1
|
Ahlqvist VH, Persson M, Ortega FB, Tynelius P, Magnusson C, Berglind D. Birth Weight and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among Young Men Born at Term: The Role of Genetic and Environmental Factors. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014290. [PMID: 32000561 PMCID: PMC7033863 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Preterm delivery and low birth weight are prospectively associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). However, whether birth weight, within the at-term range, is associated with later CRF is largely unknown. Thus, the aim of the current study was to examine this issue and whether such association, if any, is explained by shared and/or nonshared familial factors. Methods and Results We conducted a prospective cohort study, including 286 761 young male adults and a subset of 52 544 siblings born at-term. Objectively measured data were retrieved from total population registers. CRF was tested at conscription and defined as the maximal load obtained on a cycle ergometer. We used linear and nonlinear and fixed-effects regression analyses to explore associations between birth weight and CRF. Higher birth weight, within the at-term range, was strongly associated with increasing CRF in a linear fashion. Each SD increase in birth weight was associated with an increase of 7.9 (95% CI, 7.8-8.1) and 6.6 (95% CI; 5.9-7.3) Wmax in the total and sibling cohorts, respectively. The association did not vary with young adulthood body mass index. Conclusions Birth weight is strongly associated with increasing CRF in young adulthood among men born at-term, across all categories of body mass index. This association appears to be mainly driven by factors that are not shared between siblings. Hence, CRF may to some extent be determined already in utero. Prevention of low birth weight, also within the at-term-range, can be a feasible mean of increasing adult CRF and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco B. Ortega
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity” research groupDepartment of Physical Education and SportsFaculty of Sport SciencesUniversity of GranadaSpain
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Per Tynelius
- Department of Global Public HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community MedicineRegion StockholmStockholmSweden
| | - Cecilia Magnusson
- Department of Global Public HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community MedicineRegion StockholmStockholmSweden
| | - Daniel Berglind
- Department of Global Public HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Centre for Epidemiology and Community MedicineRegion StockholmStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Portella AK, Paquet C, Bischoff AR, Molle RD, Faber A, Moore S, Arora N, Levitan R, Silveira PP, Dube L. Multi-behavioral obesogenic phenotypes among school-aged boys and girls along the birth weight continuum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212290. [PMID: 30789933 PMCID: PMC6383887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that extremes of birth weight (BW) carry a common increased risk for the development of adiposity and related cardiovascular diseases, but little is known about the role of obesogenic behaviors in this process. Moreover, no one has empirically examined whether the relationship between BW, obesogenic behaviors and BMI along the full low-to-high birthweight continuum reflects the U-shape pattern expected from common risk at both BW extremes. Our objective was to characterize physical activity, screen time, and eating behavior and their relationship to BMI as a function of BW among school-aged boys and girls. In this cross-sectional study, 460 children aged 6 to 12 years (50% boys) from Montreal, Canada provided information on sleeping time, screen time, physical activity levels, eating behavior (emotional, external and restrained eating) and anthropometrics (height, weight, BW) through parent reported questionnaires. BMI was normalized using WHO Standards (zBMI), and BW expressed as ratio using Canadian population standards (BW for gestational age and sex). Analyses were conducted using generalized linear models with linear and quadratic terms for BW, stratified by sex and adjusted for age, ethnicity and household income. In boys, physical activity and screen time showed U-shaped associations with BW, while physical activity had an inverted U-shaped in girls. Emotional and restrained eating had positive linear relations with BW in boys and girls. Sleep time and external eating were not associated with BW. A U-shaped relationship between BW and zBMI was found in boys but no association was found in girls. Only sleep (in boys and girls), and emotional eating (girls only) were related to zBMI and mediation of the BW-zBMI relationship was only supported for emotional eating. In conclusion, BW relates to obesogenic behaviors and BMI in both non-linear and linear ways, and these associations differed by sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Krumel Portella
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PostGraduate Program in Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de Ciencias da Saude de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Paquet
- School of Health Sciences, Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adrianne Rahde Bischoff
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberta Dalle Molle
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aida Faber
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Spencer Moore
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | | | - Robert Levitan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Pelufo Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurette Dube
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferreira I, Gbatu PT, Boreham CA. Gestational Age and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Individuals Born At Term: A Life Course Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006467. [PMID: 28954725 PMCID: PMC5721855 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background In contrast to the effects of preterm birth, the extent to which shorter gestational age affects the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels of individuals who were born at term (ie, between 37 and 42 weeks) is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine whether life‐course CRF levels varied across different gestational ages within the at‐term range. Methods and Results The association between gestational age (in weeks) obtained from Child Health Services records and CRF, estimated from field and laboratory tests and expressed by maximal oxygen uptake level through adolescence to young adulthood, was examined in 791 participants in the Northern Ireland Young Hearts Study, all singletons born at term. Longitudinal data were analyzed with generalized estimating equations, accounting for important potential confounders. Mean levels of CRF were 45.6, 43.7, and 33.0 mL/kg per minute when participants were aged 12, 15, and 22 years, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, each week increase in gestational age was associated with 0.46 mL/kg per minute (95% confidence interval, 0.14–0.79) in CRF. Compared with individuals born full term (39–40 weeks, n=533) or late term (41–42 weeks, n=148), those who were born early term (37–38 weeks, n=110) had a higher incidence of poor CRF (risk ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–2.16). The changes in CRF through adolescence to young adulthood were similar across groups, with those born early term consistently displaying the lowest CRF. Conclusions These findings suggest that early‐term births within the at‐term range are linked to poorer CRF through adolescence to young adulthood, and may have important clinical and public health implications for policies about (avoidable) early‐term deliveries given their recent increasing trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ferreira
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pei T Gbatu
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Colin A Boreham
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tikanmäki M, Tammelin T, Vääräsmäki M, Sipola-Leppänen M, Miettola S, Pouta A, Järvelin MR, Kajantie E. Prenatal determinants of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescence - Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:346. [PMID: 28427374 PMCID: PMC5399469 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are key risk factors of chronic adult diseases. Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are predicted by birth weight, but the underlying parental and pregnancy-related factors remain largely unknown. We examined how prenatal determinants are associated with physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescence. METHODS Of the 16-year-old members of the population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986), 6682 singletons with no major physical disability reported their amount of physical activity outside school hours, and 4706 completed a submaximal cycle ergometer test assessing cardiorespiratory fitness. Physical activity was expressed as metabolic equivalent hours per week (METh/week) and cardiorespiratory fitness as peak oxygen uptake (ml·kg-1·min-1). Prenatal determinants included birth weight, length of gestation, mother's and father's body mass index (BMI), maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and maternal hypertension and smoking during pregnancy. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression. RESULTS A higher birth weight and longer length of gestation predicted lower levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness at 16 years, although the association between length of gestation and physical activity was inverse U-shaped. Mother's or father's overweight or obesity before pregnancy were associated with lower levels of their offspring's physical activity and fitness in adolescence. Adjusting for maternal pregnancy disorders and the adolescent's own BMI attenuated the associations with the mother's but not the father's overweight/obesity. Furthermore, maternal GDM predicted lower cardiorespiratory fitness. CONCLUSIONS A high birth weight and parental overweight/obesity are associated with lower levels of both physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescence, while maternal GDM and longer length of gestation are associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness. Both long and short lengths of gestation predict low physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Tikanmäki
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuija Tammelin
- LIKES Research Center for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marja Vääräsmäki
- Pediatrics and Adolescence and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Children, Adolescents and Families Unit, Department of Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marika Sipola-Leppänen
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Pediatrics and Adolescence and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Satu Miettola
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatrics and Adolescence and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Pediatrics and Adolescence and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Government Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
- Pediatrics and Adolescence and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hildebrand M, Øglund GP, Wells JC, Ekelund U. Prenatal, birth and early life predictors of sedentary behavior in young people: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:63. [PMID: 27268003 PMCID: PMC4897914 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to systematically summarize the evidence on whether prenatal, birth and early life factors up to 6 years of age predict sedentary behavior in young people (≤18 years). METHODS PRISMA guidelines were followed, and searches were conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE and Web of Science up to December 1, 2015. We included observational (non-intervention) and longitudinal studies, that reported data on the association between one or more of the potential predictors and objectively or subjectively measured sedentary behavior. Study quality was assessed using a formal checklist and data extraction was performed using standardized forms independently by two researchers. RESULTS More than 18,000 articles were screened, and 16 studies, examining 10 different predictors, were included. Study quality was variable (0.36-0.95). Two studies suggest that heritability and BMI in children aged 2-6 years were significant predictors of sedentary behavior later in life, while four and seven studies suggest no evidence for an association between gestational age, birth weight and sedentary behavior respectively. There was insufficient evidence whether other prenatal, birth and early life factors act as predictors of later sedentary behavior in young people. CONCLUSION The results suggest that heritability and early childhood BMI may predict sedentary behavior in young people. However, small number of studies included and methodological limitations, including subjective and poorly validated sedentary behavior assessment, limits the conclusions. TRIAL REGISTRATION The systematic review is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, PROSPERO, 17.10.2014 ( CRD42014014156 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hildebrand
- The Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.O Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Guro P Øglund
- The Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.O Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan C Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- The Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, P.O Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway.,Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hildebrand M, Kolle E, Hansen BH, Collings PJ, Wijndaele K, Kordas K, Cooper AR, Sherar LB, Andersen LB, Sardinha LB, Kriemler S, Hallal P, van Sluijs E, Ekelund U. Association between birth weight and objectively measured sedentary time is mediated by central adiposity: data in 10,793 youth from the International Children's Accelerometry Database. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:983-90. [PMID: 25832337 PMCID: PMC4409689 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birth weight is an early correlate of disease later in life, and animal studies suggest that low birth weight is associated with reduced activity and increased sedentary time. Whether birth weight predicts later sedentary time in humans is uncertain. OBJECTIVES We examined the relation between birth weight and sedentary time in youth and examined whether this association was mediated by central adiposity. DESIGN We used pooled cross-sectional data from 8 observational studies conducted between 1997 and 2007 that consisted of 10,793 youth (boys: 47%) aged 6-18 y from the International Children's Accelerometry Database. Birth weight was measured in hospitals or maternally reported, sedentary time was assessed by using accelerometry (<100 counts/min), and abdominal adiposity (waist circumference) was measured according to WHO procedures. A mediation analysis with bootstrapping was used to analyze data. RESULTS The mean (±SD) time spent sedentary was 370 ± 91 min/d. Birth weight was positively associated with sedentary time (B = 4.04, P = 0.006) and waist circumference (B = 1.59, P < 0.001), whereas waist circumference was positively associated with sedentary time (B = 0.82, P < 0.001). Results of the mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect of birth weight on sedentary time through waist circumference (B: 1.30; 95% bias-corrected CI: 0.94, 1.72), and when waist circumference was controlled for, the effect of birth weight on sedentary time was attenuated by 32% (B = 2.74, P = 0.06). CONCLUSION The association between birth weight and sedentary time appears partially mediated by central adiposity, suggesting that both birth weight and abdominal adiposity may be correlates of sedentary time in youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hildebrand
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Elin Kolle
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Bjørge H Hansen
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Paul J Collings
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Katrien Wijndaele
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Ashley R Cooper
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Lauren B Sherar
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Susi Kriemler
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Pedro Hallal
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Esther van Sluijs
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway (MH, EK, BHH, LBA, and UE); the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (PJC, KW, EvS, and UE); the School of Social and Community Medicine (KK) and the Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies (ARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; the School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom (LB Sherar); the Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (LBA); the Department of Sport and Health, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (LB Sardinha); the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (SK); and the Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil (PH)
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Touwslager RNH, Gielen M, Tan FES, Mulder ALM, Gerver WJM, Zimmermann LJ, Houben AJHM, Zeegers MP, Derom C, Vlietinck R, Maes HH, Stehouwer CDA, Thomis M. Genetic, maternal and placental factors in the association between birth weight and physical fitness: a longitudinal twin study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76423. [PMID: 24194838 PMCID: PMC3806789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adult cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength are related to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Both are possibly related to birth weight, but it is unclear what the importance is of genetic, maternal and placental factors in these associations. Design Peak oxygen uptake and measures of strength, flexibility and balance were obtained yearly during adolescence (10–18 years) in 114 twin pairs in the Leuven Longitudinal Twin Study. Their birth weights had been collected prospectively within the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey. Results We identified linear associations between birth weight and adolescent vertical jump (b = 1.96 cm per kg birth weight, P = 0.02), arm pull (b = 1.85 kg per kg birth weight P = 0.03) and flamingo balance (b = −1.82 attempts to stand one minute per kg birth weight, P = 0.03). Maximum oxygen uptake appeared to have a U-shaped association with birth weight (the smallest and largest children had the lowest uptake, P = 0.01), but this association was no longer significant after adjustment for parental BMI. Using the individual twin’s deviation from his own twin pair’s average birth weight, we found positive associations between birth weight and adolescent vertical jump (b = 3.49, P = 0.0007) and arm pull (b = 3.44, P = 0.02). Δ scores were calculated within the twin pairs as first born twin minus second born twin. Δ birth weight was associated with Δ vertical jump within MZ twin pairs only (b = 2.63, P = 0.009), which indicates importance of placental factors. Conclusions We found evidence for an association between adolescent physical performance (strength, balance and possibly peak oxygen uptake) and birth weight. The associations with vertical jump and arm pull were likely based on individual, more specifically placental (in the case of vertical jump) factors. Our results should be viewed as hypothesis-generating and need confirmation, but potentially support preventive strategies to optimize birth weight, for example via placental function, to target later fitness and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robbert N. H. Touwslager
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Marij Gielen
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Section of Complex Genetics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans E. S. Tan
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius L. M. Mulder
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. M. Gerver
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J. H. M. Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice P. Zeegers
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Section of Complex Genetics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Derom
- Department for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Vlietinck
- Department for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hermine H. Maes
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Coen D. A. Stehouwer
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Thomis
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van Deutekom AW, Chinapaw MJM, Vrijkotte TGM, Gemke RJBJ. Study protocol: the relation of birth weight and infant growth trajectories with physical fitness, physical activity and sedentary behavior at 8-9 years of age - the ABCD study. BMC Pediatr 2013; 13:102. [PMID: 23835159 PMCID: PMC3710272 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low birth weight and accelerated infant growth have been identified as independent risk factors for childhood and adult obesity and cardiovascular disease. This led to the 'Developmental Origins of Health and Disease' (DOHaD) hypothesis, stating that environmental factors during pregnancy and early postnatal life affect disease risk in later life. There is growing evidence that perinatal factors may influence adult health through the programming of energy balance regulation, including sedentary behavior and physical activity. The present study focuses on the influence of birth weight and infant growth on physical fitness, physical activity and sedentary behavior in 8-9 year old children, as this might partly explain the higher obesity and cardiovascular risk associated with low birth weight and accelerated infant growth. In addition, this study provides the opportunity for a validation study of a linguistic and cross-cultural translated physical activity questionnaire compared to accelerometer data. This article describes the study protocol for this study. METHODS/DESIGN This is a study embedded in the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) birth cohort. In 200 children of Dutch ethnicity, physical fitness, physical activity and sedentary behavior were assessed at age 8-9. We measured aerobic fitness using the 20 meter multistage shuttle run test, and neuromuscular fitness using the standing broad jump and handgrip strength test. Sedentary behavior and physical activity levels were measured using accelerometry. All children also completed a translated physical activity questionnaire, the scores of which will be compared to accelerometry data to assess the construct validity of the questionnaire in Dutch school-aged children. DISCUSSION This study will be the first population-based prospective cohort study to address the association of both prenatal and postnatal growth with physical fitness and objectively-assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior. This will contribute to a better understanding of the way perinatal growth relate to lifestyle and obesity in later life. The results may guide both future studies in the field of DOHaD, and public health strategies in the prevention of childhood obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arend W van Deutekom
- Department of Pediatrics, EMGO Institute for Health & Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mai JM Chinapaw
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO institute for Health & Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja GM Vrijkotte
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinoud JBJ Gemke
- Department of Pediatrics, EMGO Institute for Health & Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kehoe SH, Krishnaveni GV, Veena SR, Hill JC, Osmond C, Kiran, Coakley P, Karat SC, Fall CHD. Birth size and physical activity in a cohort of Indian children aged 6-10 years. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2012; 3:245-52. [PMID: 24098836 PMCID: PMC3790308 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174412000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence of a reduction in children's physical activity in India in the last decade. Our objective was to assess whether size and body composition at birth are associated with physical activity in school-aged children. Children from a prospective observational cohort study born in Mysore, South India between 1997 and 1998 (n = 663) had neonatal anthropometric measurements made within 72 h of delivery [weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), chest, abdomen and head circumference, crown-heel, crown-buttock and leg length, triceps and subscapular skinfolds]. At 6-10 years, children (n = 449) were asked to wear AM7164 or GT1M Actigraph accelerometers for 7 days. Body composition was measured within 6 months of activity monitoring. Arm muscle area at birth and time of activity monitoring was calculated from MUAC and skinfold measurements. Activity outcome measures were: mean accelerometer counts per minute (cpm); counts per day and proportion of time spent in moderate and vigorous activity. The mean (S.D.) number of days with ≥500 min of recorded accelerometer data was 7.0 (1.1). Linear regression models showed no significant associations between any of the neonatal anthropometric measures and the activity variables. Body fat percentage at 7.5 years was negatively associated with all activity variables (B = -4.69, CI: -7.31, -2.07 for mean cpm). In conclusion, this study showed no associations between body size and skinfold thickness at birth and objectively measured physical activity in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. H. Kehoe
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G. V. Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - S. R. Veena
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - J. C. Hill
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C. Osmond
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kiran
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - P. Coakley
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - S. C. Karat
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - C. H. D. Fall
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ridgway CL, Brage S, Sharp SJ, Corder K, Westgate KL, van Sluijs EM, Goodyer IM, Hallal PC, Anderssen SA, Sardinha LB, Andersen LB, Ekelund U. Does birth weight influence physical activity in youth? A combined analysis of four studies using objectively measured physical activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16125. [PMID: 21264270 PMCID: PMC3020226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models suggest growth restriction in utero leads to lower levels of motor activity. Furthermore, individuals with very low birth weight report lower levels of physical activity as adults. The aim of this study was to examine whether birth weight acts as a biological determinant of physical activity and sedentary time. This study uses combined analysis of three European cohorts and one from South America (n = 4,170). Birth weight was measured or parentally reported. Height and weight were measured and used to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). PA was objectively measured using accelerometry for ≥3 days, ≥10 hours day. Data was standardized to allow comparisons between different monitors. Total physical activity was assessed as counts per minute (cpm), with time spent above moderate activity (MVPA) >2,000 counts and time spent sedentary (<100 counts). There was no evidence for an association between birth weight and total physical activity (p = 0.9) or MVPA (p = 0.7). Overall there was no evidence for an association between birth weight and sedentary time (p = 0.8). However in the Pelotas study we did find an association between higher birth weight (kg) and lower overall physical activity (cpm) (β = -31, 95%CI: -58, -46, p = 0.03) and higher birth weight and greater sedentary time (mins/day) (β = 16.4, 95%CI: 5.3, 27.5, p = 0.004), although this was attenuated and no longer significant with further adjustment for gestational age. Overall this combined analysis suggests that birth weight may not be an important biological determinant of habitual physical activity or sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L. Ridgway
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Corder
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kate L. Westgate
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Esther M. van Sluijs
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Goodyer
- Developmental Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sigmund A. Anderssen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luis B. Sardinha
- Faculty of Human Movement, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Sports Science & Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ridgway CL, Brage S, Anderssen S, Sardinha LB, Andersen LB, Ekelund U. Fat-free mass mediates the association between birth weight and aerobic fitness in youth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:e590-6. [PMID: 21050079 DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2010.526225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether birth weight acts as a biological determinant of later aerobic fitness, and whether fat-free mass may mediate this association. METHODS The European Youth Heart Study (EYHS) is a population-based cohort of two age groups (9 and 15 years) from Denmark, Portugal, Estonia and Norway. Children with parentally reported birth weight >1.5 kg were included (n = 2 749). Data were collected on weight, height, and skinfold measures to estimate fat mass and fat-free mass. Aerobic fitness (peak power, watts) was assessed using a maximal, progressive cycle ergometer test. Physical activity was collected in a subset (n = 1 505) using a hip-worn accelerometer and defined as total activity counts/wear time, all children with >600 minutes/day for ≥3 days of wear were included. RESULTS Lower birth weight was associated with lower aerobic fitness, after adjusting for sex, age group, country, sexual maturity and socio-economic status (ß = 5.4; 95% CI: 3.5, 7.3 W per 1 kg increase in birth weight, p < 0.001). When fat-free mass was introduced as a covariate in the model, the association between birth weight and aerobic fitness was almost completely attenuated (p = 0.7). Birth weight was also significantly associated with fat-free mass (ß = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.8, p < 0.001) and fat-free mass was significantly associated with aerobic fitness (ß = 3.6; 95% CI: 3.4, 3.7, p < 0.001). Further adjustment for physical activity did not alter the findings. CONCLUSION Birth weight may have long-term influences on fat-free mass and differences in fat-free mass mediate the observed association between birth weight and aerobic fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Ridgway
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Andersen LG, Ängquist L, Gamborg M, Byberg L, Bengtsson C, Canoy D, Eriksson JG, Eriksson M, Järvelin MR, Lissner L, Nilsen TI, Osler M, Overvad K, Rasmussen F, Salonen MK, Schack-Nielsen L, Tammelin TH, Tuomainen TP, Sørensen TIA, Baker JL. Birth weight in relation to leisure time physical activity in adolescence and adulthood: meta-analysis of results from 13 nordic cohorts. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8192. [PMID: 20016780 PMCID: PMC2790716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal life exposures, potentially manifested as altered birth size, may influence the later risk of major chronic diseases through direct biologic effects on disease processes, but also by modifying adult behaviors such as physical activity that may influence later disease risk. Methods/Principal Findings We investigated the association between birth weight and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in 43,482 adolescents and adults from 13 Nordic cohorts. Random effects meta-analyses were performed on categorical estimates from cohort-, age-, sex- and birth weight specific analyses. Birth weight showed a reverse U-shaped association with later LTPA; within the range of normal weight the association was negligible but weights below and above this range were associated with a lower probability of undertaking LTPA. Compared with the reference category (3.26–3.75 kg), the birth weight categories of 1.26–1.75, 1.76–2.25, 2.26–2.75, and 4.76–5.25 kg, had odds ratios of 0.67 (95% confidence interval: 0.47, 0.94), 0.72 (0.59, 0.88), 0.89 (0.79, 0.99), and 0.65 (0.50, 0.86), respectively. The shape and strength of the birth weight-LTPA association was virtually independent of sex, age, gestational age, educational level, concurrent body mass index, and smoking. Conclusions/Significance The association between birth weight and undertaking LTPA is very weak within the normal birth weight range, but both low and high birth weights are associated with a lower probability of undertaking LTPA, which hence may be a mediator between prenatal influences and later disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise Geisler Andersen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Ängquist
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Gamborg
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liisa Byberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Calle Bengtsson
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dexter Canoy
- The Northwest Institute for Bio-Health Informatics, School of Community-Based Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marit Eriksson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tom I. Nilsen
- Human Movement Science Programme, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Merete Osler
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Finn Rasmussen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna K. Salonen
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lene Schack-Nielsen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tuija H. Tammelin
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
- LIKES - Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jennifer L. Baker
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Associations of birth size and duration of breast feeding with cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Eur J Epidemiol 2008; 23:411-22. [PMID: 18470625 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-008-9259-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the developmental origins of cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS We examined the associations of birth size and duration of breast feeding with cardiorespiratory fitness assessed at the 9 year follow-up examination in 3612 participants of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We used physical work capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats per minute (PWC(170)) as our assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness. This was estimated using standard regression methods from parameters measured using an electronically braked cycle ergometer. RESULTS Birth weight, length and ponderal index were all positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in both sexes, with no strong evidence of a difference in effect between girls and boys. Work capacity increased by 1.12 W (95% CI: 0.83, 1.40) on average per 1 standard deviation (SD) greater birth weight. This association was not affected by adjustment for socioeconomic position and maternal smoking during pregnancy; there was some attenuation with adjustment for both maternal and paternal height and body mass index and more marked attenuation with adjustment for the child's height and body mass index. In the fully adjusted model work capacity increased by 0.51 W (95% CI: 0.21, 0.81) per SD birth weight. Whether an individual had been breastfed and duration of breastfeeding were not associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in any models. CONCLUSION Our results provide some support for a role of intrauterine factors in determining cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood.
Collapse
|