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Zhou Y, Lv X, Tang Z, Qin D. Editorial: COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction: neuropsychiatric, psychological, and cognitive effects. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1306094. [PMID: 38027515 PMCID: PMC10646569 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1306094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Open and Shared Public Science and Technology Service Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoman Lv
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhusheng Tang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Open and Shared Public Science and Technology Service Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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2
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Weir EM, Exten C, Gerkin RC, Munger SD, Hayes JE. Transient loss and recovery of oral chemesthesis, taste and smell with COVID-19: A small case-control series. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114331. [PMID: 37595820 PMCID: PMC10591985 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Transient loss of smell is a common symptom of influenza and other upper respiratory infections. Loss of taste is possible but rare with these illnesses, and patient reports of 'taste loss' typically arise from a taste / flavor confusion. Thus, initial reports from COVID-19 patients of loss of taste and chemesthesis (i.e., chemical somatosensation like warming or cooling) were met with skepticism until multiple studies confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections could disrupt these senses. Many studies have been based on self-report or on single time point assessments after acute illness was ended. Here, we describe intensive longitudinal data over 28 days from adults aged 18-45 years recruited in early 2021 (i.e., prior to the Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 waves). These individuals were either COVID-19 positive or close contacts (per U.S. CDC criteria at the time of the study) in the first half of 2021. Upon enrollment, all participants were given nose clips, blinded samples of commercial jellybeans (Sour Cherry and Cinnamon), and scratch-n-sniff odor identification test cards (ScentCheckPro), which they used for daily assessments. In COVID-19 cases who enrolled on or before Day 10 of infection, Gaussian Process Regression showed two distinct measures of function - odor identification and odor intensity - declined relative to controls (exposed individuals who never developed COVID-19). Because enrollment began upon exposure, some participants became ill only after enrollment, which allowed us to capture baseline ratings, onset of loss, and recovery. Data from these four cases and four age- and sex- matched controls were plotted over 28 days to create panel plots. Variables included mean orthonasal intensity of four odors (ScentCheckPro), perceived nasal blockage, oral burn (Cinnamon jellybeans), and sourness and sweetness (Sour Cherry jellybeans). Controls exhibited stable ratings over time. By contrast, COVID-19 cases showed sharp deviations over time. Changes in odor intensity or odor identification were not explained by nasal blockage. No single pattern of taste loss or recovery was apparent, implying different taste qualities might recover at different rates. Oral burn was transiently reduced for some before recovering quickly, suggesting acute loss may be missed in datasets collected only after illness ends. Collectively, intensive daily testing shows orthonasal smell, oral chemesthesis and taste were each altered by acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. This disruption was dyssynchronous for different modalities, with variable loss and recovery rates across both modalities and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Weir
- Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America; Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
| | - Cara Exten
- Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
| | - Richard C Gerkin
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States of America
| | - Steven D Munger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States of America; Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States of America; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, United States of America
| | - John E Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America; Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America.
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Chen Y, Chen Y, Chen L, Wu H, Liu X, Yan C, Zou L. Smell, taste and chemesthesis disorders in patients with the SARS-CoV-2 during Omicron variant pandemic in China. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20715. [PMID: 37842559 PMCID: PMC10568085 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory disorders (including smell, taste and chemesthesis) are among the established symptoms of COVID-19 infection; however, new data indicate that the changes in chemosensory sensation caused by COVID-19 may differ among populations and COVID-19 variants. To date, few studies have focused on the influence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant on qualitative changes and quantitative reductions in chemosensory function in China. We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with COVID-19 caused by the Omicron variant, to investigate the prevalence of chemosensory disorders and chemosensory function before and during infection, using an online questionnaire. A total of 1245 patients with COVID-19 completed the survey. The prevalence rates of smell, taste, and chemesthesis disorders were 69.2%, 67.7%, and 31.4%, respectively. Our data indicate that sex, age, smoking, and COVID-19-related symptoms, such as lack of appetite, dyspnea, and fatigue, may be associated with chemosensory disorders during COVID-19. Self-rating of chemosensory function revealed that patients experienced a general decline in smell, taste, and chemesthesis function. Further longitudinal research studies are needed to generate additional data based on objective assessment and investigate the factors influencing chemosensory function in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuying Chen
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixin Chen
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hangying Wu
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Laiquan Zou
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Jegatheeswaran L, Gokani SA, Luke L, Klyvyte G, Espehana A, Garden EM, Tarantino A, Al Omari B, Philpott CM. Assessment of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction and its association with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1165329. [PMID: 37599993 PMCID: PMC10436231 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1165329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review To provide a detailed overview of the assessment of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction and its association with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Recent findings COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction can have a detrimental impact to the quality of life of patients. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, olfactory and taste disorders were a common but under-rated, under-researched and under-treated sensory loss. The pandemic has exacerbated the current unmet need for accessing good healthcare for patients living with olfactory disorders and other symptoms secondary to COVID-19. This review thus explores the associations that COVID-19 has with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms, and provide a framework and rationale for the assessment of patients presenting with COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. Summary Acute COVID-19 infection and long COVID is not solely a disease of the respiratory and vascular systems. These two conditions have strong associations with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. A systematic approach with history taking and examination particularly with nasal endoscopy can determine the impact that this has on the patient. Specific olfactory disorder questionnaires can demonstrate the impact on quality of life, while psychophysical testing can objectively assess and monitor olfaction over time. The role of cross-sectional imaging is not yet described for COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction. Management options are limited to conservative adjunctive measures, with some medical therapies described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavandan Jegatheeswaran
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Shyam Ajay Gokani
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Luke
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Gabija Klyvyte
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Espehana
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Mairenn Garden
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Tarantino
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Basil Al Omari
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Martin Philpott
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, United Kingdom
- Rhinology and ENT Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Hernandez-Clavijo A, Sánchez Triviño CA, Guarneri G, Ricci C, Mantilla-Esparza FA, Gonzalez-Velandia KY, Boscolo-Rizzo P, Tofanelli M, Bonini P, Dibattista M, Tirelli G, Menini A. Shedding light on human olfaction: Electrophysiological recordings from sensory neurons in acute slices of olfactory epithelium. iScience 2023; 26:107186. [PMID: 37456832 PMCID: PMC10345129 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic brought attention to our limited understanding of human olfactory physiology. While the cellular composition of the human olfactory epithelium is similar to that of other vertebrates, its functional properties are largely unknown. We prepared acute slices of human olfactory epithelium from nasal biopsies and used the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to record electrical properties of cells. We measured voltage-gated currents in human olfactory sensory neurons and supporting cells, and action potentials in neurons. Additionally, neuronal inward current and action potentials responses to a phosphodiesterase inhibitor suggested a transduction cascade involving cAMP as a second messenger. Furthermore, responses to odorant mixtures demonstrated that the transduction cascade was intact in this preparation. This study provides the first electrophysiological characterization of olfactory sensory neurons in acute slices of the human olfactory epithelium, paving the way for future research to expand our knowledge of human olfactory physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Hernandez-Clavijo
- Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Guarneri
- Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Ricci
- Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Margherita Tofanelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Bonini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Dibattista
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari A. Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Tirelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- Neuroscience Area, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 34136 Trieste, Italy
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Shabaan AA, Kassem I, Mahrous AI, Aboulmagd I, Badrah M, Attalla M, Refahee SM. Diode laser in management of loss of taste sensation in patients with post-COVID syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:263. [PMID: 37149582 PMCID: PMC10163926 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02952-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loss of taste (ageusia) is a symptom observed following recovery from COVID-19 infection. The loss of taste and smell sensation may negatively affect patients' quality of life (QoL). The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Diode Laser in managing loss of taste sensation in patients with post-COVID syndrome versus the placebo. MATERIAL AND METHOD The study sample was 36 patients who complained of persistent loss of taste sensation following COVID-19. The patients were randomly assigned to one of the two groups according to the received treatment: Group I (laser treatment) and Group II (light treatment), with each patient receiving a diode laser treatment or placebo from the same operator. Taste sensation was subjectively measured after treatment for four weeks. RESULTS The results demonstrated a significant difference between both groups regarding taste restoration after one month (p = 0.041), with Group II having a significantly higher percentage of cases 7 (38.9%) with partial taste restoration. In contrast, a significantly higher proportion of Group I 17 cases (94.4%) had complete taste restoration (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The present study concluded that using a Diode laser 810 nm aided in a more rapid recovery from loss of taste dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshaimaa Ahmed Shabaan
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Islam Kassem
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Al-Alamin Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Alamin, Egypt
| | - Aliaa Ibrahium Mahrous
- Fixed Prosthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
- Fixed Prosthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
| | - Inass Aboulmagd
- Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mai Badrah
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Attalla
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, IMAXFAX, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Mohsen Refahee
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
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7
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Olfactory-related quality of life impacts psychological distress in people with COVID-19: The affective implications of olfactory dysfunctions. J Affect Disord 2023; 323:741-747. [PMID: 36529409 PMCID: PMC9751003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often causes chemosensory impairment, and olfactory dysfunctions may have negative consequences on psychological distress. This study aimed at assessing which dimension of perceived olfactory disfunctions (i.e., subjective olfactory capability, smell-related problems, or olfactory-related quality of life [QoL]) was most associated with psychological distress in people diagnosed with COVID-19. METHODS 364 participants (65 men and 299 women) diagnosed with COVID-19 on average 7 months prior to the beginning of the study were recruited between June 5 and 21, 2021, to take part in an online cross-sectional survey. Participants answered questions on demographics, clinical factors, perceived olfactory functioning, and psychological distress. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was conducted, assessing the role of demographics, clinical factors, and perceived olfactory functioning dimensions on psychological distress. RESULTS More than half of the participants met the cut-off for all perceived olfactory dysfunctions scales and psychological distress. Being women, smoker, with comorbidities, and greater severity of COVID-19 symptoms were associated with higher scores on psychological distress. Among perceived olfactory functioning scales, only impairment in olfaction QoL was associated with psychological distress. LIMITATIONS Limitations concerned the cross-sectional nature of the study and the unbalanced sample in terms of gender. CONCLUSIONS The study confirmed the core intertwining between mood, perceived QoL, and olfactory functioning, showing how impairments in olfactory processing are strongly correlated with psychological distress through the impact they have on the perceived QoL.
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Cvancara DJ, Baertsch HC, Lehmann AE, Humphreys IM, Farrell NF, Marshall TB, Bhatt NK, Abuzeid WM, Jafari A. Postmarketing Reporting of Paxlovid-Related Dysgeusia: A Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023. [PMID: 36821807 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel COVID-19 therapeutic, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid), is commonly associated with reports of dysgeusia. The Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database was used to determine the real-world reporting of Paxlovid-associated dysgeusia (PAD), identify associated factors, and describe the relative reporting rates of dysgeusia for Paxlovid compared to other COVID-19 therapeutics (OCT), ritonavir alone, and other protease inhibitors (OPI). STUDY DESIGN Observational retrospective. SETTING Tertiary academic medical center. METHODS We collected patient and adverse event characteristics reported in the FAERS database between January 1968 and September 2022. Disproportionality analyses were used to compare the reporting of PAD to dysgeusia reported for OCT, ritonavir, and OPI. RESULTS 345,229 adverse events were included in the present study. Dysgeusia was a frequently reported Paxlovid-associated adverse event (17.5%) and was associated with nonserious COVID-19 infection (reporting odds ratio [ROR] 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2, 1.7) and female sex (ROR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.6, 1.9). Paxlovid was more likely to be associated with the reporting of dysgeusia compared to OCT (ROR 305.4; 95% CI 164.1, 568.5), ritonavir (ROR 28.0; 95% CI 24.1, 32.7), and OPI (ROR 49.0; 95% CI 42.8, 56.1). CONCLUSION Dysgeusia is much more likely to be reported by patients receiving Paxlovid than those receiving OCT, ritonavir alone, or OPI. These findings suggest a potential mechanism of dysgeusia that causes distorted taste out of proportion to the background effects of COVID-19 infection and specific to nirmatrelvir. Future studies are needed to determine the underlying pathophysiology and long-term clinical implications for patients who report dysgeusia with Paxlovid.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Cvancara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hans C Baertsch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashton E Lehmann
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian M Humphreys
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nyssa Fox Farrell
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas B Marshall
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Neel K Bhatt
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Waleed M Abuzeid
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aria Jafari
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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9
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Singhal SK, Gupta N, Verma RR, Sharma J, Sah M, Jain S, Kashyap D. Olfactory and taste dysfunction in COVID-19-incidence and recovery. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY 2023. [PMCID: PMC9869294 DOI: 10.1186/s43163-023-00383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Olfactory and taste dysfunctions have been identified as prominent signs of COVID-19 infection. The data on its prevalence, time of onset, and recovery is highly variable.
Objective
The study was aimed at establishing the incidence of and the factors influencing smell and taste disorders in COVID-19-affected patients.
Methodology
Telephonic interviews were used to collect data on the symptoms of COVID-19-positive patients, with an emphasis on smell and taste disorders. Patients have severe disease and a history of illnesses that may affect olfaction or taste, and those unwilling to participate were excluded.
Results
A total of 1488 COVID-19-positive patients were identified. A total of 772 were included and interviewed, and their data were analysed. A total of 242 (31.3%) patients developed symptoms related to smell and/or taste. Anosmia (149) and ageusia (152) were the most common. Younger patients were more commonly affected (p = 0.0016). The presence and degree of smell symptoms and taste symptoms showed a small positive correlation (r = .234, p < .001). A strong relationship was seen with fever (r = .825, p < .001) and a significantly moderate relationship with breathing difficulty. There was no significant difference based on age or sex for the recovery of smell or taste sensations. There was a significant correlation between taste recovery and smell recovery times (p < 0.00001).
Conclusion
Smell and taste disorders, as early clinical symptoms of COVID-19, may have a diagnostic as well as a prognostic value. Treatment protocols for these patients are yet to be defined. A positive association between these symptoms and breathing difficulty was found, and we recommend COVID-19 testing and monitoring of symptoms for all patients with new-onset OTD symptoms. A combination of active enquiry about these symptoms, along with objective testing when the patients present with COVID-19 symptoms may help in better understanding of the pathophysiology and timely initiation of treatment.
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Cosentino G, Maiorano E, Todisco M, Prunetti P, Antoniazzi E, Tammam G, Quartesan I, Lettieri S, De Icco R, Corsico AG, Benazzo M, Pisani A, Tassorelli C, Alfonsi E. Electrophysiological evidence of subclinical trigeminal dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 and smell impairment: A pilot study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:981888. [PMID: 36313508 PMCID: PMC9615421 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.981888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smell and taste disturbances are among the most frequent neurological symptoms in patients with COVID-19. A concomitant impairment of the trigeminal nerve has been suggested in subjects with olfactory dysfunction, although it has not been confirmed with objective measurement techniques. In this study, we explored the trigeminal function and its correlations with clinical features in COVID-19 patients with impaired smell perception using electrophysiological testing. Methods We enrolled 16 consecutive patients with mild COVID-19 and smell impairment and 14 healthy controls (HCs). Olfactory and gustatory symptoms were assessed with self-reported questionnaires. Electrophysiological evaluation of the masseter inhibitory reflex (MIR) and blink reflex (BR) was carried out to test the trigeminal function and its connections within the brainstem. Results Masseter inhibitory reflex (MIR) analysis revealed higher latency of ipsilateral and contralateral early silent period in patients when compared with HCs. No significant differences between groups were detected as regards the duration of the early and late silent period. However, several patients showed a prolonged duration of the early silent period. BR evaluation disclosed only an increased amplitude of early components in patients. Conclusions Patients with COVID-19 and smell impairment show a subclinical trigeminal nerve impairment. Trigeminal alterations mainly involve the oligosynaptic pathway, as a result of either direct viral damage or secondary neuroinflammation of the peripheral trigeminal fibers, whereas the polysynaptic ponto-medullary circuits seem to be spared. The prolonged duration of the early silent period and the increased amplitude of early BR response might reflect a compensatory upregulation of the trigeminal function as a consequence of the olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cosentino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Translational Neurophysiology Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Cosentino
| | - Eugenia Maiorano
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Todisco
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Translational Neurophysiology Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Prunetti
- Translational Neurophysiology Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Antoniazzi
- Translational Neurophysiology Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Tammam
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Quartesan
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Lettieri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto De Icco
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Guido Corsico
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Pneumology Unit, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Benazzo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Movement Disorders Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Alfonsi
- Translational Neurophysiology Research Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Chemosensory Dysfunction in Long-Term COVID-19 Assessed by Self-Reported and Direct Psychophysical Methods. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101487. [PMID: 36294922 PMCID: PMC9604579 DOI: 10.3390/life12101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory dysfunction is a frequent postacute sequela of COVID-19. Depending on the type of test used to measure it (self-report vs. direct test), the degree of chemosensory dysfunction in long-term COVID-19 has been found to be highly variable. In this manuscript, we report the cross-sectional data (first assessment) of a longitudinal study (6-month follow-up) examining smell, taste, and chemesthesis in participants affected by long-term COVID-19 (COVID+) and participants without COVID-19 (COVID−) by means of both self-reported and direct psychophysical methods. In total, 208 Italian participants (COVID+ n = 133; COVID− n = 75) completed the Smell and Taste Check developed by the Global Consortium for Chemosensory Research (GCCR), which includes self-reports on smell, taste, and chemesthetic abilities as well as direct intensity ratings of unstandardized smell, taste, and chemesthetic household items. Furthermore, all participants completed SCENTinel, a validated direct smell test. We found a positive association between the self-reported, unstandardized direct test and the validated direct test for smell, indicating moderate to large agreement across measures. Furthermore, the performance on SCENTinel was significantly associated with self-reported smell loss. A positive association between the self-reports and the intensity of household items was also retrieved for taste and chemesthesis. The time relative to COVID-19 onset (267.3 ± 113.9 days) did not modulate the chemosensory performance of self-reported abilities, intensity ratings, and SCENTinel. All in all, we confirm the impairment of three chemical senses (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) in an independent sample of Italian participants affected by long-term COVID-19 by using and comparing self-reported and direct psychophysical methods. We contribute to the discussion on best practices to monitor chemosensory dysfunction in individuals affected by long-term COVID-19.
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Di Stadio A, D’Ascanio L, Vaira LA, Cantone E, De Luca P, Cingolani C, Motta G, De Riu G, Vitelli F, Spriano G, De Vincentiis M, Camaioni A, La Mantia I, Ferreli F, Brenner MJ. Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin Supplement Combined with Olfactory Training to Treat Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Impairment: A Multi-Center Double-Blinded Randomized Placebo- Controlled Clinical Trial. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2001-2012. [PMID: 35450527 PMCID: PMC9886808 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220420113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory training is the only evidence-based treatment for post-viral olfactory dysfunction. Smell disorders after SARS-CoV-2 infection have been attributed to neuroinflammatory events within the olfactory bulb and the central nervous system. Therefore, targeting neuroinflammation is one potential strategy for promoting recovery from post-COVID-19 chronic olfactory dysfunction. Palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (PEA-LUT) are candidate antiinflammatory/ neuroprotective agents. OBJECTIVE To investigate recovery of olfactory function in patients treated with PEA-LUT oral supplements plus olfactory training versus olfactory training plus placebo. METHODS Multicenter double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was held. Eligible subjects had prior COVID-19 and persistent olfactory impairment >6 months after follow-up SARS-CoV-2 negative testing, without prior history of olfactory dysfunction or other sinonasal disorders. Participants were randomized to daily oral supplementation with ultramicronized PEA-LUT 770 mg plus olfactory training (intervention group) or olfactory training with placebo (control). Sniffin' Sticks assessments were used to test the patients at baseline and 90 days. RESULTS A total of 185 patients, including intervention (130) and control (55) were enrolled. The intervention group showed significantly greater improvement in olfactory threshold, discrimination, and identification scores compared to controls (p=0.0001). Overall, 92% of patients in the intervention group improved versus 42% of controls. Magnitude of recovery was significantly greater in the intervention group versus control (12.8 + 8.2 versus mean 3.2 + 3), with >10-fold higher prevalence of anosmia in control versus intervention groups at the 90-day endpoint. CONCLUSION Among individuals with olfactory dysfunction post-COVID-19, combining PEA-LUT with olfactory training resulted in greater recovery of smell than olfactory training alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Di Stadio
- Address correspondence to this author at the University of Catania, Otolaryngology Department, Catania, Italy; E-mail:
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Jaramillo L, van Egmond-Froehlich A, Liu DT, Prem B, Renner B, Mueller CA, Besser G. Pediatric olfactory home testing using regular household items: A cross-over validation study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 158:111173. [PMID: 35561440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an olfactory test that can be conducted by an untrained person using common household items and to introduce a German version of the Chemosensory Pleasure Scale for Children (CPS-C(de)). METHODOLOGY This olfactory home test was developed in phases including evaluation of odors for suitability in a home setting. Parents of 50 children (ages 6-17) were then equipped with instruction manuals and participants were tested twice in a cross-over design. A validated pediatric olfactory test (the Universal Sniff test (U-Sniff)) served as the comparative gold standard. Additionally, a Chinese-English-German "back-and-forth" translation was conducted to establish the CPS-C(de) and was tested for empirical validity. RESULTS Fourteen items were tested for feasibility, and all were identified on a sufficient rate (≥66%, mean ± SD of 93.3% ± 9.5%). Bland Altman Plot analysis between home testing and the U-Sniff test was nearly identical (bias = 0.04). CPS-C(de) showed similar results to the original Chinese version and a moderate correlation was found between CPS-C(de) scores and Body Mass Index of children (r30 = -0.527, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Remote olfactory testing in children using household items is feasible. The CPS-C(de) may be of value for future olfactory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Jaramillo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - David T Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Prem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bertold Renner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen- Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian A Mueller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gerold Besser
- ENT Consultant, Villach, Austria; Private Hospital Maria Hilf, Klagenfurt, Austria
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COVID-19 Induced Taste Dysfunction and Recovery: Association with Smell Dysfunction and Oral Health Behaviour. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58060715. [PMID: 35743978 PMCID: PMC9231283 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Disruption to taste and smell are common symptoms of COVID-19 infection. The current literature overlooks taste symptoms and tends to focus on the sense of smell. Persisting cases (>28 days) of taste dysfunction are increasingly recognised as a major future healthcare challenge. This study focuses on the severity and recovery of COVID-19 induced taste loss and association with olfactory symptoms, lifestyle and oral health factors. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey comparing 182 rapid taste recovery participants (≤28 days) with 47 participants with prolonged taste recovery >28 days. Analyses of taste loss in association with smell loss, age, sex, illness severity, diet, BMI, vitamin-D supplementation, antidepressants, alcohol use, smoking, brushing frequency, flossing, missing teeth, appliances and number of dental restorations were conducted. Differences in the severity of the loss of sour, sweet, salt, bitter and umami tastes were explored. Results: Both the severity and the duration of taste and smell loss were closely correlated (p < 0.001). Salt taste was significantly less affected than all other taste qualities (p < 0.001). Persisting taste loss was associated with older age (mean ± 95% CI = 31.73 ± 1.23 years vs. 36.66 ± 3.59 years, p < 0.001) and reduced likelihood of using floss (odds ratio ± 95% CI = 2.22 (1.15−4.25), p = 0.047). Conclusions: Smell and taste loss in COVID-19 are closely related, although a minority of individuals can experience taste or smell dysfunction in the absence of the other. The taste of salt may be less severely affected than other taste qualities and future work exploring this finding objectively is indicated. The association of flossing with rapid taste recovery adds to the growing evidence of a link between good periodontal health and favourable COVID-19 outcomes.
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Caretta A, Mucignat-Caretta C. Not Only COVID-19: Involvement of Multiple Chemosensory Systems in Human Diseases. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:862005. [PMID: 35547642 PMCID: PMC9081982 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.862005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory systems are deemed marginal in human pathology. In appraising their role, we aim at suggesting a paradigm shift based on the available clinical and experimental data that will be discussed. Taste and olfaction are polymodal sensory systems, providing inputs to many brain structures that regulate crucial visceral functions, including metabolism but also endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems. Moreover, other visceral chemosensory systems monitor different essential chemical parameters of “milieu intérieur,” transmitting their data to the brain areas receiving taste and olfactory inputs; hence, they participate in regulating the same vital functions. These chemosensory cells share many molecular features with olfactory or taste receptor cells, thus they may be affected by the same pathological events. In most COVID-19 patients, taste and olfaction are disturbed. This may represent only a small portion of a broadly diffuse chemosensory incapacitation. Indeed, many COVID-19 peculiar symptoms may be explained by the impairment of visceral chemosensory systems, for example, silent hypoxia, diarrhea, and the “cytokine storm”. Dysregulation of chemosensory systems may underlie the much higher mortality rate of COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) compared to ARDSs of different origins. In chronic non-infectious diseases like hypertension, diabetes, or cancer, the impairment of taste and/or olfaction has been consistently reported. This may signal diffuse chemosensory failure, possibly worsening the prognosis of these patients. Incapacitation of one or few chemosensory systems has negligible effects on survival under ordinary life conditions but, under stress, like metabolic imbalance or COVID-19 pneumonia, the impairment of multiple chemosensory systems may lead to dire consequences during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Caretta
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), Rome, Italy
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carla Mucignat-Caretta
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB), Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carla Mucignat-Caretta,
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Lee SH, Yeoh ZX, Sachlin IS, Gazali N, Soelar SA, Foo CY, Low LL, Syed Alwi SB, Tengku Kamalden TMI, Shanmuganathan J, Zaid M, Wong CY, Chua HH, Yusuf S, Muhamad D, Devesahayam PR, Ker HB, Salahuddin Z, Mustafa M, Sawali H, Lee HG, Din S, Misnan NA, Mohamad A, Ismail MN, Periasamy C, Chow TS, Krishnan EK, Leong CL, Lim LPF, Zaidan NZ, Ibrahim MZ, Abd Wahab S, Mohd Hashim SS. Self-reported symptom study of COVID-19 chemosensory dysfunction in Malaysia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2111. [PMID: 35136124 PMCID: PMC8826975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the three chemosensory modalities-smell, taste, and chemesthesis-have been implicated in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet emerging data suggest a wide geographic and ethnic variation in the prevalence of these symptoms. Studies on chemosensory disorders in COVID-19 have predominantly focused on Caucasian populations whereas Asians remain understudied. We conducted a nationwide, multicentre cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire on a cohort of RT-PCR-confirmed adult COVID-19 patients in Malaysia between 6 June and 30 November 2020. The aim of our study was to investigate their presenting symptoms and assess their chemosensory function using self-ratings of perceived smell, taste, chemesthesis, and nasal blockage. In this cohort of 498 patients, 41.4% reported smell and/or taste loss when diagnosed with COVID-19, which was the commonest symptom. Blocked nose, loss of appetite, and gastrointestinal disturbances were independent predictors of smell and/or taste loss on multivariate analysis. Self-ratings of chemosensory function revealed a reduction in smell, taste, and chemesthesis across the entire cohort of patients that was more profound among those reporting smell and/or taste loss as their presenting symptom. Perceived nasal obstruction accounted for only a small proportion of changes in smell and taste, but not for chemesthesis, supporting viral disruption of sensorineural mechanisms as the dominant aetiology of chemosensory dysfunction. Our study suggests that chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 is more widespread than previously reported among Asians and may be related to the infectivity of viral strains.Study Registration: NMRR-20-934-54803 and NCT04390165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Han Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - Zhi Xiang Yeoh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Ida Sadja'ah Sachlin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Norzi Gazali
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | - Chee Yoong Foo
- Real World Insights, IQVIA Asia Pacific, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Lee Lee Low
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Masliza Zaid
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Chun Yiing Wong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Umum Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Hock Hin Chua
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Umum Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Suhaimi Yusuf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Dzawani Muhamad
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | | | - Hong Bee Ker
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Zulkiflee Salahuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mahiran Mustafa
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Halimuddin Sawali
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Heng Gee Lee
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sobani Din
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Amran Mohamad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Ismail
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Ting Soo Chow
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Chee Loon Leong
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Mohd Zambri Ibrahim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Tuanku Fauziah, Perlis, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Sabzah Mohd Hashim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia
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Caretta A, Mucignat-Caretta C. Are Multiple Chemosensory Systems Accountable for COVID-19 Outcome? J Clin Med 2021; 10:5601. [PMID: 34884303 PMCID: PMC8658083 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory systems (olfaction, taste, trigeminus nerve, solitary chemoreceptor cells, neuroendocrine pulmonary cells, and carotid body, etc.) detect molecules outside or inside our body and may share common molecular markers. In addition to the impairment of taste and olfaction, the detection of the internal chemical environment may also be incapacitated by COVID-19. If this is the case, different consequences can be expected. (1) In some patients, hypoxia does not trigger distressing dyspnea ("silent" hypoxia): Long-term follow-up may determine whether silent hypoxia is related to malfunctioning of carotid body chemoreceptors. Moreover, taste/olfaction and oxygen chemoreceptors may be hit simultaneously: Testing olfaction, taste, and oxygen chemoreceptor functions in the early stages of COVID-19 allows one to unravel their connections and trace the recovery path. (2) Solitary chemosensory cells are also involved in the regulation of the innate mucosal immune response: If these cells are affected in some COVID-19 patients, the mucosal innate immune response would be dysregulated, opening one up to massive infection, thus explaining why COVID-19 has lethal consequences in some patients. Similar to taste and olfaction, oxygen chemosensory function can be easily tested with a non-invasive procedure in humans, while functional tests for solitary chemosensory or pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are not available, and autoptic investigation is required to ascertain their involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Caretta
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy;
- NIBB—National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Mucignat-Caretta
- NIBB—National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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