1
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Xu X, Gao A, Xu X, Li J, Cui C. Selective Access to Silacyclopentanes and Homoallylsilanes by La-Catalyzed Hydrosilylations of 1-Aryl Methylenecyclopropanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4060-4067. [PMID: 38300299 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) have emerged as versatile building blocks in synthetic chemistry because of their unique reactivity. However, metal-catalyzed hydrosilylation of MCPs has met with very limited successes. In this paper, catalytic selective hydrosilylations of MCPs with some primary silanes using an ene-diamido lanthanum ate complex as the catalyst were described. The catalytic reactions resulted in the selective formation of silacyclopentanes and (E)-homoallylsilanes, respectively, depending on the substituents on MCPs. The formation of silacyclopentanes via a catalytic cascade inter- and intramolecular hydrosilylation mechanism is strongly supported by the control and deuteration-labeling experiments and DFT calculations. The unique reactivity and selectivity could be attributed to the large lanthanum ion and ate structure of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center of Organic Matters and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ailin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center of Organic Matters and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center of Organic Matters and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center of Organic Matters and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center of Organic Matters and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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2
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Fan X, Zhang M, Gao Y, Zhou Q, Zhang Y, Yu J, Xu W, Yan J, Liu H, Lei Z, Ter YC, Chanmungkalakul S, Lum Y, Liu X, Cui G, Wu J. Stepwise on-demand functionalization of multihydrosilanes enabled by a hydrogen-atom-transfer photocatalyst based on eosin Y. Nat Chem 2023; 15:666-676. [PMID: 36894703 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Organosilanes are of vital importance for modern human society, having found widespread applications in functional materials, organic synthesis, drug discovery and life sciences. However, their preparation remains far from trivial, and on-demand synthesis of heteroleptic substituted silicon reagents is a formidable challenge. The generation of silyl radicals from hydrosilanes via direct hydrogen-atom-transfer (HAT) photocatalysis represents the most atom-, step-, redox- and catalyst-economic pathway for the activation of hydrosilanes. Here, in view of the green characteristics of neutral eosin Y (such as its abundance, low cost, metal-free nature, absorption of visible light and excellent selectivity), we show that using it as a direct HAT photocatalyst enables the stepwise custom functionalization of multihydrosilanes, giving access to fully substituted silicon compounds. By exploiting this strategy, we realize preferable hydrogen abstraction of Si-H bonds in the presence of active C-H bonds, diverse functionalization of hydrosilanes (for example, alkylation, vinylation, allylation, arylation, deuteration, oxidation and halogenation), and remarkably selective monofunctionalization of di- and trihydrosilanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Muliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yuanjun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jiajia Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wengang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Haiwang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhexuan Lei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yan Chong Ter
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Supphachok Chanmungkalakul
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yanwei Lum
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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3
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St Onge P, Khan SI, Cook A, Newman SG. Reductive Cleavage of C(sp 2)-CF 3 Bonds in Trifluoromethylpyridines. Org Lett 2023; 25:1030-1034. [PMID: 36749351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A reductive detrifluoromethylation protocol has been developed making use of an earth-abundant alkoxide base and silicon hydride species. A variety of pyridine and quinoline substrates bearing alkyl, aryl, and amino functional groups are reduced in moderate to high yields. The reaction is chemoselective for C(sp2)-CF3 groups located at the 2-position on the pyridine ring, leaving trifluoromethyl groups located elsewhere on the molecule intact. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrate that the combination of silane and base generates a strongly reducing system that may transfer an electron to electron-deficient π systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piers St Onge
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shajia I Khan
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Adam Cook
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen G Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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4
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Hu C, Vo C, Merchant RR, Chen SJ, Hughes JME, Peters BK, Qin T. Uncanonical Semireduction of Quinolines and Isoquinolines via Regioselective HAT-Promoted Hydrosilylation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25-31. [PMID: 36548026 PMCID: PMC9930105 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterocycles are the backbone of modern medical chemistry and drug development. The derivatization of "an olefin" inside aromatic rings represents an ideal approach to access functionalized saturated heterocycles from abundant aromatic building blocks. Here, we report an operationally simple, efficient, and practical method to selectively access hydrosilylated and reduced N-heterocycles from bicyclic aromatics via a key diradical intermediate. This approach is expected to facilitate complex heterocycle functionalizations that enable access to novel medicinally relevant scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Cuong Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Rohan R. Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan M. E. Hughes
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Byron K. Peters
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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5
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Wang X, Yu ZX, Liu WB. Formal Hydrotrimethylsilylation of Styrenes with Anti-Markovnikov Selectivity Using Hexamethyldisilane. Org Lett 2022; 24:8735-8740. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), and College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wen-Bo Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), and College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
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6
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Ansmann N, Hartmann D, Sailer S, Erdmann P, Maskey R, Schorpp M, Greb L. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypercoordinated Silicon Anions: Catching Intermediates of Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203947. [PMID: 35438836 PMCID: PMC9325378 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anionic hypercoordinated silicates with weak donors were proposed as key intermediates in numerous silicon‐based reactions. However, their short‐lived nature rendered even spectroscopic observations highly challenging. Here, we characterize hypercoordinated silicon anions, including the first bromido‐, iodido‐, formato‐, acetato‐, triflato‐ and sulfato‐silicates. This is enabled by a new, donor‐free polymeric form of Lewis superacidic bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane 1. Spectroscopic, structural, and computational insights allow a reassessment of Gutmann's empirical rules for the role of silicon hypercoordination in synthesis and catalysis. The electronic perturbations of 1 exerted on the bound anions indicate pronounced substrate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ansmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Sailer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Ansmann N, Hartmann D, Sailer S, Erdmann P, Maskey R, Schorpp M, Greb L. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypercoordinated Silicon Anions: Catching Intermediates of Lewis Base Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ansmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sonja Sailer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry-Inorganic Chemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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8
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Cui H, Niu C, Xing M, Zhang C. NiH-catalyzed C(sp 3)–Si coupling of alkenes with vinyl chlorosilanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11989-11992. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04232k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel NiH-catalyzed highly selective cross-coupling of alkenes with vinyl chlorosilanes is developed. Using this practical chemistry, various benzyl organosilanes could be produced with good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Cui
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Rd. 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Changhao Niu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Rd. 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mimi Xing
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Rd. 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Rd. 92, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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9
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Puls F, Seewald F, Grinenko V, Klauß HH, Knölker HJ. Mechanistic Studies on the Hexadecafluorophthalocyanine-Iron-Catalyzed Wacker-Type Oxidation of Olefins to Ketones*. Chemistry 2021; 27:16776-16787. [PMID: 34546596 PMCID: PMC9298363 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hexadecafluorophthalocyanine-iron complex FePcF16 was recently shown to convert olefins into ketones in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of triethylsilane in ethanol at room temperature under an oxygen atmosphere. Herein, we describe an extensive mechanistic investigation for the conversion of 2-vinylnaphthalene into 2-acetylnaphthalene as model reaction. A variety of studies including deuterium- and 18 O2 -labeling experiments, ESI-MS, and 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy were performed to identify the intermediates involved in the catalytic cycle of the oxidation process. Finally, a detailed and well-supported reaction mechanism for the FePcF16 -catalyzed Wacker-type oxidation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Puls
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Seewald
- Institute of Solid State and Materials Physics Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 16, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vadim Grinenko
- Institute of Solid State and Materials Physics Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 16, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Klauß
- Institute of Solid State and Materials Physics Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 16, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Radical and Ionic Mechanisms in Rearrangements of o-Tolyl Aryl Ethers and Amines Initiated by the Grubbs-Stoltz Reagent, Et 3SiH/KO tBu. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226879. [PMID: 34833971 PMCID: PMC8619283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements of o-tolyl aryl ethers, amines, and sulfides with the Grubbs–Stoltz reagent (Et3SiH + KOtBu) were recently announced, in which the ethers were converted to o-hydroxydiarylmethanes, while the (o-tol)(Ar)NH amines were transformed into dihydroacridines. Radical mechanisms were proposed, based on prior evidence for triethylsilyl radicals in this reagent system. A detailed computational investigation of the rearrangements of the aryl tolyl ethers now instead supports an anionic Truce–Smiles rearrangement, where the initial benzyl anion can be formed by either of two pathways: (i) direct deprotonation of the tolyl methyl group under basic conditions or (ii) electron transfer to an initially formed benzyl radical. By contrast, the rearrangements of o-tolyl aryl amines depend on the nature of the amine. Secondary amines undergo deprotonation of the N-H followed by a radical rearrangement, to form dihydroacridines, while tertiary amines form both dihydroacridines and diarylmethanes through radical and/or anionic pathways. Overall, this study highlights the competition between the reactive intermediates formed by the Et3SiH/KOtBu system.
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11
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Kabi AK, Gujjarappa R, Roy A, Sahoo A, Musib D, Vodnala N, Singh V, Malakar CC. Transition-Metal-Free Transfer Hydrogenative Cascade Reaction of Nitroarenes with Amines/Alcohols: Redox-Economical Access to Benzimidazoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14597-14607. [PMID: 34662119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This report describes an efficient transition-metal-free process toward the transfer hydrogenative cascade reaction between nitroarenes and amines or alcohols. The developed redox-economical approach was realized using a combination of KOtBu and Et3SiH as reagents, which allows the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives via σ-bond metathesis. The reaction conditions hold well over a wide range of substrates embedded with diverse functional groups to deliver the desired products in good to excellent yields. The mechanistic proposal has been depicted on the basis of a series of control experiments, mass spectroscopic evidence which is well supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations with a feasible energy profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup K Kabi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Raghuram Gujjarappa
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Anupam Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Abhishek Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Nagaraju Vodnala
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Multi-Storey Building, HauzKhas, New Delhi, 110016 India
| | - Virender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401 Punjab, India
| | - Chandi C Malakar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
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12
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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13
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O—H and C—H bond dissociations in non-phenyl and phenyl groups: A DFT study with dispersion and long-range corrections. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Matsubara K, Mitsuyama T, Shin S, Hori M, Ishikawa R, Koga Y. Homoleptic Cobalt(II) Phenoxyimine Complexes for Hydrosilylation of Aldehydes and Ketones without Base Activation of Cobalt(II). Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Matsubara
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Mitsuyama
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Momoko Hori
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Ryuta Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yuji Koga
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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15
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Wu X, Ding G, Lu W, Yang L, Wang J, Zhang Y, Xie X, Zhang Z. Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Terminal Alkenes with Primary Silanes via Electrophilic Silicon-Hydrogen Bond Activation. Org Lett 2021; 23:1434-1439. [PMID: 33522233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a simple and effective nickel-based catalytic system, NiCl2·6H2O/tBuOK, for the electrophilically activated hydrosilylation of terminal alkenes with primary silanes. This protocol provides excellent performance under mild reaction conditions: exclusive anti-Markovnikov selectivity, broad functional group tolerance (36 examples), and good scalability (TON = 5500). However, the secondary and tertiary silanes are not suitable. Mechanistic studies revealed that this homogeneous catalytic hydrosilylation includes an electrophilically activated Si-H bond process without the generation of nickel hydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangni Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenkui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingyang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaomin Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhaoguo Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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16
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Bao P, Hettich CP, Shi Q, Gao J. Block-Localized Excitation for Excimer Complex and Diabatic Coupling. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 17:240-254. [PMID: 33370101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a block-localized excitation (BLE) method to carry out constrained optimization of block-localized orbitals for constructing valence bond-like, diabatic excited configurations using multistate density functional theory (MSDFT). The method is an extension of the previous block-localized wave function method through a fragment-based ΔSCF approach to optimize excited determinants within a molecular complex. In BLE, both the number of electrons and the electronic spin of different fragments in a whole system can be constrained, whereas electrostatic, exchange, and polarization interactions among different blocks can be fully taken into account of. To avoid optimization collapse to unwanted states, a ΔSCF projection scheme and a maximum overlap of wave function approach have been presented. The method is illustrated by the excimer complex of two naphthalene molecules. With a minimum of eight spin-adapted configurational state functions, it was found that the inversion of La- and Lb- states near the optimal structure of the excimer complex is correctly produced, which is in quantitative agreement with DMRG-CASPT2 calculations and experiments. Trends in the computed transfer integrals associated with excited-state energy transfer both in the singlet and triplet states are discussed. The results suggest that MSDFT may be used as an efficient approach to treat intermolecular interactions in excited states with a minimal active space (MAS) for interpretation of the results and for dynamic simulations, although the selection of a small active space is often system dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Christian P Hettich
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Qiang Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Beijing University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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17
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Smith AJ, Dimitrova D, Arokianathar JN, Clark KF, Poole DL, Leach SG, Murphy JA. Et 3SiH + KO t Bu provide multiple reactive intermediates that compete in the reactions and rearrangements of benzylnitriles and indolenines. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12364-12370. [PMID: 34094446 PMCID: PMC8162870 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04244g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of potassium tert-butoxide and triethylsilane is unusual because it generates multiple different types of reactive intermediates simultaneously that provide access to (i) silyl radical reactions, (ii) hydrogen atom transfer reactions to closed shell molecules and to radicals, (iii) electron transfer reductions and (iv) hydride ion chemistry, giving scope for unprecedented outcomes. Until now, reactions with this reagent pair have generally been explained by reference to one of the intermediates, but we now highlight the interplay and competition between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smith
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Daniela Dimitrova
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Jude N Arokianathar
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Kenneth F Clark
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Darren L Poole
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - Stuart G Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road Stevenage Hertfordshire SG1 2NY UK
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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18
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Santos MS, Corrêa AG, Paixão MW, König B. C(
sp
3
)−C(
sp
3
) Cross‐Coupling of Alkyl Bromides and Ethers Mediated by Metal and Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilia S. Santos
- Center of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of ChemistryFederal University of São Carlos – UFSCar Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 – São Carlos São Paulo Brazil – 13565-905
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Arlene G. Corrêa
- Center of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of ChemistryFederal University of São Carlos – UFSCar Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 – São Carlos São Paulo Brazil – 13565-905
| | - Márcio W. Paixão
- Center of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry (CERSusChem), Department of ChemistryFederal University of São Carlos – UFSCar Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 – São Carlos São Paulo Brazil – 13565-905
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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19
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Arokianathar JN, Kolodziejczak K, Bugden FE, Clark KF, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Benzylic C−H Functionalisation by [Et
3
SiH+KO
t
Bu] leads to Radical Rearrangements in
o‐
tolyl Aryl Ethers, Amines and Sulfides. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jude N. Arokianathar
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Krystian Kolodziejczak
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Frances E. Bugden
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth F. Clark
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
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20
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Jenkins ID, Krenske EH. Mechanistic Aspects of Hydrosilane/Potassium tert-Butoxide (HSiR 3/KO t Bu)-Mediated Reactions. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7053-7058. [PMID: 32280845 PMCID: PMC7143413 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hydrosilane/potassium tert-butoxide reagent system has attracted significant attention over the last 5 years since the discovery of its ability to silylate heteroarene C-H bonds. Numerous useful HSiR3/KO t Bu-mediated transformations are now known, including silylation of sp, sp2, and sp3 C-H bonds, reductive cleavage of C-O, C-S, and C-N bonds, reduction of polycyclic arenes, and hydrosilylation and polymerization of styrenes. This mini-review surveys the rich diversity of reaction mechanisms, both ionic and free radical and including hydride transfer, H atom transfer, and electron transfer, that have been uncovered during recent studies on the HSiR3/KO t Bu reagent system. Several mechanistic phenomena that remain to be explained are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Jenkins
- Griffith
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H. Krenske
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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21
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Smith AJ, Dimitrova D, Arokianathar JN, Kolodziejczak K, Young A, Allison M, Poole DL, Leach SG, Parkinson JA, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. New reductive rearrangement of N-arylindoles triggered by the Grubbs-Stoltz reagent Et 3SiH/KO t Bu. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3719-3726. [PMID: 34094060 PMCID: PMC8152433 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Arylindoles are transformed into dihydroacridines in a new type of rearrangement, through heating with triethylsilane and potassium tert-butoxide. Studies indicate that the pathway involves (i) the formation of indole radical anions followed by fragmentation of the indole C2–N bond, and (ii) a ring-closing reaction that follows a potassium-ion dependent hydrogen atom transfer step. Unexpected behaviors of ‘radical-trap’ substrates prove very helpful in framing the proposed mechanism. N-Arylindoles are transformed into dihydroacridines in a new type of rearrangement, through heating with triethylsilane and potassium tert-butoxide.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Smith
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Daniela Dimitrova
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Jude N Arokianathar
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Krystian Kolodziejczak
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Allan Young
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Mark Allison
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Darren L Poole
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - Stuart G Leach
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY UK
| | - John A Parkinson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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22
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Elsen H, Fischer C, Knüpfer C, Escalona A, Harder S. Early Main Group Metal Catalysts for Imine Hydrosilylation. Chemistry 2019; 25:16141-16147. [PMID: 31617621 PMCID: PMC6973166 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The efficient catalytic reduction of imines with phenylsilane is achieved by using the potassium, calcium and strontium based catalysts [(DMAT)K (THF)]∞ , (DMAT)2 Ca⋅(THF)2 and (DMAT)2 Sr⋅(THF)2 (DMAT=2-dimethylamino-α-trimethylsilylbenzyl). Eight different aldimines and the ketimine Ph2 C=NPh could be successfully reduced by PhSiH3 at temperatures between 25-60 °C with catalyst loadings down to 2.5 mol %. Also, simple amides like KN(SiMe3 )2 or Ae[N(SiMe3 )2 ]2 (Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba) catalyze this reaction. Activities increase with metal size. For most substrates the activity increases along the row K<Ca<Sr<Ba. Fastest conversion was found for imines with alkyl substituents at N and aryl rings at C, for example, PhC(H)=NtBu, while tBuC(H)=NtBu or PhC(H)=NPh react much slower. Reasonable functional group tolerance is observed. The proposed metal hydride mechanism is supported by stoichiometric reactions using a catalyst model system, isolation of intermediates and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Elsen
- Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Fischer
- Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Knüpfer
- Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Ana Escalona
- Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 191058ErlangenGermany
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23
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Multistate density functional theory applied with 3 unpaired electrons in 3 orbitals: The singdoublet and tripdoublet states of the ethylene cation. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Ahmed J, Swain AK, Das A, Govindarajan R, Bhunia M, Mandal SK. A K-arylacetylide complex for catalytic terminal alkyne functionalization using KO tBu as a precatalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13860-13863. [PMID: 31670328 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a transition metal free catalytic terminal alkyne functionalization across the C-X triple bond (X = CH and N) with E-selective homo (alkyne-alkyne) and head-to-tail selective hetero (alkyne-nitrile) dimerization. A series of stoichiometric reactions enabled us to crystallize a reactive organometallic intermediate K-arylacetylide complex which was characterized by X-ray crystallography, indicating that an ionic mechanism is operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasimuddin Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, India.
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