expressed in bacteria. Purified full-length cingulin co-pelleted with F-actin after high speed centrifugation, and promoted the sedimentation of F-actin under low speed centrifugation, suggesting that cingulin is an actin-cross-linking protein. The actin interaction of GST fusion proteins containing fragments of Xenopus cingulin suggested that the F-actin binding site is between residues 101 and 294.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D'Atri
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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48
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Sheth B, Fontaine JJ, Ponza E, McCallum A, Page A, Citi S, Louvard D, Zahraoui A, Fleming TP. Differentiation of the epithelial apical junctional complex during mouse preimplantation development: a role for rab13 in the early maturation of the tight junction. Mech Dev 2000; 97:93-104. [PMID: 11025210 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(00)00416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the mechanisms by which the epithelial apicolateral junctional complex (AJC) is generated during trophectoderm differentiation in the mouse blastocyst using molecular, structural and functional analyses. The mature AJC comprises an apical tight junction (TJ), responsible for intercellular sealing and blastocoel formation, and subjacent zonula adherens E-cadherin/catenin adhesion complex which also extends along lateral membrane contact sites. Dual labelling confocal microscopy revealed that the AJC derived from a single 'intermediate' complex formed following embryo compaction at the 8-cell stage in which the TJ-associated peripheral membrane protein, ZO-1alpha- isoform, was co-localized with both alpha- and beta-catenin. However, following assembly of the TJ transmembrane protein, occludin, from the early 32-cell stage when blastocoel formation begins, ZO-1alpha- and other TJ proteins (ZO-1alpha+ isoform, occludin, cingulin) co-localized in an apical TJ which was separate from a subjacent E-cadherin/catenin zonula adherens complex. Thin-section electron microscopy confirmed that a single zonula adherens-like junctional complex present at the AJC site following compaction matured into a dual TJ and zonula adherens complex at the blastocyst stage. Embryo incubation in the tracer FITC-dextran 4 kDa showed that a functional TJ seal was established coincident with blastocoel formation. We also found that rab13, a small GTPase previously localized to the TJ, is expressed at all stages of preimplantation development and relocates from the cytoplasm to the site of AJC biogenesis from compaction onwards with rab13 and ZO-1alpha- co-localizing precisely. Our data indicate that the segregation of the two elements of the AJC occurs late in trophectoderm differentiation and likely has functional importance in blastocyst formation. Moreover, we propose a role for rab13 in the specification of the AJC site and the formation and segregation of the TJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sheth
- Division of Cell Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, SO16 7PX, Southampton, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- S Citi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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50
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Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) perform a critical role in the transport functions and morphogenetic activity of the primary epithelium formed during Xenopus cleavage. Biogenesis of these junctions was studied by immunolocalization of TJ-associated proteins (cingulin, ZO-1 and occludin) and by an in vivo biotin diffusion assay. Using fertilized eggs synchronized during the first division cycle, we found that membrane assembly of the TJ initiated at the animal pole towards the end of zygote cytokinesis and involved sequential incorporation of components in the order cingulin, ZO-1 and occludin. The three constituents appeared to be recruited from maternal stores and were targeted to the nascent TJ site by different pathways. TJ protein assembly was focused precisely to the border between the oolemma-derived apical membrane and newly-inserted basolateral membrane generated during cytokinesis and culminated in the formation of functional TJs in the two-cell embryo, which maintained a diffusion barrier. New membrane formation and the generation of cell surface polarity therefore precede initiation of TJ formation. Moreover, assembly of TJ marker protein precisely at the apical-basolateral membrane boundary was preserved in the complete absence of intercellular contacts and adhesion. Thus, the mechanism of TJ biogenesis in the Xenopus early embryo relies on intrinsic cues of a cell autonomous mechanism. These data reveal a distinction between Xenopus and mammalian early embryos in the origin and mechanisms of epithelial cell polarization and TJ formation during cleavage of the egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fesenko
- Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
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