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Gao Y, Liu Z, Li T, Zhao W. Mixed-Valence BN-Doped Corannulene Trimer Radical Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314006. [PMID: 37847644 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-valence (MV) dimers have been extensively investigated, however, the structure and properties of purely organic MV trimers based on open-shell polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons remain elusive. Herein, unprecedented MV BN-doped corannulene radical cations [BN-Cor1]3 ⋅⋅2+ ⋅ 2[BArylF 4 ]- and [BN-Cor2]3 ⋅⋅2+ ⋅ 2[BArylF 4 ]- were synthesized via chemical oxidation, and their structures were unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These uncommon radical cations consist of three corannulene cores and two [BArylF 4 ]- anions, and three corannulene motifs [BN-Cor1]3 ⋅⋅2+ and [BN-Cor2]3 ⋅⋅2+ in the unit cell exhibit a trimer structure with a slipped π-stacking configuration. Detailed structural analyses further revealed that the corannulene cores exhibit an infinite layered self-assembly configuration, allowing their potential applications as building blocks for molecular conductors. The detection of a forbidden transition (Δms =±2) by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy further confirmed the existence of two unpaired electrons in the π-trimers and the MV characteristic of these two species. Variable-temperature EPR and conductivity measurements suggested that the BN-doped π-trimers exhibited antiferromagnetic coupling and conductivity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zheming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wanxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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2
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Tada K, Kitagawa Y. Issues on DFT+ U calculations of organic diradicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32110-32122. [PMID: 37983012 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04187e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The diradical state is an important electronic state for understanding molecular functions and should be elucidated for the in silico design of functional molecules and their application to molecular devices. The density functional theory calculation with plane-wave basis and correction of the on-site Coulomb parameter U (DFT+U/plane-wave calculation) is a good candidate of high-throughput calculations of diradical-band interactions. However, it has not been investigated in detail to what extent the DFT+U/plane-wave calculation can be used to calculate organic diradicals with a high degree of accuracy. In the present study, using typical organic diradical molecules (bisphenalenyl molecules) as model systems, the discrepancy in the optimum U values between the two electronic states (open-shell singlet and triplet) that compose the diradical state is detected. The calculated results show that the reason for this U value discrepancy is the difference in electronic delocalisation due to π-conjugation between the open-shell singlet and triplet states, and that the effect of U discrepancy becomes large as diradical character decreases. This indicates that it is necessary to investigate the U value discrepancy with reference to the calculated results by more accurate methods or to experimental values when calculating organic diradicals with low diradical character. For this investigation, the local magnetic moments, unpaired beta electron numbers, and effective magnetic exchange integral values can be used as reference values. For the effective magnetic exchange integral values, the effects of U discrepancy are partially cancelled out. However, because the effects may not be completely offset, care should be taken when using the effective magnetic exchange integral value as a reference. Furthermore, a comparison of DFT+U and hybrid-DFT calculations shows that the DFT+U underestimates the HOMO-LUMO gap of bisphenalenyls, although a qualitative discussion of the gap is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tada
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, Department of Energy and Environment (RIECEN), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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3
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Shu C, Yang Z, Rajca A. From Stable Radicals to Thermally Robust High-Spin Diradicals and Triradicals. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11954-12003. [PMID: 37831948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Stable radicals and thermally robust high-spin di- and triradicals have emerged as important organic materials due to their promising applications in diverse fields. New fundamental properties, such as SOMO/HOMO inversion of orbital energies, are explored for the design of new stable radicals, including highly luminescent ones with good photostability. A relation with the singlet-triplet energy gap in the corresponding diradicals is proposed. Thermally robust high-spin di- and triradicals, with energy gaps that are comparable to or greater than a thermal energy at room temperature, are more challenging to synthesize but more rewarding. We summarize a number of high-spin di- and triradicals, based on nitronyl nitroxides that provide a relation between the experimental pairwise exchange coupling constant J/k in the high-spin species vs experimental hyperfine coupling constants in the corresponding monoradicals. This relation allows us to identify outliers, which may correspond to radicals where J/k is not measured with sufficient accuracy. Double helical high-spin diradicals, in which spin density is delocalized over the chiral π-system, have been barely explored, with the sole example of such high-spin diradical possessing alternant π-system with Kekulé resonance form. Finally, we discuss a high-spin diradical with electrical conductivity and derivatives of triangulene diradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Zhimin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
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4
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Nicolaides C, Bazzi F, Vouros E, Flesariu DF, Chrysochos N, Koutentis PA, Constantinides CP, Trypiniotis T. Metal-Free Organic Radical Spin Source. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4579-4586. [PMID: 37154760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic radicals have long been suggested as candidates for organic magnets and components in organic spintronic devices. Herein, we demonstrate spin current emission from an organic radical film via spin pumping at room temperature. We present the synthesis and the thin film preparation of a Blatter-type radical with outstanding stability and low roughness. These features enable the fabrication of a radical/ferromagnet bilayer, in which the spin current emission from the organic radical layer can be reversibly reduced when the ferromagnetic film is brought into simultaneous resonance with the radical. The results provide an experimental demonstration of a metal-free organic radical layer operating as a spin source, opening a new avenue for the development of purely organic spintronic devices and bridging the gap between potential and real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fadwat Bazzi
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan - Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, Michigan 48128-1491, United States
| | - Evangelos Vouros
- Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dragos F Flesariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicolas Chrysochos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Christos P Constantinides
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan - Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, Michigan 48128-1491, United States
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5
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Kitano S, Tanabe I, Shioya N, Hasegawa T, Murata T, Morita Y, Tsuji R, Fukui KI. Voltammetric and In Situ Spectroscopic Investigations on the Redox Processes of Trioxotriangulene Neutral Radicals on Graphite Electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6846-6854. [PMID: 37130319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the microscopic electrochemical dynamics of a stable trioxotriangulene (TOT) organic neutral π-radical on a graphite electrode surface, voltammetric and in situ infrared (IR) spectroelectrochemical studies were conducted using electrolyte solutions containing TOT monoanions. Upright columnar crystals (face-on alignment) of the TOT neutral radical were preferentially formed and dissolved in a rather reversible manner in the electrolyte with a low concentration of TOT monoanion under electrochemical conditions; however, more flat-lying columnar crystals (edge-on alignment) were formed in a higher concentration electrolyte. The flat-lying crystals remained on the graphite surface even at a fully reduced potential, owing to the lack of direct π-π interactions between the molecules and the graphite electrode. In situ IR attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy analyses successfully characterized the alignment of the columnar crystals of the TOT neutral radicals and their electrochemical behaviors, including the possible origins of the irreversible redox reaction of TOT on the graphite electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kitano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Material Solutions New Research Engine, Kaneka Corporation, Settsu, Osaka 566-0072, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tanabe
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shioya
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Tsuji
- Material Solutions New Research Engine, Kaneka Corporation, Settsu, Osaka 566-0072, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Fukui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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6
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Miao F, Ji Y, Han B, Quintero SM, Chen H, Xue G, Cai L, Casado J, Zheng Y. Asymmetric and zwitterionic Blatter diradicals. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2698-2705. [PMID: 36908964 PMCID: PMC9993846 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00367a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric diradical molecular systems with different resonance mechanisms are largely unexplored. Herein, two conjugated asymmetric diradicals with Blatter and phenoxyl moieties (pBP and mBP) have been synthesized and studied in depth. A complete set of spectroscopic, X-ray crystallographic and magnetic techniques, together with quantum chemical calculations, have been used. The para-isomer (pBP) bears diradical and zwitterionic resonant forms, the latter by a electron delocalization mechanism, which are synergistically integrated by a sequence of nitrogen, provided by the Blatter moiety imine and amine (of different acceptor nature). In the meta-isomer (mBP), the zwitterionic form promoted in pBP by the lone-pair electron of the amine nitrogen is not available, yet it possesses a pseudo-hyperconjugation effect where the N lone pair mediates in a bonding coupling in a counter homolytic bond scission mechanism. Both electronic effects converge to promote medium diradical characters and narrow singlet-triplet gaps to the two electronic isomers. All these aspects delineate the subtle balance that shapes the electronic structure of open-shell molecules, which is even more challenging in the case of asymmetric systems, such as those described here with asymmetric phenoxyl-Blatter diradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610072 People's Republic of China .,Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering of UESTC in Guangdong Zongbu Second Road No. 17 Dongguan Guangdong 523808 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610072 People's Republic of China .,School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Han
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine State Key Laboratory Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources Chengdu 611137 People's Republic of China
| | - Sergio Moles Quintero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n Málaga 29071 Spain
| | - Hanjiao Chen
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Xue
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610072 People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n Málaga 29071 Spain
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610072 People's Republic of China .,School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 People's Republic of China
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7
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Suemune T, Sonoda K, Suzuki S, Sato H, Kusamoto T, Ueda A. Partially Oxidized Purely Organic Zwitterionic Neutral Radical Conductor: Multi-step Phase Transitions and Crossover Caused by Intra- and Intermolecular Electronic Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21980-21991. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Suemune
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Keita Sonoda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | | | | | - Akira Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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8
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Roncero-Barrero C, Ribas-Ariño J, Moreira IDPR, Deumal M. Magnetic coupling and spin ordering in bisdithiazolyl, thiaselenazolyl, and bisdiselenazolyl molecular materials. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13032-13045. [PMID: 35968924 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of purely organic materials is a promising approach for the miniaturization of devices due to their interesting optical, electronic and magnetic properties. Bisdithiazolyl-based bisDTA compounds have emerged as promising candidates for radical-based single component conductors exhibiting simultaneously magnetic properties. Our computational work focuses on the intriguing magnetism of 4 isostructural pyridine-bridged bisDTA-multifunctional materials triggered by their magnetic and conducting properties being strongly dependent on the different S/Se ratios in the neutral radical skeleton: specifically, bisdithiazolyl (S,S) displays no magnetic order at low temperatures, thiaselenazolyl (Se,S) exhibits spin-canted antiferromagnetism (AFM), and both (S,Se) and bisdiselenazolyl (Se,Se) behave as bulk ferromagnets (FM). Our results reveal that (1) the magnetic response depends on the existence of an intricate network of both AFM and FM spin exchange JAB couplings between neighbouring radicals; and (2) the structural arrangement of π-stacked pairs of radicals sits on a point in the configurational space that is very close to a crossover region where JAB switches from AFM to FM. Indeed, for bulk FM, the experimental response is only accounted for when considering an ab initio optimised crystal structure able to portray adequately the electronic structure of bisDTAs in the region close to the temperature at which magnetic ordering emerges. Magneto-structural correlation maps show the large sensitivity of JAB to very small structural changes with temperature along the π-stacks that lead to drastic changes in the magnetic properties. Clearly, the understanding of magnetism in the title bisDTA compounds is decisive to rationally tailor the properties of multifunctional materials by subtle structural modifications of their crystal packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roncero-Barrero
- Secció Química Física, Dept. Ciència de Materials i Química Física, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Ribas-Ariño
- Secció Química Física, Dept. Ciència de Materials i Química Física, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - I de P R Moreira
- Secció Química Física, Dept. Ciència de Materials i Química Física, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Deumal
- Secció Química Física, Dept. Ciència de Materials i Química Física, and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, E08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Rasmussen MG, Jespersen MF, Blacque O, Mikkelsen KV, Juríček M, Nielsen MB. Subphthalocyanine-triangulene dyads: Property tuning for light-harvesting device applications. ENERGY SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:1752-1762. [PMID: 35909459 PMCID: PMC9306930 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics relies on the development of stable chromophores and redox-active organic molecules with tailor-made HOMO/LUMO energies. Here, we present the synthesis and properties of novel dyads composed of boron subphthalocyanine (SubPc) and triangulene units, connected either at the peripheral position of the subphthalocyanine or at the axial boron. The connectivity has strong implications for the absorption and fluorescence properties of the dyads, as well as their redox properties. While the SubPc unit has a bowl shape, triangulene is a planar structural unit that allows dyads to dimerize in the solid state on account of π-stacking interactions as shown by X-ray crystallography of one of the dyads. The electronic properties were also studied computationally by density functional theory methods. Excellent agreement between experimental and computed data were obtained, showing that our computational method is a strong tool in the rational design of optimum molecules to ultimately obtain finely tuned molecules for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Michal Juríček
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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10
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Zhang S, Pink M, Junghoefer T, Zhao W, Hsu SN, Rajca S, Calzolari A, Boudouris BW, Casu MB, Rajca A. High-Spin ( S = 1) Blatter-Based Diradical with Robust Stability and Electrical Conductivity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6059-6070. [PMID: 35333507 PMCID: PMC10439714 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Triplet ground-state organic molecules are of interest with respect to several emerging technologies but usually show limited stability, especially as thin films. We report an organic diradical, consisting of two Blatter radicals, that possesses a triplet ground state with a singlet-triplet energy gap, ΔEST ≈ 0.4-0.5 kcal mol-1 (2J/k ≈ 220-275 K). The diradical possesses robust thermal stability, with an onset of decomposition above 264 °C (TGA). In toluene/chloroform, glassy matrix, and fluid solution, an equilibrium between two conformations with ΔEST ≈ 0.4 kcal mol-1 and ΔEST ≈ -0.7 kcal mol-1 is observed, favoring the triplet ground state over the singlet ground-state conformation in the 110-330 K temperature range. The diradical with the triplet ground-state conformation is found exclusively in crystals and in a polystyrene matrix. The crystalline neutral diradical is a good electrical conductor with conductivity comparable to the thoroughly optimized bis(thiazolyl)-related monoradicals. This is surprising because the triplet ground state implies that the underlying π-system is cross-conjugated and thus is not compatible with either good conductance or electron delocalization. The diradical is evaporated under ultra-high vacuum to form thin films, which are stable in air for at least 18 h, as demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- IUMSC, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Tobias Junghoefer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wenchao Zhao
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Sheng-Ning Hsu
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Suchada Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | | | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Maria Benedetta Casu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
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11
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Abstract
Triangulene is the smallest non-Kekulé graphene fragment known as Clar's hydrocarbon. Due to its open-shell electronic structure, triangulene is a promising molecular building block of carbon-based organic materials for spintronics and quantum molecular science. It comprises six benzenoid rings arranged in a triangular shape with two unpaired electrons delocalized over the entire conjugated core, making this molecule highly reactive. A triplet ground state is predicted for this hydrocarbon by Ovchinnikov's rule, or Lieb's theorem, in accord with Hund's rule. The pioneering work on triangulene was performed almost 70 years ago by Erich Clar, who attempted to prepare the pristine compound. Since then, several synthetic approaches to prepare this molecule have been exploited. The extreme reactivity of triangulene can be circumvented using on-surface techniques or by installation of sterically demanding substituents, which kinetically stabilize the diradical core against oligomerization in solution. The first two examples of a persistent derivative of triangulene were simultaneously and independently developed last year. This article presents a historical development in the synthesis of triangulene and its derivatives and outlines possible future applications in ferromagnetic materials, electrically conductive polymers or quantum computing. A historical development of synthetic efforts to “tame” triangulene—an iconic non-Kekulé graphene fragment known as a Clar's hydrocarbon—up to the most recent advancements that open new possibilities in the design of carbon-based spin materials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Leoš Valenta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Prievidza Chemical Society, M. Hodžu 10/16, 971 01 Prievidza, Slovak Republic
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Murata T, Asakura N, Tsuji R, Kanzaki Y, Sato K, Takui T, Morita Y. A Redox-active Microporous Organosiloxane Containing a Stable Neutral Radical, Trioxotriangulene. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104447. [PMID: 34964187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new silyl-substituted trioxotriangulene ( TOT ) neutral radical and corresponding porous organosiloxanes (POSs) were synthesized. The neutral radical exhibited a peculiarly high stability and formed a diamagnetic π-dimer characteristic to TOT neutral radicals stabilized by the strong multiple SOMO-SOMO interaction in both solution and solid states. POSs including TOT units within the organosiloxane-wall were prepared by polycondensation of the silyl groups, and formed microporous structures with ~1 nm-size diameters. Redox ability of TOT units in the POS was demonstrated by the treatment of oxidant/reductant in heterogeneous suspension condition, where the TOT units were reversibly converted between reduced and neutral radical species. Furthermore, the solid-state electrochemical measurements of the POS revealed the reversible multi-stage redox ability of TOT units involving polyanionic species within the organosiloxane-wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Murata
- Aichi Institute of Technology: Aichi Kogyo Daigaku, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Yachigusa 1247, Yakusa, 470-0392, Toyota, JAPAN
| | - Noriaki Asakura
- Aichi Institute of Technology: Aichi Kogyo Daigaku, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Yachigusa 1247, Yakusa, 470-0392, Toyota, JAPAN
| | - Ryotaro Tsuji
- Kaneka Corporation, Materials Solution New Research Engine, Techno-Alliance Building, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-8, 565-0871, Suita, JAPAN
| | - Yuki Kanzaki
- Osaka City University: Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585, Osaka, JAPAN
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Osaka City University: Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585, Osaka, JAPAN
| | - Takeji Takui
- Osaka City University: Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585, Oskaa, JAPAN
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Aichi Institute of Technology: Aichi Kogyo Daigaku, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Yachigusa 1247, Yakusa, 470-0392, Toyota, JAPAN
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13
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Ahn Y, Koo JY, Choi HC. A Platform to Evaluate the Effect of Back Charge Transfer on the Electrical Conductivity of TTF Charge Transfer Complexes: TTF 3MCl 6 (M = In, Sb). Inorg Chem 2021; 61:791-795. [PMID: 34962389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TTF3MCl6 (M = In, Sb) series were developed for an ideal platform to investigate the effect of back charge transfer of MCl63- on electrical conductivity depending on the metal ions. They were successfully synthesized by a UV light-induced one-pot reaction where TTF oxidation and formation of MCl63- occurred sequentially. In isostructural TTF3InCl6 and TTF3SbCl6, the intermolecular interaction between MCl63- and TTF induces back charge transfer, which were confirmed by the crystal structure and spectroscopic analysis. Despite the similar crystal structure in terms of intermolecular distance, TTF3InCl6 shows 3-orders of magnitude higher electrical conductivity compared to TTF3SbCl6. According to the cyclic voltammograms (CV) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra, increased conductivity is because of the higher degree of back charge transfer from MCl63- in TTF3InCl6 compared to TTF3SbCl6, which is due to the lower electronegativity of In, considering that the only difference between the two compounds is the center metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoolim Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Korea 37673
| | - Jin Young Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Korea 37673
| | - Hee Cheul Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Pohang, Korea 37673
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Murata T, Yamamoto Y, Ueda A, Ise T, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T, Morita Y. Synthesis and Physical Properties of Trioxotriangulene Having Methoxy and Hydroxy Groups at α-Positions: Electronic and Steric Effects of Substituent Groups and Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10154-10165. [PMID: 34282916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New 4,8,12-trioxotriangulene (TOT) neutral radical derivatives having three methoxy and hydroxy groups at the α-positions were synthesized, and the substituent effects on the electronic spin and redox properties were elucidated in the theoretical and experimental methods. Due to the small SOMO coefficients at the α-positions of TOT, the methoxy groups in the TOT neutral radical had negligible effects on the electronic spin structure and redox ability. On the other hand, methoxy groups greatly increased the LUMO energy having large coefficients at α-positions and, thus, caused a remarkable negative-potential shift of the redox wave of anion species involving the dianion and trianion species. Converting the methoxy groups to hydroxy groups caused a dramatic change in the electronic structure of TOT, where the intramolecular hydrogen bonds between hydroxy groups and oxo groups strongly attracted a minus charge on the TOT skeleton. The HOMO energy of the monoanion species was significantly reduced, causing a blue shift of the HOMO-LUMO transition and an anodic shift of the redox potential. In addition, due to the steric repulsion smaller than that of the methoxy group, the hydroxy derivative showed a more planar molecular structure and a strong π-stacking ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology,1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ise
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiomi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology,1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
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15
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Ito H, Murata T, Fujisaki M, Tsuji R, Morita Y. High Capacity and Energy Density Organic Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Buckypaper with Stable π-Radical. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1377-1387. [PMID: 33403780 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to an increasing demand on high performance and rare-metal free energy storage systems, organic rechargeable battery has attracted much attention. To increase the capacity of the whole battery, we have fabricated coin-type buckypaper cells composed of a trioxotriangulene neutral radical derivative (H3 TOT) and single-walled carbon nanotubes as a cathode and lithium metal plate as an anode without current collector. The cells exhibited a stable charge-discharge behavior even at a 90 wt % H3 TOT content with a high-rate performance of 10 C originating from high electrical conductivity of H3 TOT. Furthermore, based on the four-stage redox ability of H3 TOT, the H3 TOT 90 wt % cathode showed a high capacity of approximately 260 mAh g-1 and a high energy density of 546 Wh g-1 . In view of the simple fabrication of the cathode and excellent performance, TOT-based buckypaper will open a new strategy for the flexible cells for next-generation energy storages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa, 1247, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa, 1247, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Megumi Fujisaki
- Material Solutions New Research Engine, KANEKA Corporation, Techno-Alliance Building, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-8, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Tsuji
- Material Solutions New Research Engine, KANEKA Corporation, Techno-Alliance Building, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-8, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa, 1247, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
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16
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17
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Anamimoghadam O, Jones LO, Cooper JA, Beldjoudi Y, Nguyen MT, Liu W, Krzyaniak MD, Pezzato C, Stern CL, Patel HA, Wasielewski MR, Schatz GC, Stoddart JF. Discrete Open-Shell Tris(bipyridinium radical cationic) Inclusion Complexes in the Solid State. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:163-175. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ommid Anamimoghadam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leighton O. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James A. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yassine Beldjoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Minh T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cristian Pezzato
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hasmukh A. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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18
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Highly Conducting and Flexible Radical Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Kwon T, Koo JY, Choi HC. Highly Conducting and Flexible Radical Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16436-16439. [PMID: 32539211 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Together with high conductivity, high flexibility is an important property required for next generation organic electronic components. Both properties are difficult to achieve together especially when the components are crystalline because of the intrinsic high brittleness of organic molecular crystals. We report an organic radical crystal system that has both high flexibility and high conductivity. The crystal consists of 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene radical cation (BPEA.+ ) units, and shows flexibility under pressure with high conductivity in ambient condition exhibiting average conductivity of 2.68 S cm-1 when normal linear shape, as well as 2.43 S cm-1 when bent. The structural analysis reveals that both a short π-π distance (3.290 Å) between BPEA.+ units that are aligned along the crystal length direction, and the presence of PF6 - counter ions induce flexibility and high electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Cheul Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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20
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Murata T, Koide T, Nobukuni H, Tsuji R, Morita Y. 2D Coordination Network of Trioxotriangulene with Multiple Redox Abilities and Its Rechargeable Battery Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134723. [PMID: 32630686 PMCID: PMC7369800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A three-fold symmetric trioxotriangulene derivative with three pyridyl groups as coordinating sites was designed and synthesized. In a cyclic voltammetry measurement, the trioxotriangulene skeleton exhibited a multi-stage redox ability from neutral radical to radical tetra-anion species. In the zinc complex of monoanion species, three pyridyl groups coordinated to the zinc ion to build up a two-dimensional coordination network with a cavity larger than 12 Å in diameter. This complex was utilized as a cathode active material of a lithium ion battery, and it exhibited a capacity of ca. 60 mAh g-1 per the weight of the active material with a stable cycling performance up to 1000 cycles. This work shows that the coordination network formed by the trioxotriangulene-based ligand was effective in the improvement of cycle performance of the organic rechargeable battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa 1247, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan; (T.K.); (H.N.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (Y.M.)
| | - Taro Koide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa 1247, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan; (T.K.); (H.N.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nobukuni
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa 1247, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan; (T.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Ryotaro Tsuji
- Material Solutions New Research Engine, KANEKA Corporation, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa 1247, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan; (T.K.); (H.N.)
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (Y.M.)
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21
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Tada K, Kawakami T, Tanaka S, Okumura M, Yamaguchi K. Clarification of the Relationship between the Magnetic and Conductive Properties of Infinite Chains in Trioxotriangulene Radical Crystals by Spin‐Projected DFT/Plane‐Wave Calculations. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tada
- Research Institute of Electrochemical EnergyDepartment of Energy and Environment (RIECEN)National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Ikeda Osaka 563‐8577 Japan
| | - Takashi Kawakami
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560‐0043 Japan
- Riken Center for Computational Science Kobe Hyogo 650‐0047 Japan
| | - Shingo Tanaka
- Research Institute of Electrochemical EnergyDepartment of Energy and Environment (RIECEN)National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Ikeda Osaka 563‐8577 Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Okumura
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560‐0043 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB)Kyoto University Kyoto 615‐8245 Japan
| | - Kizashi Yamaguchi
- Riken Center for Computational Science Kobe Hyogo 650‐0047 Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial ResearchOsaka University Ibaraki Osaka 567‐0047 Japan
- NanoScience Design CenterOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560‐8531 Japan
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22
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Ðorđević L, Valentini C, Demitri N, Mézière C, Allain M, Sallé M, Folli A, Murphy D, Mañas‐Valero S, Coronado E, Bonifazi D. O‐Doped Nanographenes: A Pyrano/Pyrylium Route Towards Semiconducting Cationic Mixed‐Valence Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4106-4114. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luka Ðorđević
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Cataldo Valentini
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra—Sincrotrone Trieste S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park 34149 Basovizza, Trieste Italy
| | - Cécile Mézière
- MOLTECH-Anjou—UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR Matrix 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 Angers Cedex France
| | - Magali Allain
- MOLTECH-Anjou—UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR Matrix 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 Angers Cedex France
| | - Marc Sallé
- MOLTECH-Anjou—UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR Matrix 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 Angers Cedex France
| | - Andrea Folli
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Damien Murphy
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Samuel Mañas‐Valero
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universitat de València Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular Universitat de València Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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23
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O‐Doped Nanographenes: A Pyrano/Pyrylium Route Towards Semiconducting Cationic Mixed‐Valence Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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24
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Murata T, Asakura N, Ukai S, Ueda A, Kanzaki Y, Sato K, Takui T, Morita Y. Intramolecular Magnetic Interaction of Spin-Delocalized Neutral Radicals through m-Phenylene Spacers. Chempluschem 2020; 84:680-685. [PMID: 31944024 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new diradical having two 4,8,10-trioxotriangulene (TOT) neutral radical units linked through an m-phenylene moiety was synthesized and characterized by ESR measurements. An electrochemical study showed that the diradical undergoes two one-electron reductions to generate corresponding dianion species, suggesting the electronic interaction between two TOT units through the π-conjugated spacer. A strong intramolecular interaction between the two TOT units gives rise to the spin-projected small hyperfine couplings in comparison with those of the monomer. Furthermore, the temperature dependent ESR measurement revealed that the dimer behaves as an S=1 species in the ground state with a ferromagnetic interaction of 2 J/kB =+7±3 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa, 1247, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noriaki Asakura
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa, 1247, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa, 1247, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Ueda
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanzaki
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa, 1247, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
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25
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Murata T, Yokoyama M, Ueda A, Kanzaki Y, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T, Morita Y. Synthesis of Trioxotriangulene Stable Neutral π-Radicals Having Alkyl Substituent Groups, and Their Effects on Electronic-spin and π-Stacking Structures. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanzaki
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiomi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
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26
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Morin VM, Szell PMJ, Caron‐Poulin E, Gabidullin B, Bryce DL. Mechanochemical Preparations of Anion Coordinated Architectures Based on 3-Iodoethynylpyridine and 3-Iodoethynylbenzoic Acid. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1328-1336. [PMID: 31692837 PMCID: PMC6826240 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The halogen bond has previously been explored as a versatile tool in crystal engineering and anion coordination chemistry, with mechanochemical synthetic techniques having been shown to provide convenient routes towards cocrystals. In an effort to expand our knowledge on the role of halogen bonding in anion coordination, here we explore a series of cocrystals formed between 3-iodoethynylpyridine and 3-iodoethynylbenzoic acid with halide salts. In total, we report the single-crystal X-ray structures of six new cocrystals prepared by mechanochemical ball milling, with all structures exhibiting C≡C-I⋅⋅⋅X- (X=Cl, Br) halogen bonds. Whereas cocrystals featuring a pyridine group favoured the formation of discrete entities, cocrystals featuring a benzoic acid group yielded an alternation of halogen and hydrogen bonds. The compounds studied herein were further characterized by 13C and 31P solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, with the chemical shifts offering a clear and convenient method of identifying the occurrence of halogen bonding, using the crude product obtained directly from the mechanochemical ball milling. Whereas the 31P chemical shifts were quickly able to identify the occurrence of cocrystallization, 13C solid-state NMR was diagnostic of both the occurrence of halogen bonding and of hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M. Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa10 Marie Curie Private OttawaOntarioK1N 6N5Canada
| | - Patrick M. J. Szell
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa10 Marie Curie Private OttawaOntarioK1N 6N5Canada
| | - Estelle Caron‐Poulin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa10 Marie Curie Private OttawaOntarioK1N 6N5Canada
| | - Bulat Gabidullin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa10 Marie Curie Private OttawaOntarioK1N 6N5Canada
| | - David L. Bryce
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa10 Marie Curie Private OttawaOntarioK1N 6N5Canada
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27
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Ito H, Murata T, Miyata T, Morita M, Tsuji R, Morita Y. Air-Stable Thin Films with High and Anisotropic Electrical Conductivities Composed of a Carbon-Centered Neutral π-Radical. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:17569-17575. [PMID: 31656931 PMCID: PMC6812104 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Air-stable thin films (50-720 nm thickness) composed of a carbon-centered neutral π-radical with high and anisotropic electrical conductivities were fabricated by vapor deposition of 4,8,12-trioxotriangulene (TOT). The thin films were air-stable over 15 months and were the aggregate of TOT microcrystals, in which a one-dimensional π-stacking column was formed through the strong singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO)-SOMO interaction with two-electron-multicenter bond among the spin-delocalized π-planes. The orientations of the one-dimensional column of TOT were changed depending on the deposition rate and substrates, where face-on-oriented thin films were epitaxially grown on the graphite 0001 surface, and edge-on-oriented thin films were grown on glass, SiO2, and indium tin oxide substrates under a high-deposition rate condition. The films showed high electrical conductivities of 2.5 × 10-2 and 5.9 × 10-5 S cm-1 along and perpendicular to the π-stacking column, respectively, for an edge-on oriented thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ito
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murata
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyata
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Miwa Morita
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Tsuji
- Material
Solutions New Research Engine, KANEKA Corporation, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
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Ribar P, Šolomek T, Juríček M. Gram-Scale Synthesis and Supramolecular Complex of Precursors of Clar's Hydrocarbon Triangulene. Org Lett 2019; 21:7124-7128. [PMID: 31414815 PMCID: PMC6737831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We present to date the most efficient
gram-scale synthesis of triangulene-4,8-dione and 12-hydroxytriangulene-4,8-dione,
the precursors of Clar’s hydrocarbon, in overall yields >50%.
The direct dihydroprecursors of triangulene, obtained upon reduction
of triangulene-4,8-dione, were stabilized in a supramolecular complex
with a tetracationic cyclophane ExBox4+ and characterized
by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. This result represents the
first step in an endeavor to stabilize the fragile core of triangulene
in an inclusion complex in solution and solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ribar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Šolomek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Murata T, Kotsuki K, Murayama H, Tsuji R, Morita Y. Metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction based on trioxotriangulene. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Enozawa H, Ukai S, Ito H, Murata T, Morita Y. Colored Ionic Liquid Based on Stable Polycyclic Anion Salt Showing Halochromism with HCl Vapor. Org Lett 2019; 21:2161-2165. [PMID: 30896176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A sodium salt of a polycyclic trioxotriangulene (TOT) anion with six triethylene glycol chains exhibiting the formation of a colored ionic liquid at room temperature was synthesized. The ionic liquid is air- and water-stable, reflecting thermodynamic stabilization of a charge-delocalized TOT anion. Upon protonation of the TOT anion, the salt shows halochromic behaviors in solution and even in the neat liquid state with HCl vapor. The ionic liquid shows no morphological change with the chromism, presumably as a result of poor intermolecular interactions between π skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Enozawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Aichi Institute of Technology , Toyota , Aichi 470-0392 , Japan
| | - Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Aichi Institute of Technology , Toyota , Aichi 470-0392 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Aichi Institute of Technology , Toyota , Aichi 470-0392 , Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Aichi Institute of Technology , Toyota , Aichi 470-0392 , Japan
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Aichi Institute of Technology , Toyota , Aichi 470-0392 , Japan
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Murata T, Kariyazono K, Ukai S, Ueda A, Kanzaki Y, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T, Morita Y. Trioxotriangulene with carbazole: a donor–acceptor molecule showing strong near-infrared absorption exceeding 1000 nm. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00663j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A donor–acceptor type trioxotriangulene neutral radical derivative having three carbazolyl groups as electron-donors was newly synthesized, and exhibited a strong near-infrared photo absorption over 1000 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Aichi Institute of Technology
- Toyota
- Japan
| | - Kazuki Kariyazono
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Shusaku Ukai
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Aichi Institute of Technology
- Toyota
- Japan
| | - Akira Ueda
- Department of Chemistry
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Yuki Kanzaki
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka
- Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiomi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka
- Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka
- Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka
- Japan
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Engineering
- Aichi Institute of Technology
- Toyota
- Japan
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