Omarigliptin inhibits brain cell ferroptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage

Trelagliptin Ameliorates Memory Decline in Diabetic Rats through the AMPK/AKT/GSK-3β Pathway in the Cerebral Cortex

Examining how hypoglycemic medications affect brain function is one of the best approaches to addressing cognitive impairment. In this study, trelagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor, was utilized to assess memory loss in diabetic rats through fear conditioning tests. Trelagliptin restored fear memory in diabetic rats that had been disrupted over a relatively long period (24 h) or extended period (5 days). Moreover, trelagliptin treatment reduced the higher incidence of neuronal cell death in the cerebral cortex, as observed via Nissl or hematoxylin and eosin staining. Subsequent analyses revealed that diabetic rats exhibited elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines (p-IKKα and p-NFκB) and a trend toward oxidative damage, indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) detection. However, administration of trelagliptin reversed these markers to baseline levels. Additionally, trelagliptin activated p-AMPK, p-AKT, and p-GSK-3β. Notably, trelagliptin upregulated the expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1) while downregulating amyloid precursor protein (APP) and beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). These findings suggest that trelagliptin alleviates cognitive impairment in diabetic rats, likely through AMPK-AKT-GSK-3β-mediated mitigation of oxidative stress, enhancement of synaptic plasticity, and reduction of Aβ accumulation.

Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio: A simple and accurate biomarker for the prognosis of patients with intracerebral bleeding, a study of 115 cases

Background

Stroke is high in both mortality and disability; this makes stroke the world's second leading cause of death and the number one cause of long-term impairment. Surprisingly, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the second largest type of stroke, is deadlier than ischemic strokes , with a high mortality rate and lack of effective treatment for ICH. This case report aims to identify and collect the various factors that increase the mortality rate of patients with ICH.

Methods

A retrospective review was done on 115 patients who experienced ICH at neurosurgical unit care between 2021 and 2024. Data were collected from medical record post admission reports. The study concentrated on factors such as the initial Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, the volume of intracerebral bleeding, the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes, leukocyte count, and the administration of neuroprotective medications. We first ran univariate tests. Next, to evaluate the relationship between each component and patient mortality, we performed bivariate analyses with Spearman's correlation test. To determine the predictor factor from all the various variables that have been evaluated, we use multivariate analysis with logistic regression.

Results

Univariate analysis results show that ICH often occurs at the age of 41-50 years in males. Meanwhile, most of the patients who died were men aged 51-60 years. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that each predictor had a significant relationship with mortality. GCS has a negative relationship with mortality (-0.633 with P < 0.001). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (0.418), leukocyte count (0.527), and ICH blood volume (0.671) had a positive effect on ICH mortality. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression demonstrated that all predictor factors had a significant impact (P < 0.05) on mortality patients with hemorrhagic stroke. The most common neuroprotective therapy used in hemorrhagic stroke is the combination of citicoline and mecobalamin. The co-administration of citicoline and mecobalamin showed the highest number of survivors and deaths, indicating that no effective therapy for ICH has been found among all the neuroprotectants administered.

Conclusion

This study showed that GCS, ICH volume, leukocyte count, and NLR are predictors of mortality in ICH patients. At present, no ICH therapy can reduce complications and improve the physical and mental condition of ICH patients. Therefore, further research is needed to find an effective therapy for ICH.

IL-1β-induced mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes inhibit neuronal ferroptosis in intracerebral hemorrhage through the HSPA5/GPX4 axis

BACKGROUND

Neuronal cell ferroptosis following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a crucial factor contributing to the poor prognosis of ICH patients. The objective of this investigation was to investigate the molecular mechanism of IL-1β-induced mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (IL-1β-Exo) in mitigating ICH injury.

METHODS

Exo and IL-1β-Exo were obtained and identified. Hemin was used to induce an ICH model, and an ICH mouse model was established using Collagenase. Exo and IL-1β-Exo interventions were conducted to study their impact and molecular mechanisms on neuronal ferroptosis in ICH.

RESULTS

Vesicular structure Exo and IL-1β-Exo, with an average particle size of 141.7 ± 38.8 nm and 138.8 ± 37.5 nm, respectively, showed high expression of CD63, CD9 and CD81 could be taken up by SH-SY5Y cells. These Exos reversed Hemin-induced abnormalities in neuronal cells, including elevated iron, Fe2+, ROS, MDA, 4-HNE, and decreased SOD, GSH-Px, GSH, FTH1 levels, and cell vitality. The RNA content of IL-1β-Exo was linked to its ability to reduce iron accumulation. There was an interaction between HSPA5 and GPX4. Exo and IL-1β-Exo reversed Hemin-induced downregulation of HSPA5 and GPX4 expression. Overexpression and knockdown of HSPA5 respectively potentiate or counteract the impacts of Exo and IL-1β-Exo. IL-1β-Exo was more effective than Exo. These findings were further validated in ICH mice. Moreover, both Exo and IL-1β-Exo reduced the modified neurological severity score and brain water content, as well as alleviated pathological damage in ICH mice.

CONCLUSION

IL-1β-Exo inhibited neuronal ferroptosis in ICH through the HSPA5/GPX4 axis.

Genetically predicted hypotaurine levels mediate the relationship between immune cells and intracerebral hemorrhage

The evidence supports a strong link between immune cells and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Nonetheless, the specific cause-and-effect associations between immune cells and ICH remain indeterminate. Here, our primary investigation compared immune cell infiltration in the ICH and sham groups using the GSE24265 dataset. Afterward, we extensively examined the relationship between immune cells and ICH by applying a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to identify the particular immune cells that may be associated with the initiation and advancement of ICH. Nevertheless, the specific processes that regulate the cause-and-effect connection between immune cells and ICH remain unknown. In this study, our objective was to investigate the connections between immune cell characteristics and plasma metabolites, as well as the links between plasma components and ICH. Our investigation uncovered that the levels of hypotaurine play a key role in the advancement of ICH, influencing the ratio of switched memory B cells among lymphocytes. Thus, our findings provide novel insights into the potential biological mechanisms underlying immune cell-mediated ICH.