Association between serum sodium level within normal range and handgrip strength in relation to hypertension status: a cross-sectional study

Association between serum sodium and sporadic Parkinson's disease

Background

The correlation between serum sodium and sporadic Parkinson's disease remains unclear currently. This study aimed to assess the association between serum sodium and sporadic Parkinson's disease.

Objective

The ultimate goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the implications of this relationship between serum sodium and sporadic Parkinson's disease.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study involving 1,189 participants in PPMI cohort. Age, sex, education years, race, body mass index, calcium, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, white blood cell, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, red blood cell, hemoglobin, platelets, total protein, albumin, serum uric acid, serum sodium, serum potassium, urea nitrogen, creatinine, serum glucose were obtained from all participants. Logistic regression, and smooth curve fitting were utilized to substantiate the research objectives.

Results

The overall sporadic Parkinson's disease was 77.5% (921/1189); it was 71.9% (143/199), 75.4% (295/391), 76.7% (171/223), and 83% (312/376) for serum sodium quantile1 (Q1, 130-138.9 mmol/L), quantile 2 (Q2, 139-140.9 mmol/L), quantile 3 (Q3, 141-141.9 mmol/L), and quantile 4 (Q4, 142-155 mmol/L), respectively (p = 0.011). Multivariate odds ratio regression adjusted for risk factors demonstrates a 1-unit increment in the serum sodium raises the risk of sporadic Parkinson's disease by 1.11 times, respectively. Smooth splines analysis suggested a linear association between levels of serum sodium and risk of sporadic Parkinson's disease (P nonlinearity = 0.5). An interaction was observed between serum sodium and sex in their influence on sporadic Parkinson's disease (p < 0.05). Further exploratory subgroup analysis within the age and BMI groups showed that there were no significant interactions between the subgroups (all p values for interaction were > 0.05). Additional sensitivity analyses supported the primary findings and indicated the conclusions are robust.

Conclusion

This study highlights the influence of inappropriate serum sodium on the risk of incident sporadic Parkinson's disease, independent of confounders. The link between serum sodium and sporadic Parkinson's disease is linear.

Minerals and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: An Updated Systematic Review

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review aims to reevaluate the role of minerals on muscle mass, muscle strength, physical performance, and the prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling and institutionalized older adults.

DESIGN

Systematic review.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

In March 2022, a systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences using predefined search terms. Original studies on dietary mineral intake or mineral serum blood concentrations on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance or the prevalence of sarcopenia in older adults (average age ≥65 years) were included.

METHODS

Eligibility screening and data extraction was performed by 2 independent reviewers. Quality assessment was performed with the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies-of Exposure (ROBINS-E) tool.

RESULTS

From the 15,622 identified articles, a total of 45 studies were included in the review, mainly being cross-sectional and observational studies. Moderate quality of evidence showed that selenium (n = 8) and magnesium (n = 7) were significantly associated with muscle mass, strength, and physical performance as well as the prevalence of sarcopenia. For calcium and zinc, no association could be found. For potassium, iron, sodium, and phosphorus, the association with sarcopenic outcomes remains unclear as not enough studies could be included or were nonconclusive (low quality of evidence).

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

This systematic review shows a potential role for selenium and magnesium on the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia in older adults. More randomized controlled trials are warranted to determine the impact of minerals on sarcopenia in older adults.

A new spectrophotometric method for uric acid detection based on copper doped mimic peroxidase

Cascade reactions catalyzed by natural uricase and mimic peroxidase (MPOD) have been applied for uric acid (UA) detection. However, the optimal catalytic activity of MPOD is mostly in acidic conditions (pH 2-5), mismatching the optimal catalytic alkaline environment of uricase. In this paper, using CuSO₄ and urea as raw materials, a MPOD with high catalytic activity in alkaline environment was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Then, based on coupling reaction of uricase/UA/MPOD/guaiacol (GA) system, a novel spectrophotometric method was established to detect 5-60 μmol/L UA (limit of detection = 3.14 μmol/L (S/N = 3)) and accurately quantified serum UA (275.6 ± 39.9 μmol/L, n = 5) with 95-105% of standard addition recovery. The results were consistent with commercial UA kit (p > 0.05). The MPOD could replace natural POD to reduce the cost of UA detection due to simple preparation and cheap raw materials, and is expected to achieve the specific detection of some substances, like glucose and cholesterol, combined with glucose oxidase and cholesterol oxidase.

The association between normal serum sodium levels and bone turnover in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND

Sodium is a critically important component of bones, and hyponatremia has firmly been established as a risk factor associated with the incidence of fragility fractures. However, researches have also revealed that lower serum sodium are linked to reductions in muscle mass and a higher risk of cardiovascular disease even when these levels are within the normal range. Accordingly, this study was developed to examine the relationships between normal serum sodium concentrations and bone turnover in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODS

Patients with T2D were enrolled in the present study from January 2021 to April 2022. All patients underwent analyses of serum sodium levels, oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), bone turnover markers (BTMs), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning. BTMs included bone formation markers osteocalcin (OC) and N-terminal propeptide of type-I procollagen (PINP), and bone resorption marker C-terminal telopeptide (CTx). Patients were stratified into three subgroups based on the tertiles of their serum sodium concentrations.

RESULTS

In total, 372 patients with T2D and sodium levels in the normal range were enrolled in this study. Serum OC and PINP levels were increased from subgroup with the low sodium tertile to that with the high sodium tertile (p for trend < 0.05), whereas CTx level was comparable among the subgroups. A positive correlation was detected between serum sodium levels and both lnOC (r = 0.210, p < 0.001) and lnPINP (r = 0.196, p < 0.001), with these relationships remaining significant even following adjustment for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and HbA1c. Only after adjusting for these four factors a positive correlation was detected between serum sodium levels and CTx levels (r = 0.108, p < 0.05). Linear regression analyses revealed that following adjustment for potential covariates, serum sodium level was and positively significantly associated with lnOC level (β = 0.134, t = 2.281, p < 0.05) and PINP level (β = 0.179, t = 3.023, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

These results highlight a significant association between low-normal serum sodium levels and low bone turnover.