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Cancer therapy by antibody-targeted Cerenkov light and metabolism-selective photosensitization. J Control Release 2022; 352:25-34. [PMID: 36243234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective cancer treatment option, but it suffers from penetration limit of light, making it available only for superficial and endoscopically accessible cancers. Recently, there have been reports that Cerenkov luminescence originated from radioisotopes can be utilized as an excitation source for PDT without external light illumination. Here, cancer-selective agents, i.e., (1) clinically available 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), which promotes cancer metabolism-specific accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), and (2) 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab, which has HER2-expressing cancer selective uptake, are separately applied as a photosensitizer and an in situ radiator, respectively, to potentiate tumor-specific Cerenkov luminescence energy transfer (CLET) from 64Cu to PpIX for high-precision PDT of cancer. It is shown that the combinational administration and tumor colocalization of 5-ALA and 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab exert significant in vitro cytotoxicity (cell viability <9%) as well as in vivo antitumor effects (tumor volume ratio of 0.50 on 14 days post-injection) on HER2-expressing breast and gastric cancer models. This study proves that high-precision treatment regimen using dual-targeted CLET-based PDT is feasible for HER2-expressing cancers. Furthermore, the results offer great potential for clinical translation to the dual-targeted CLET-based PDT because the treatment regimen uses components, 5-ALA and 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab, which are already in clinical uses.
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2
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Dong H, Pang L, Cong H, Shen Y, Yu B. Application and design of esterase-responsive nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:416-432. [PMID: 30929527 PMCID: PMC6450553 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1588424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been developed for tumor treatment due to the enhanced permeability and retention effects. However, lack of specific cancer cells selectivity results in low delivery efficiency and undesired side effects. In that case, the stimuli-responsive nanoparticles system designed for the specific structure and physicochemical properties of tumors have attracted more and more attention of researchers. Esterase-responsive nanoparticle system is widely used due to the overexpressed esterase in tumor cells. For a rational designed esterase-responsive nanoparticle, ester bonds and nanoparticle structures are the key characters. In this review, we overviewed the design of esterase-responsive nanoparticles, including ester bonds design and nano-structure design, and analyzed the fitness of each design for different application. In the end, the outlook of esterase-responsive nanoparticle is looking forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Dong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Long Pang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
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The Dark Side: Photosensitizer Prodrugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12040148. [PMID: 31590223 PMCID: PMC6958472 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodiagnosis (PD) are essential approaches in the field of biophotonics. Ideally, both modalities require the selective sensitization of the targeted disease in order to avoid undesired phenomena such as the destruction of healthy tissue, skin photosensitization, or mistaken diagnosis. To a large extent, the occurrence of these incidents can be attributed to “background” accumulation in non-target tissue. Therefore, an ideal photoactive compound should be optically silent in the absence of disease, but bright in its presence. Such requirements can be fulfilled using innovative prodrug strategies targeting disease-associated alterations. Here we will summarize the elaboration, characterization, and evaluation of approaches using polymeric photosensitizer prodrugs, nanoparticles, micelles, and porphysomes. Finally, we will discuss the use of 5-aminolevulinc acid and its derivatives that are selectively transformed in neoplastic cells into photoactive protoporphyrin IX.
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Rossetti FC, Depieri LV, Praça FG, Del Ciampo JO, Fantini MCA, Pierre MBR, Tedesco AC, Bentley MVLB. Optimization of protoporphyrin IX skin delivery for topical photodynamic therapy: Nanodispersions of liquid-crystalline phase as nanocarriers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 83:99-108. [PMID: 26657201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanodispersions of liquid-crystalline phases (NLPs) composed of monoolein and oleic acid were chosen as nanocarriers to improve the topical retention of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and thereby optimize photodynamic therapy (PDT) using this photosensitizer. The nanodispersions were characterized by polarized light microscopy, small-angle X-ray diffraction and dynamic light scattering. The stability and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of the nanodispersions were also evaluated. In vitro and in vivo skin penetration studies were performed to determine the potential of the nanodispersions for cutaneous application. In addition, skin penetration and skin irritancy (in an animal model) after in vivo application were visualized by fluorescence light microscopy. The nanodispersion obtained was characterized as a monodisperse system (~150.0 nm) of hexagonal liquid-crystalline phase, which provided a high encapsulation efficiency of PpIX (~88%) that remained stable over 90 days of investigation. Skin penetration studies demonstrated that the nanodispersion enhanced PpIX skin uptake 11.8- and 3.3-fold (in vitro) and 23.6- and 20.8-fold (in vivo) compared to the PpIX skin uptake of control formulations, respectively. In addition, the hexagonal phase nanodispersion did not cause skin irritation after application for two consecutive days. Overall, the results show that the nanocarrier developed is suitable for use in topical PDT with PpIX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábia Cristina Rossetti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-160, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia Vieira Depieri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-160, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Garcia Praça
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-160, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Orestes Del Ciampo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-160, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Bernadete Riemma Pierre
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21.941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antônio Cláudio Tedesco
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-160, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Kiesslich T, Helander L, Illig R, Oberdanner C, Wagner A, Lettner H, Jakab M, Plaetzer K. Real-time analysis of endogenous protoporphyrin IX fluorescence from δ-aminolevulinic acid and its derivatives reveals distinct time- and dose-dependent characteristics in vitro. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:085007. [PMID: 25117078 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.8.085007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodiagnosis based on the intracellular production of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) by administration of its metabolic precursor -aminolevulinic acid (ALA) achieved their breakthrough upon the clinical approval of MAL (ALA methyl ester) and HAL (ALA hexyl ester). For newly developed ALA derivatives or application in new tumor types, in vitro determination of PPIX formation involves multiparametric experiments covering variable pro-drug concentrations, medium composition, time points of analysis, and cell type(s). This study uses a fluorescence microplate reader with a built-in temperature and atmosphere control to investigate the high-resolution long-term kinetics (72 h) of cellular PPIX fueled by administration of either ALA, MAL, or HAL for each 10 different concentrations. For simultaneous proliferation correction, A431 cells were stably transfected with green fluorescent protein. The results indicate that the peak PPIX level is a function of both, incubation concentration and period: maximal PPIX is generated with 1 to 2-mM ALA/MAL or 0.125-mM HAL; also, the PPIX peak shifts to longer incubation periods with increasing pro-drug concentrations. The results underline the need for detailed temporal analysis of PPIX formation to optimize ALA (derivative)-based PDT or photodiagnosis and highlight the value of environment-controlled microplate readers for automated in vitro analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kiesslich
- Paracelsus Medical University, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Strubergasse 21, Salzburg A-5020, AustriabParacelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Department of Internal Medicine I, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, Salzburg A-5020, Au
| | - Linda Helander
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Erling Skjalgssons gate 1, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Romana Illig
- Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Institute of Pathology, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, Salzburg A-5020, Austria
| | | | - Andrej Wagner
- Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Department of Internal Medicine I, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, Salzburg A-5020, Austria
| | - Herbert Lettner
- University of Salzburg, Department of Materials Science and Physics, Division of Physics and Biophysics, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, Salzburg A-5020, Austria
| | - Martin Jakab
- Paracelsus Medical University, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Strubergasse 21, Salzburg A-5020, Austria
| | - Kristjan Plaetzer
- University of Salzburg, Department of Materials Science and Physics, Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, Salzburg A-5020, Austria
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Gui T, Wang Y, Mao Y, Liu J, Sun S, Cao D, Yang J, Shen K. Comparisons of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy and after-loading radiotherapy in vivo in cervical cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 15:434-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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δ-Aminolevulinic acid and its methyl ester induce the formation of Protoporphyrin IX in cultured sensory neurones. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 384:583-602. [PMID: 21947250 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Application of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or its methyl ester (MAL) onto cutaneous tumours increases intracellular Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), serving as photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT). While PDT is highly effective as treatment of neoplastic skin lesions, it may induce severe pain in some patients. Here, we investigated ALA and MAL uptake and PpIX formation in sensory neurones as potential contributor to the pain. PpIX formation was induced in cultured sensory neurones from rat dorsal root ganglion by incubation with ALA or MAL. Using inhibitors of GABA transporters (GAT), a pharmacological profile of ALA and MAL uptake was assessed. GAT mRNA expression in the cultures was determined by RT-PCR. Cultured sensory neurones synthesised Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) from extracellularly administered ALA and MAL. PpIX formation was dose- and time-dependent with considerably different kinetics for both compounds. While partial inhibition occurred using L-arginine, PpIX formation from both ALA and MAL could be fully blocked by the GABA-Transporter (GAT)-2/3 inhibitor (S)-SNAP 5114 with similar K (i) (ALA: 195 ± 6 μM; MAL: 129 ± 13 μM). GAT-1 and GAT-3 could be detected in sensory neurons using RT-PCR on mRNA level and using [³H]-GABA uptake on protein level. Cultured sensory neurones take up ALA and MAL and synthesize PpIX from both, enabling a direct impact of photodynamic therapy on cutaneous free nerve endings. The pharmacological profile of ALA and MAL uptake in our test system was very similar and suggests uptake via GABA and amino acid transporters.
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8
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Wachowska M, Muchowicz A, Firczuk M, Gabrysiak M, Winiarska M, Wańczyk M, Bojarczuk K, Golab J. Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA) as a Prodrug in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Molecules 2011. [PMCID: PMC6263343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16054140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an endogenous metabolite normally formed in the mitochondria from succinyl-CoA and glycine. Conjugation of eight ALA molecules yields protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and finally leads to formation of heme. Conversion of PpIX to its downstream substrates requires the activity of a rate-limiting enzyme ferrochelatase. When ALA is administered externally the abundantly produced PpIX cannot be quickly converted to its final product - heme by ferrochelatase and therefore accumulates within cells. Since PpIX is a potent photosensitizer this metabolic pathway can be exploited in photodynamic therapy (PDT). This is an already approved therapeutic strategy making ALA one of the most successful prodrugs used in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Wachowska
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Muchowicz
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gabrysiak
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wańczyk
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Bojarczuk
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Department III, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel. +48-22-5992199; Fax: +48-22-5992194
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Zhang LW, Al-Suwayeh SA, Hung CF, Chen CC, Fang JY. Oil components modulate the skin delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid and its ester prodrug from oil-in-water and water-in-oil nanoemulsions. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:693-704. [PMID: 21556344 PMCID: PMC3084316 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s17524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated the potential of nanoemulsions for the topical delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and methyl ALA (mALA). The drugs were incorporated in oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) formulations obtained by using soybean oil or squalene as the oil phase. The droplet size, zeta potential, and environmental polarity of the nanocarriers were assessed as physicochemical properties. The O/W and W/O emulsions showed diameters of 216-256 and 18-125 nm, which, respectively, were within the range of submicron- and nano-sized dispersions. In vitro diffusion experiments using Franz-type cells and porcine skin were performed. Nude mice were used, and skin fluorescence derived from protoporphyrin IX was documented by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The loading of ALA or mALA into the emulsions resulted in slower release across cellulose membranes. The release rate and skin flux of topical drug application were adjusted by changing the type of nanocarrier, the soybean oil O/W systems showing the highest skin permeation. This formulation increased ALA flux via porcine skin to 180 nmol/cm(2)/h, which was 2.6-fold that of the aqueous control. The CLSM results showed that soybean oil systems promoted mALA permeation to deeper layers of the skin from ∼100 μm to ∼140 μm, which would be beneficial for treating subepidermal and subcutaneous lesions. Drug permeation from W/O systems did not surpass that from the aqueous solution. An in vivo dermal irritation test indicated that the emulsions were safe for topical administration of ALA and mALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Zhang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Shirmanova M, Zagaynova E, Sirotkina M, Snopova L, Balalaeva I, Krutova I, Lekanova N, Turchin I, Orlova A, Kleshnin M. In vivo study of photosensitizer pharmacokinetics by fluorescence transillumination imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:048004. [PMID: 20799847 DOI: 10.1117/1.3478310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of in vivo investigation of the pharmacokinetics of photosensitizers by means of fluorescence transillumination imaging is demonstrated. An animal is scanned in the transilluminative configuration by a single source and detector pair. Transillumination is chosen as an alternative approach to reflection imaging. In comparison with the traditional back-reflection technique, transillumination is preferable for photosensitizer detection due to its higher sensitivity to deep-seated fluorophores. The experiments are performed on transplantable mouse cervical carcinomas using three drugs: photosens, alasens, and fotoditazin. For quantitative evaluation of the photosensitizer concentration in tumor tissue the fluorescence signal is calibrated using tissue phantoms. We show that the kinetics of photosensitizer tumor uptake obtained by transillumination imaging in vivo agree with data of standard ex vivo methods. The described approach enables rapid and cost-effective study of newly developed photosensitizers in small animals.
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A comparative study on the enhancement efficacy of specific and non-specific iron chelators for protoporphyrin IX production and photosensitization in HaCat cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 29:765-70. [PMID: 20037824 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-009-0619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The iron chelators can be utilized in target cells to improve 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT). The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of two kinds of iron chelators, desferrioxamine (DFO) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the enhancement of ALA-PDT. HaCat cells were cultured in medium containing 2.0 mmol/L of ALA and 0.5 mmol/L of DFO or EDTA. After 3-h incubation in the dark, the concentration of cellular protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the fluorescence of PpIX was observed at 630 nm emission under confocal laser scanning microscope. For PDT, HaCat cells were irradiated using 632.8 nm laser, and the fractions of apoptotic and necrotic cells were flow cytometrically assayed. Related differences in morphology and ultrastructure of Ha-Cat cells were observed using optical microscope or transmission electron microscope. Compared to incubation with ALA alone, the addition of DFO or EDTA increased the concentration of cellular PpIX and the fluorescent density of PpIX, and also increased cell death ratio after PDT. PDT using ALA plus DFO produced the highest cellular PpIX level, greatest cell death ratio and most severe structural damage to the cells. It was concluded that both DFO and EDTA could enhance ALA-based PpIX production and PDT. Compared to the non-specific iron chelator of EDTA, the specific chelator, DFO, showed more potential for the enhancement.
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Pudroma X, Moan J, Ma LW, Iani V, Juzeniene A. A comparison of 5-aminolaevulinic acid- and its heptyl ester: dark cytotoxicity and protoporphyrin IX synthesis in human adenocarcinoma WiDr cells and in athymic nude mice healthy skin. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:985-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rodriguez L, de Bruijn HS, Di Venosa G, Mamone L, Robinson DJ, Juarranz A, Batlle A, Casas A. Porphyrin synthesis from aminolevulinic acid esters in endothelial cells and its role in photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 96:249-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Berrahmoune S, Fotinos N, Bezdetnaya L, Lange N, Guedenet JC, Guillemin F, D'Hallewin MA. Analysis of differential PDT effect in rat bladder tumor models according to concentrations of intravesical hexyl-aminolevulinate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:1018-24. [PMID: 18754047 DOI: 10.1039/b804921a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hexylester of 5-aminolevulinic acid (HAL) is a very efficient precursor of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Our previous study, performed in rat orthotopic bladder tumors, indicated an opposite effect of HAL/PpIX-PDT according to HAL concentration. The present study investigated possible reasons for this differential effect considering the impact of extracted amounts of PpIX in normal and tumor bearing bladders along with PpIX distribution in distinctive histopathological layers. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of tumor and normal bladder tissues after 8 mM and 16 mM HAL instillation showed that PpIX was the main porphyrin species. The PpIX production in tumor bladders instilled with 8 mM HAL was significantly higher than after 16 mM HAL. Fluorescence confocal microscopy demonstrated a punctuate bright fluorescence pattern in tumor zones of bladders instilled with 8 mM HAL, whereas a more diffuse cytoplasmatic fluorescence distribution was observed after 16 mM HAL instillation. Immunofluorescence staining together with transmission electron microscopy showed severe mitochondrial damage in tumor zones of bladders treated with 8 mM HAL/PpIX PDT, with intact mitochondria in tumor zones of bladders treated with 16 mM HAL/PpIX PDT. We conclude that the differential response to HAL/PpIX PDT in function of HAL concentrations could be attributed to diminished PpIX synthesis and differential intracellular localisation of PpIX. Mitochondria were shown to be the critical photodamaged sites of HAL/PpIX PDT and as such tissue sensitivity to treatment can be estimated through investigation of intracellular PpIX distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoussen Berrahmoune
- Photobiology in Cancerology, Centre Alexis Vautrin, CRAN Nancy University, CNRS, Avenue de Bourgogne 54511, and Department of pathology and cytology, University Hospital Nancy, Vandoeuvre les Nancy Cedex, France
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15
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Collaud S, Peng Q, Gurny R, Lange N. Thermosetting Gel for the Delivery of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Esters to the Cervix. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:2680-90. [PMID: 17828758 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy has been proposed as an alternative, cervix-sparing treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). In this context, topical application of 5-ALA to the cervix is beneficial due to the small necessary dose and its minimal side effects. Therefore, lipophilic 5-ALA esters, such as hexylaminolevulinate (HAL), have led to improved local bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Hydrogels have shown to be more appropriate for the local delivery of these derivatives, but due to the limited long-term stability of such formulations at 25 degrees C, the development of an extemporaneously prepared hydrogel targeting CIN can be advantageous. Therefore, a poloxamer 407 thermosetting gel, which is liquid at room temperature and becomes a semi-solid when in contact with the female genital tract, has been evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Rheological evaluation has shown that a 17.0% poloxamer 407 hydrogel with a sol-gel transition at 24.8 +/- 0.6 degrees C was the best formulation for easy application and optimal residence time. Furthermore, similarly to other hydrogels previously tested, such a formulation shows a more complete HAL release in vitro than conventional cream vehicles, and tends to increase porphyrin accumulation in nude mice skin. Finally, in vitro release profiles were correlated to the in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Collaud
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Sur BW, Nguyen P, Sun CH, Tromberg BJ, Nelson EL. Immunophototherapy using PDT combined with rapid intratumoral dendritic cell injection. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:1257-64. [PMID: 18435703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to induce localized cell death and tissue damage suggests that when applied to tumors it could create a local depot of tumor-associated antigens, which would be available for uptake and presentation to the immune system, potentially leading to improved tumor control. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent cells for antigen uptake, presentation, and stimulation of the immune system. However, it is unclear whether DCs would retain their viability and functional capacity for the requisite trafficking to draining lymph nodes when adoptively transferred in close temporal and anatomic proximity to the site of PDT-induced cytotoxicity. We conducted studies of combined PDT and adoptive DC therapy, "immunophototherapy," in a female, Fisher 344 rat orthotopic mammary tumor model. Using 5-aminolevulinic acid as a pro-drug, we demonstrated kinetically favorable biologic conversion to the photosensitive protoporphyrin IX, appropriate trafficking of syngeneic bone marrow-derived DCs injected into PDT-treated tumors within 15 min of completion of therapy, and improved survival over either modality alone. These data indicate that DCs rapidly administered into the site of PDT retain their viability and functional status, supporting the further evaluation of immunophototherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Sur
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Donnelly RF, McCarron PA, Woolfson DA. Derivatives of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid for Photodynamic Therapy. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/1177391x0700100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical treatment that combines the effects of visible light irradiation with subsequent biochemical events that arise from the presence of a photosensitising drug (possessing no dark toxicity) to cause destruction of selected cells. Today, the most common agent used in dermatological PDT is 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). As a result of its hydrophilic character, ALA penetrates skin lesions poorly when applied topically. Its systemic bioavailability is limited and it is known to cause significant side effects when given orally or intravenously. Numerous chemical derivatives of ALA have been synthesised with the aims of either improving topical penetration or enhancing systemic bioavailability, while reducing side effects. In vitro cell culture experiments with ALA derivatives have yielded promising results. However, if ALA derivatives are to demonstrate meaningful clinical benefits, a rational approach to topical formulation design is required, along with a systematic study aimed at uncovering the true potential of ALA derivatives in photodynamic therapy. With respect to systemic ALA delivery, more study is required in the developing area of ALA-containing dendrons and dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F. Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Paul A. McCarron
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - David A. Woolfson
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
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Donnelly RF, McCarron PA, Woolfson AD. Derivatives of 5-aminolevulinic Acid for photodynamic therapy. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 1:49-63. [PMID: 19812736 PMCID: PMC2754918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical treatment that combines the effects of visible light irradiation with subsequent biochemical events that arise from the presence of a photosensitising drug (possessing no dark toxicity) to cause destruction of selected cells. Today, the most common agent used in dermatological PDT is 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). As a result of its hydrophilic character, ALA penetrates skin lesions poorly when applied topically. Its systemic bioavailability is limited and it is known to cause significant side effects when given orally or intravenously. Numerous chemical derivatives of ALA have been synthesised with the aims of either improving topical penetration or enhancing systemic bioavailability, while reducing side effects. In vitro cell culture experiments with ALA derivatives have yielded promising results. However, if ALA derivatives are to demonstrate meaningful clinical benefits, a rational approach to topical formulation design is required, along with a systematic study aimed at uncovering the true potential of ALA derivatives in photodynamic therapy. With respect to systemic ALA delivery, more study is required in the developing area of ALA-containing dendrons and dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F. Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Paul A. McCarron
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - A. David Woolfson
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
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Tammilmani V, Yee KKL, Heng PWS, Soo KC, Ollvo M. An Evaluation of Exogenous Application of Protoporphyrin IX and its Dimethyl Ester as a Photodynamic Diagnostic Agent in Poorly Differentiated Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Angell-Petersen E, Christensen C, Müller CR, Warloe T. Phototoxic reaction and porphyrin fluorescence in skin after topical application of methyl aminolaevulinate. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:301-7. [PMID: 17223870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy using topical methyl aminolaevulinate (MAL) is a new treatment modality for skin disorders. MAL is metabolized into endogenous porphyrins, which act as photosensitizers when illuminated. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the severity and duration of skin photosensitivity after MAL application, and to investigate its relation to the presence of endogenous porphyrins. METHODS Placebo and 160 mg g(-1) MAL creams were randomly assigned to contralateral sites located at the forearms and fingertips of 16 healthy volunteers and were applied for 3 h. The porphyrin content in the skin was monitored by in situ fluorescence measurements following cream removal. Phototoxic reaction was evaluated after exposure to a high dose of red light. RESULTS The porphyrin fluorescence in forearm skin peaked about 1 h after the cream removal, was halved after 8 h, and was reduced by > 90% within 24 h. Most forearm sites were photosensitive at 1 and 8 h following cream removal. Six subjects were still sensitive at 24 h, and at this time point the phototoxicity was coincidental with residual porphyrin fluorescence. In general, all reactions were mild or moderate, and included pain, erythema, oedema and transient hyperpigmentation. No photosensitivity or porphyrin fluorescence was detected at 48 h. At the fingertips photosensitivity was absent except for sporadic cases of mild pain. CONCLUSIONS Topical MAL application and exposure to red light induced mild and moderate phototoxicity. The photosensitivity ceased within 24-48 h after cream removal, and its duration was associated with the degradation of porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Angell-Petersen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Angell-Petersen E, Sørensen R, Warloe T, Soler AM, Moan J, Peng Q, Giercksky KE. Porphyrin Formation in Actinic Keratosis and Basal Cell Carcinoma after Topical Application of Methyl 5-Aminolevulinate. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:265-71. [PMID: 16374471 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy using topical methyl 5-aminolevulinate (MAL) is a new treatment modality for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and actinic keratosis (AK). MAL induces endogenous porphyrins, which act as photosensitizers. Pharmacokinetic studies of the porphyrin-inducing effect of MAL creams (Metvix) applied in different concentrations (16-160 mg/g) and application times are presented. Surface fluorescence measurements were used to monitor porphyrin accumulation in 18 superficial BCCs and 32 AKs. For both lesion types, the fluorescence increased during the first 13 of 28 hours of continuous MAL application. A 20-fold site-to-site variation was observed, and there were no significant MAL concentration dependencies. The selectivity between lesions and normal skin was 10-fold during the first hours and decreased throughout the application time. Fluorescence microscopy images of tissue sections from 32 nodular BCCs were analyzed to calculate the porphyrin content in tumor tissue as a function of depth. Significant correlation to MAL concentration was seen within the tumors treated for 3 hours. Increase to 18-hour MAL application enhanced the fluorescence levels in superficial tumor layers, but not in deep layers. In conclusion, application of the 160 mg/g cream for 3 hours gave advantageous porphyrin distributions for all types of lesions.
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Battah S, O'Neill S, Edwards C, Balaratnam S, Dobbin P, MacRobert AJ. Enhanced porphyrin accumulation using dendritic derivatives of 5-aminolaevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy: An in vitro study. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:1382-92. [PMID: 16546435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular porphyrin generation following administration of 5-aminolaevulinic acid has been widely used in photodynamic therapy for a range of malignant and certain non-malignant lesions. However, cellular uptake of 5-aminolaevulinic acid is limited by its hydrophilic nature and improved means of delivery are therefore being sought. Highly branched polymeric drug carriers known as dendrimers are a promising new approach to drug delivery. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of dendrimers conjugated with 5-aminolaevulinic acid for porphyrin production in the transformed PAM 212 keratinocyte cell line and skin explants. Each dendritic derivative incorporated three 5-aminolaevulinic acid residues which were conjugated as esters via methyl or propyl linkers to a central tertiary carbon whose remaining terminal bore an amino, aminobenzyloxycarbonyl or nitro group. In the cell line, all compounds were more efficient at low concentrations compared to equimolar 5-aminolaevulinic acid for porphyrin production, with the most efficient incorporating the longer propyl linker. This compound was also the most lipophilic according to partition coefficient measurements. The intracellular porphyrin fluorescence levels showed good correlation with cellular phototoxicity following light exposure for all the compounds, together with minimal dark toxicity. Our findings indicate that the key factors influencing the efficacy of the dendritic derivatives are lipophilicity and steric hindrance within the dendritic structure which could restrict access to intracellular esterases for liberation of 5-aminolaevulinic acid. These findings should be taken into account in the design of larger dendrimers of 5-aminolaevulinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Battah
- National Medical Laser Centre, Division of Surgical and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House St, London W1W 7EJ, UK
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23
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Di Venosa GM, Casas AG, Battah S, Dobbin P, Fukuda H, Macrobert AJ, Batlle A. Investigation of a novel dendritic derivative of 5-aminolaevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:82-91. [PMID: 16172016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a treatment for malignant and certain non-malignant lesions that involves administration of a photosensitising drug. The use of 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced porphyrins has become one of the most active fields of photodynamic therapy research. Since the efficacy of the treatment is somewhat limited by the hydrophilic nature of 5-aminolaevulinic acid, chemical modifications such as esterification with aliphatic alcohols have been made to induce higher porphyrin production. In an attempt to improve delivery of 5-aminolaevulinic acid to tissue, we have investigated the use of dendritic derivatives capable of bearing several drug molecules. The aim of this work was to evaluate in vivo and in vitro the efficacy of the first generation dendron, aminomethane tris-methyl 5-aminolaevulinic acid (containing three 5-aminolaevulinic acid residues) in terms of porphyrin synthesis. In LM3 cells, the dendron induced similar porphyrin levels compared to equimolar concentrations of 5-aminolaevulinic acid. Although the dendron is taken up with comparable efficiency to 5-aminolaevulinic acid, we found that there is only partial intracellular liberation of 5-aminolaevulinic acid residues. Both systemic and topical administration of the dendron to tumour-bearing mice induced higher porphyrin levels than the widely investigated hexyl ester derivative in most tissues studied, although it was not possible to surpass the levels induced by 5-aminolaevulinic acid. In conclusion, aminomethane tris-methyl 5-aminolaevulinic acid is capable of being taken up by cells efficiently, and liberating the active residues, although in vivo it was not possible to improve upon the efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Studies of accessibility and regulation of the esterases are needed to improve the design of these dendritic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Di Venosa
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clinicas José de San Martin, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fotinos N, Campo MA, Popowycz F, Gurny R, Lange N. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Derivatives in Photomedicine: Characteristics, Application and Perspectives. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:994-1015. [PMID: 16542112 DOI: 10.1562/2006-02-03-ir-794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of lipophilic derivatives of the naturally occurring heme precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) into photomedicine has led to a true revival of this research area. 5-ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescence photodetection (FD) of neoplastic disease is probably one of the most selective cancer treatments currently known in oncology. To date, this method has been assessed experimentally for the treatment of various medical indications. However, the limited local bioavailability of 5-ALA has widely prevented its use in daily clinical practice. Although researchers were already aware of this drawback early during the development of 5-ALA-mediated PDT, only recently have well-established concepts in pharmaceutical science been adapted to investigate ways to overcome this drawback. Recently, two derivatives of 5-ALA, methylaminolevulinate (MAL) and hexylaminolevulinate (HAL), gained marketing authorization from the regulatory offices in Europe and Australia. MAL is marketed under the trade name Metvix for the treatment of actinic keratosis and difficult-to-treat basal cell carcinoma. HAL has recently been launched under the trade name Hexvix to improve the detection of superficial bladder cancer in Europe. This review will first present the fundamental concepts underlying the use of 5-ALA derivatives in PDT and FD from a chemical, biochemical and pharmaceutical point of view. Experimental evidences from preclinical data on the improvements and limits observed with 5-ALA derivatives will then be introduced. The state-of-the-art from clinical studies with 5-ALA esters will be discussed, with special emphasis placed on the process that led to the development of MAL in dermatology and to HAL in urology. Finally, we will discuss promising medical fields in which use of 5-ALA derivatives might potentially lead to further use of this methodology in photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fotinos
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ecole de Pharmacie Genève-Lausanne, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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25
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Dietze A, Berg K. ALA-induced porphyrin formation and fluorescence in synovitis tissue In-vitro and in vivo studies. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2005; 2:299-307. [PMID: 25048871 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The synovial inflammatory process in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is accompanied by massive tumor-like proliferation and activation of the connective stroma. These abnormal cells actively invade and destroy the peri-articular bone and cartilage at the margins of joints where synovium and bone are attached. There is still a lack of minimally invasive synovectomy methods, which might be suitable for the smaller joints. Unfortunately, these joints are usually involved in the disease. Photodynamic therapy has been evaluated as a possible treatment modality for RA synovitis. The present study describes the differences of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and 5-ALA ester-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) production in cell cultures obtained from patients with RA, osteoarthritis (OA) and human sarcoma cell line (HS 192.T) and in a collagen-induced arthritis model in rats. The incubation of cells with hexyl aminolevulinate (HAL) induced the same amount of fluorescence as 5-ALA and methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) at about a 100-fold lower concentration. Incubation with HAL-induced accumulation of at least twice as much porphyrins in RA- and HS 192.T-cells than 5-ALA and MAL in OA-cells. Similar levels of porphyrins were accumulated in RA and the malignant cells. In vivo, intra-articular application of 5-ALA induced a significant porphyrin accumulation in synovitis tissue as measured by in situ fluorescence spectroscopy. In contrast to our in vitro results and other reports, we could not detect enhanced fluorescence after application of up to 0.1mg HAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Dietze
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
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Formation of protoporphyrin IX from carboxylic- and amino-derivatives of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2005; 2:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment that combines a photosensitizer with light to generate oxygen-dependent photochemical destruction of diseased tissue. This modality has been approved worldwide since 1993 for the treatment of several oncological and nononcological disorders. PDT continues to be interested in both preclinical and clinical research, with more than 500 publications each year during the past 5 years. This minireview focuses on the effects of PDT on tumor stroma. A tumor consists of two fundamental elements: parenchyma (neoplastic cells) and stroma. The stroma is composed of vasculature, cellular components, and intercellular matrix and is necessary for tumor growth. All the stromal components can be targeted by PDT. Although the exact mechanism of PDT is unknown, emerging evidence has indicated that effective PDT of tumor requires destruction of both parenchyma and stroma. Further, damage to subendothelial zone of vasculature, in addition to endothelium, also appears to be a crucial factor. The PDT-generated immune response as a way of vaccination for treatment and prevention of metastatic tumors remains to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Tammilmani V, Yee KKL, Heng PWS, Soo KC, Olivo M. An Evaluation of Exogenous Application of Protoporphyrin IX and its Dimethyl Ester as a Photodynamic Diagnostic Agent in Poorly Differentiated Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2004)080<0596:aeoeao>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Greenbaum L, Katcoff DJ, Dou H, Gozlan Y, Malik Z. A porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) Ran-binding protein interaction is implicated in nuclear trafficking of PBGD in differentiating glioma cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:5221-8. [PMID: 12917623 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) is a rate-limiting enzyme of the heme biosynthesis pathway, whose level is elevated in various human tumors. PBGD was observed in both nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of C6 glioma cells by immunostaining. During mitosis, chromatids were intensely stained for PBGD in comparison to the interphase chromatin. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified RanBPM, the nuclear Ran-binding protein, as an interacting partner of PBGD. During butyrate-induced differentiation of C6, both nuclear and cytoplasmic PBGD levels declined as did Ran protein and its nucleotide exchange factor RCC1. N,N'-hexamethylene bis-acetamide-dependent differentiation resulted in an increase of the cytoplasmic PBGD, whereas nuclear PBGD, Ran protein and RCC1 remained unchanged. mRNA levels of PBGD remained unchanged during stimulation with both butyrate and N,N'-hexamethylene bis-acetamide. The enzymatic activity of PBGD and protoporphyrin IX synthesis in C6 cells were dependent on the differentiation induction agent. We conclude that PBGD possibly has a nuclear role in addition to its cytosolic enzymatic activity required for heme synthesis, which is related to cell transformation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Greenbaum
- Life Science Faculty, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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De Rosa FS, Tedesco AC, Lopez RFV, Pierre MBR, Lange N, Marchetti JM, Rotta JCG, Bentley MVLB. In vitro skin permeation and retention of 5-aminolevulinic acid ester derivatives for photodynamic therapy. J Control Release 2003; 89:261-9. [PMID: 12711449 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(03)00125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In photodynamic therapy (PDT), 5-aminiolevulinic acid (5-ALA) applied topically is converted, via the heme cycle, into protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a photosensitizing agent, which upon excitation with light can induce tumor destruction. Due to its hydrophilic and zwitterionic characteristics, 5-ALA has limited penetration into the skin. More lipophilic 5-ALA ester derivatives are expected to cross stratum corneum more easily than 5-ALA. According to the determination of the partition coefficients of 5-ALA methyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl and n-octyl esters, these compounds showed an increased affinity to the SC, with 5-ALA hexyl ester and 5-ALA-octyl ester having the highest partition coefficients. Our in vitro skin permeation studies demonstrated an increased permeated amount for hexyl-ALA after 6 h of incubation, compared to other esters and 5-ALA. After 6 h, more 5-ALA-hexyl ester and -octyl ester were retained at viable epidermis and dermis than 5-ALA. According to these results, and considering that the conversion of 5-ALA into PpIX occurs preferentially in epidermis, it can be supposed that topical use of ester derivatives with longer chains (C(6) or C(8)) is an interesting proposal to optimize topical 5-ALA-PDT
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Scarmato De Rosa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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