RNA-Based Antipsoriatic Gene Therapy: An Updated Review Focusing on Evidence from Animal Models

Psoriasis presents as a complex genetic skin disorder, characterized by the interaction between infiltrated immune cells and keratinocytes. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of both coding and non-coding genes, which has positively impacted clinical treatment approaches. Despite extensive research into the genetic aspects of psoriasis pathogenesis, fully grasping its epigenetic component remains a challenging endeavor. In response to the pressing demand for innovative treatments to alleviate inflammatory skin disorders, various novel strategies are under consideration. These include gene therapy employing antisense nucleotides, silencing RNA complexes, stem cell therapy, and antibody-based therapy. There is a pressing requirement for a psoriasis-like animal model that replicates human psoriasis to facilitate early preclinical evaluations of these novel treatments. The authors conduct a comprehensive review of various gene therapy in different psoriasis-like animal models utilized in psoriasis research. The animals included in the list underwent skin treatments such as imiquimod application, as well as genetic and biologic injections, and the results of these interventions are detailed. Animal models play a crucial role in translating drug discoveries from the laboratory to clinical practice, and these models aid in improving the reproducibility and clinical applicability of preclinical data. Numerous animal models with characteristics similar to those of human psoriasis have proven to be useful in understanding the development of psoriasis. In this review, the article focuses on RNA-based gene therapy exploration in different types of psoriasis-like animal models to improve the treatment of psoriasis.

The anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids and alkaloids from Sophora flavescens alleviates psoriasiform lesions: Prenylation and methoxylation beneficially enhance bioactivity and skin targeting

The herb Sophora flavescens displays anti-inflammatory activity and can provide a source of antipsoriatic medications. We aimed to evaluate whether S. flavescens extracts and compounds can relieve psoriasiform inflammation. The ability of flavonoids (maackiain, sophoraflavanone G, leachianone A) and alkaloids (matrine, oxymatrine) isolated from S. flavescens to inhibit production of cytokine/chemokines was examined in keratinocytes and macrophages. Physicochemical properties and skin absorption were determined by in silico molecular modeling and the in vitro permeation test (IVPT) to establish the structure-permeation relationship (SPR). The ethyl acetate extract exhibited higher inhibition of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and CXCL1 production in tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated keratinocytes compared to the ethanol and water extracts. The flavonoids demonstrated higher cytokine/chemokine inhibition than alkaloids, with the prenylated flavanones (sophoraflavanone G, leachianone A) led to the highest suppression. Flavonoids exerted anti-inflammatory effects via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, activator protein-1, and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways. In the IVPT, prenylation of the flavanone skeleton significantly promoted skin absorption from 0.01 to 0.22 nmol/mg (sophoraflavanone G vs. eriodictyol). Further methoxylation of a prenylated flavanone (leachianone A) elevated skin absorption to 2.65 nmol/mg. Topical leachianone A reduced the epidermal thickness in IMQ-treated mice by 47%, and inhibited cutaneous scaling and cytokine/chemokine overexpression at comparable levels to a commercial betamethasone product. Thus, prenylation and methoxylation of S. flavescens flavanones may enable the design of novel antipsoriatic agents.

APLF facilitates interstrand DNA crosslink repair and replication fork protection to confer cisplatin resistance

Replication stress converts the stalled forks into reversed forks, which is an important protection mechanism to prevent fork degradation and collapse into poisonous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Paradoxically, the mechanism also acts in cancer cells to contribute to chemoresistance against various DNA-damaging agents. PARP1 binds to and is activated by stalled forks to facilitate fork reversal. Aprataxin and polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase-like factor (APLF) binds to PARP1 through the poly(ADP-ribose) zinc finger (PBZ) domain and is known to be involved in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Here, we identify a novel function of APLF involved in interstrand DNA crosslink (ICL) repair and fork protection. We demonstrate that PARP1 activity facilitates the APLF recruitment to stalled forks, enabling the FANCD2 recruitment to stalled forks. The depletion of APLF sensitizes cells to cisplatin, impairs ICL repair, reduces the FANCD2 recruitment to stalled forks, and results in nascent DNA degradation by MRE11 nucleases. Additionally, cisplatin-resistant cancer cells show high levels of APLF and homologous recombination-related gene expression. The depletion of APLF sensitizes cells to cisplatin and results in fork instability. Our results reveal the novel function of APLF to facilitate ICL repair and fork protection, thereby contributing to cisplatin-resistant phenotypes of cancer cells.

Increased Apolipoprotein A1 Expression Correlates with Tumor-Associated Neutrophils and T Lymphocytes in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

An increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a poor prognostic biomarker in various types of cancer, because it reflects the inhibition of lymphocytes in the circulation and tumors. In urologic cancers, upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is known for its aggressive features and lack of T cell infiltration; however, the association between neutrophils and suppressed T lymphocytes in UTUC is largely unknown. In this study, we examined the relationship between UTUC-derived factors and tumor-associated neutrophils or T lymphocytes. The culture supernatant from UTUC tumor tissue modulated neutrophils to inhibit T cell proliferation. Among the dominant factors secreted by UTUC tumor tissue, apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1) exhibited a positive correlation with NLR. Moreover, tumor-infiltrating neutrophils were inversely correlated with tumor-infiltrating T cells. Elevated Apo-A1 levels in UTUC were also inversely associated with the population of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Our findings indicate that elevated Apo-A1 expression in UTUC correlates with tumor-associated neutrophils and T cells. This suggests a potential immunomodulatory effect on neutrophils and T cells within the tumor microenvironment, which may represent therapeutic targets for UTUC treatment.

Exploring the potential of the nano-based sunscreens and antioxidants for preventing and treating skin photoaging

Excessive exposure to sunlight, especially UV irradiation, causes skin photodamage. Sunscreens, such as TiO2 and ZnO, can potentially prevent UV via scattering, reflection, and absorption. Topical antioxidants are another means of skin photoprotection. Developing nanoparticles for sunscreens and antioxidants is recommended for photoaging prevention and treatment as it can improve uncomfortable skin appearance, stability, penetration, and safety. This study reviewed the effects of nano-sized sunscreens and antioxidants on skin photoprevention by examining published studies and articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, which explore the topics of skin photoaging, skin senescence, UV radiation, keratinocyte, dermal fibroblast, sunscreen, antioxidant, and nanoparticle. The researchers of this study also summarized the nano-based UV filters and therapeutics for mitigating skin photoaging. The skin photodamage mechanisms are presented, followed by the introduction of current skin photoaging treatment. The different nanoparticle types used for topical delivery were also explored in this study. This is followed by the mechanisms of how nanoparticles improve the UV filters and antioxidant performance. Lastly, recent investigations were reviewed on nanoparticulate sunscreens and antioxidants in skin photoaging management. Sunscreens and antioxidants for topical application have different concepts. Topical antioxidants are ideal for permeating into the skin to exhibit free radical scavenging activity, while UV filters are prescribed to remain on the skin surface without absorption to exert the UV-blocking effect without causing toxicity. The nanoparticle design strategy for meeting the different needs of sunscreens and antioxidants is also explored in this study. Although the benefits of using nanoparticles for alleviating photodamage are well-established, more animal-based and clinical studies are necessary.

Thiamet G as a Potential Treatment for Polycystic Kidney Disease

BACKGROUND/AIM

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a prevalent genetic disorder primarily caused by mutations in Pkd1 (PC1), which account for the majority of ADPKD cases. These mutations contribute to the formation of cysts in the kidneys and other organs, ultimately leading to renal failure. Unfortunately, there are currently no available preventive treatments for this disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we utilized Pkd1-knockdown mice and cells to investigate the potential involvement of O-GlcNAcylation in the progression of PKD. Additionally, we examined the effects of thiamet G, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase (OGA), on PKD mice.

RESULTS

Our findings indicate that both O-GlcNAcylation and OGT (O-GlcNAc transferase) were downregulated in the renal tissues of Pkd1-silenced mice. Furthermore, O-GlcNAcylation was shown to regulate the stability and function of the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail (CTT) of PC1. Treatment of PKD mice with thiamet G resulted in a reduction of renal cytogenesis in these animals.

CONCLUSION

These results highlight the unique role of O-GlcNAcylation in the development of cyst formation in PKD and propose it as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PKD.

Oct4 and Hypoxia Dual-Regulated Oncolytic Adenovirus Armed with shRNA-Targeting Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Exerts Potent Antitumor Activity against Bladder Cancer

Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising modality for cancer treatment. Dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR), a C-type lectin receptor, is expressed mainly by dendritic cells (DCs) and mediates inhibitory intracellular signaling. Inhibition of DCIR activation may enhance antitumor activity. DCIR is encoded by CLEC4A in humans and by Clec4a2 in mice. Gene gun-mediated delivery of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting Clec4a2 into mice bearing bladder tumors reduces DCIR expression in DCs, inhibiting tumor growth and inducing CD8+ T cell immune responses. Various oncolytic adenoviruses have been developed in clinical trials. Previously, we have developed Ad.LCY, an oncolytic adenovirus regulated by Oct4 and hypoxia, and demonstrated its antitumor efficacy. Here, we generated a Clec4a2 shRNA-expressing oncolytic adenovirus derived from Ad.LCY, designated Ad.shDCIR, aimed at inducing more robust antitumor immune responses. Our results show that treatment with Ad.shDCIR reduced Clec4a expression in DCs in cell culture. Furthermore, Ad.shDCIR exerted cytolytic effects solely on MBT-2 bladder cancer cells but not on normal NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, confirming the tumor selectivity of Ad.shDCIR. Compared to Ad.LCY, Ad.shDCIR induced higher cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in MBT-2 tumor-bearing immunocompetent mice. In addition, Ad.shDCIR and Ad.LCY exhibited similar antitumor effects on inhibiting tumor growth. Notably, Ad.shDCIR was superior to Ad.LCY in prolonging the survival of tumor-bearing mice. In conclusion, Ad.shDCIR may be further explored as a combination therapy of virotherapy and immunotherapy for bladder cancer and likely other types of cancer.

Anti-Atopic Dermatitis Activity of Epi-Oxyzoanthamine Isolated from Zoanthid

Atopic dermatitis (AD, eczema) is a condition that causes dry, itchy, and inflamed skin and occurs most frequently in children but also affects adults. However, common clinical treatments provide limited relief and have some side effects. Therefore, there is a need to develop new effective therapies to treat AD. Epi-oxyzoanthamine is a small molecule alkaloid isolated from Formosan zoanthid. Relevant studies have shown that zoanthamine alkaloids have many pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-lymphangiogenic functions. However, there are no studies on the use of epi-oxyzoanthamine on the skin. In this paper, epi-oxyzoanthamine has been shown to have potential in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Through in vitro studies, it was found that epi-oxyzoanthamine inhibited the expression of cytokines in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, and it reduced the phosphorylation of MAPK and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation was induced in a mouse model using 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in vivo. The results showed that epi-oxyzoanthamine significantly decreased skin barrier damage, scratching responses, and epidermal hyperplasia induced by DNCB. It significantly reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, ear thickness, and spleen weight, while also increasing surface skin hydration. These results indicate that epi-oxyzoanthamine from zoanthid has good potential as an alternative medicine for treating atopic dermatitis or other skin-related inflammatory diseases.

Prostate‑specific antigen density and preoperative MRI findings as predictors of biochemical recurrence in high‑risk and very high‑risk prostate cancer

Patients with high-risk prostate cancer after prostatectomy have a particularly high chance of being diagnosed with biochemical recurrence (BCR). Patients with BCR have a greater risk of disease progression and mortality. The present retrospective observational study aimed to clarify the risk factors for the BCR of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy in patients with high-risk and very high-risk prostate cancer. Patients diagnosed with prostate cancer who received radical prostatectomy in a single center from January 2009 to June 2020 were included in the study. Data from medical records were reviewed and the patients were followed up for ≥6 years. The primary outcome was BCR within 1 year after surgery. A total of 307 patients were included, with 187 in the high-risk group and 120 in the very high-risk group as classified by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. Patients in the very high-risk group had a lower BCR-free survival rate compared with those in the high-risk group, with a high risk of BCR even if their PSA levels were initially undetectable after prostatectomy, and a high risk of postoperatively detectable PSA. In patients with undetectable PSA after prostatectomy, BCR was associated with the initial PSA density, imaging stage (T3aN0M0 and T3bN0M0), and pathologic stage (any N1). Postoperatively detectable PSA was associated with pathologic stage (T3bN0M0 and any N1) In conclusion, preoperative MRI imaging stage and PSA density are predictors for short-term BCR after prostatectomy. NCCN-defined high-risk patients with a high initial PSA density, imaging stage (T3aN0M0 and T3bN0M0), and pathologic stage (any N1) had a higher risk of BCR when compared with other patients with undetectable PSA, while those with pathologic stage (T3bN0M0 or any N1) displayed a higher risk of postoperatively detectable PSA. These findings may help urologists to identify patients for whom active therapeutic protocols are necessary.

Prophylactic Effects of Purple Shoot Green Tea on Cytokine Immunomodulation through Scavenging Free Radicals and NO in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages

Polyphenols and flavonoids from non-fermented green tea and fully-fermented black tea exhibit antioxidant abilities that function as natural health foods for daily consumption. Nonetheless, evidence regarding prophylactic effects of purple shoot tea on immunomodulation remains scarce. We compared the immunomodulatory effects of different tea processes on oxidative stress and cytokine expressions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Major constituents of four tea products, Taiwan Tea Experiment Station No.12 (TTES No. 12) black and green tea and purple shoot black and purple shoot green tea (TB, TG, PB and PG, respectively), were analyzed to explore the prophylactic effects on expressions of free radicals, nitric oxide (NO), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cell models. PG contained abundant levels of total polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins and proanthocyanidins (371.28 ± 3.83; 86.37 ± 1.46; 234.67 ± 10.1; and 24.81 ± 0.75 mg/g, respectively) contributing to excellent free radical scavenging potency. In both the LPS-activated inflammation model and the prophylactic model, all tea extracts suppressed NO secretion in a dose-dependent manner, especially for PG. Intriguingly, most tea extracts enhanced expressions of IL-6 in LPS-stimulated macrophages, except PG. However, all teas disrupted downstream transduction of chemoattractant MCP-1 for immune cell trafficking. In the prophylactic model, all teas inhibited inflammatory responses by attenuating expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner, especially for TG and PG. Our prophylactic model demonstrated PG exerts robust effects on modulating LPS-induced cytokine expressions of MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α through scavenging free radicals and NO. In light of the prophylactic effects on LPS-related inflammation, PG effectively scavenges free radicals to modulate cytokine cascades that could serve as a functional beverage for immunomodulation.

Protective role of casuarinin from Melastoma malabathricum against a mouse model of 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis: Impact on inflammation and gut microbiota dysbiosis

BACKGROUND

5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis (FUIIM) is a common gastrointestinal side effect of chemotherapy, leading to gastric pain in clinical cancer patients. In a previous study, we demonstrated that neutrophil elastase (NE) inhibitors could alleviate FUIIM and manipulate the homeostasis of the gut microbiota. The root of Melastoma malabathricum, also called Ye-Mu-Dan, has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for gastrointestinal disease. Water extract of the roots of M. malabathricum exhibits an inhibitory effect on NE, with an IC₅₀ value of 9.13 μg/ml.

PURPOSE

In this study, we aimed to isolate an anti-NE compound from the root of M. malabathricum and to determine the protective effect of the bioactive component on a mouse model of FUIIM with respect to tissue damage, inflammation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and gut microbiota dysbiosis.

METHODS

A water extract of the roots of M. malabathricum was prepared and its major bioactive compound, was identified using bioactivity-guided fractionation. The effects of samples on the inhibition of NE activity were evaluated using enzymatic assays. To evaluate the effects of the bioactive compound in an FUIIM animal model, male C57BL/6 mice treated with or without casuarinin (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.), and then received of 5-fluorouracil (50 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 5 days to induce FUIIM. Histopathological staining was used to monitor the tissue damage, proliferation of intestinal crypts, and expression of tight junction proteins. The inflammation score was estimated by determining the levels of oxidative stress, neutrophil-related proteases, and proinflammatory cytokines in tissue and serum. The ecology of the gut microbiota was evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

RESULTS

Casuarinin had the most potent and selective effect against NE, with an IC₅₀ value of 2.79 ± 0.07 μM. Casuarinin (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) significantly improved 5-FU-induced body weight loss together with food intake reduction, and it also significantly reversed villus atrophy, restored the proliferative activity of the intestinal crypts, and suppressed inflammation and intestinal barrier dysfunction in the mouse model of FUIIM. Casuarinin also reversed 5-FU-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, particularly the abundance of Actinobacteria, Candidatus Arthromitus, and Lactobacillus murinus, and the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio.

CONCLUSION

This study firstly showed that casuarinin isolated from the root part of M. malabathricum could be used as a NE inhibitor, whereas it could improve FUIIM by modulating inflammation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. In summary, exploring anti-NE natural product may provide a way to find candidate for improvement of FUIIM.

Translational Medicine in Uremic Vascular Calcification: Scavenging ROS Attenuates p-Cresyl Sulfate-Activated Caspase-1, NLRP3 Inflammasome and Eicosanoid Inflammation in Human Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells

We formerly proved that uremic vascular calcification (UVC) correlates tightly with oxidative elastic lamina (EL) injury and two cell fates (apoptosis and osteocytic conversion) in smooth muscle cells (SMC) of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and eliminating p-cresyl sulfate (PCS)-activated intracellular ROS ameliorates the MAPK signaling pathway in a human arterial SMC (HASMC) model. Nonetheless, whether ROS scavenger attenuates PCS-triggered inflammasome activation and eicosanoid inflammation in the UVC process remains unknown. Patients with lower extremity amputation were categorized into CKD and normal control group according to renal function. We used immunohistochemistry stain to analyze UVC in arterial specimens, including oxidative injury (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and internal EL disruption), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), caspase-1 and NLRP3. To simulate the patho-mechanism of human UVC, the therapeutic effects of ROS scavenger on PCS-triggered inflammatory pathways was explored in a HASMC model. We found CKD patients had higher circulating levels of PCS and an increase in medial arterial calcification than the control group. In CKD arteries, the severity of UVC corresponded with expressions of oxidative EL disruption and 8-OHdG. Furthermore, coupling expressions of cPLA2 and COX2 were accentuated in CKD arteries, indicative of eicosanoid inflammation. Notably, tissue expressions of IL-1β, caspase-1 and NLRP3 were enhanced in parallel with UVC severity, indicative of inflammasome activation. From bedside to bench, ROS scavenger attenuates PCS-activated expressions of cPLA2/COX2, pro-caspase-1 and NLRP3 in the HASMC model. UVC as an inevitable outcome is predictive of death in CKD patients. Nonetheless, UVC remain pharmacoresistant despite the evolution of treatment for mineral-parathyroid hormone-vitamin D axis. Beyond the mineral dysregulation, the stimulation of pro-oxidant PCS alone results in eicosanoid inflammation and inflammasome activation. Concerning the key role of Caspase-1 in pyroptosis, cell fates of HASMC in uremic milieu are not limited to apoptosis and osteogenesis. In view of this, reducing ROS and PCS may act as a therapeutic strategy for UVC-related cardiovascular events in CKD patients.

Thioredoxin-interacting protein regulates keratinocyte differentiation: Implication of its role in psoriasis

Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), also known as Vitamin-D upregulated protein-1 (VDUP-1), interacts with thioredoxin to regulate redox responses and participates in diverse disorders including metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory and malignant diseases. Psoriasis is characterized by chronic skin inflammation and an aberrant pattern of keratinocyte differentiation. Clinically, psoriasis is associated with various cardiometabolic comorbidities but studies on TXNIP's biological role in skin disorders are limited. In this study, we investigated TXNIP expression in psoriasis and its regulation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), and then explored how TXNIP regulated skin keratinocyte differentiation to determine its role in psoriasis pathogenesis. Our immunohistochemical study demonstrated extensive TXNIP expression in the upper and lower epidermis of psoriasis compared to predominant TXNIP expression in the basal layer of normal skin. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃  suppressed but TGF-α and EGF enhanced TXNIP expression in NHEKs. An inducer of keratinocyte differentiation, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also diminished TXNIP expression, which was reversed by PKC-δ knockdown. TXNIP knockdown reduced PMA-induced involucrin and transglutaminse-1 expression, and increased p63 expression in NHEKs but did not significantly affect cell proliferation. H₂ O₂ -induced ROS production and EGFR phosphorylation decreased in NHEKs with TXNIP knockdown. Furthermore, PMA-induced PKC-δ phosphorylation, TGF-α, and EGF-triggered EGFR phosphorylation were attenuated by TXNIP knockdown. Our results unraveled the regulation and function of TXNIP expression in skin keratinocytes and the cross-regulation between TXNIP and EGFR signaling. These findings imply a role of TXNIP in psoriasis and provide insight into the possible impact of TXNIP regulators on the skin or psoriasis.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cycloheterophyllin on Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in HaCaT Cells and BALB/c Mice

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a condition that makes skin red and itchy. Though common in children, the condition can occur at any age. Atopic dermatitis is persistent (chronic) and tends to recur periodically. It may be accompanied by asthma or hay fever. No cure has been found for eczema. Therefore, it is very important to develop ingredients that aid the prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis. Cycloheterophyllin is derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, it still is not understood whether cycloheterophyllin is an anti-atopic dermatitis agent. Keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and BALB/c mice for inducing AD-like cutaneous lesions were used to evaluate the potential of cycloheterophyllin as an anti-atopic dermatitis agent. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by treatment of TNF-α/IFN-γ was reduced after pretreatment with cycloheterophyllin. The inhibitory effects could be a contribution from the effect of the MAP kinases pathway. Moreover, the symptoms of atopic dermatitis (such as red skin and itching) were attenuated by pretreatment with cycloheterophyllin. Epidermal hyperplasia and mast cell infiltration were decreased in the histological section. Finally, damage to the skin barrier was also found to recover through assessment of transepidermal water loss. Taken together, prenylflavone-cycloheterophyllin from Artocarpus heterophyllus is a potential anti-atopic dermatitis ingredient that can be used in preventing or treating the condition.

Soybean Meal Extract Preserves Memory Ability by Increasing Presynaptic Function and Modulating Gut Microbiota in Rats

Age-related degenerative brain diseases frequently manifest as memory deficits. Dietary interventions or nutraceuticals may provide efficacious treatments through prevention and cure. Soybean meal, a byproduct of soy oil refining, has health benefits, but its effect on memory function is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of the oral administration of soybean meal extract (SME) for 2 weeks on memory function using the Morris water maze (MWM) test in healthy rats and investigated the possible underlying mechanisms. First, analysis of the composition revealed that SME is rich in isoflavones; SME did not exhibit hepatotoxicity or renal toxicity at the different doses tested. The MWM results revealed that the escape latency and movement distance of rats were significantly shorter in the SME group than in the control group, indicating that SME can help in memory preservation. In addition, SME increased the levels of presynaptic proteins such as synaptophysin, synaptobrevin, synaptotagmin, syntaxin, synapsin I, and 25-kDa synaptosome-associated protein as well as protein kinases and their phosphorylated expression, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase C (PKC), and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the hippocampal nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Transmission electron microscopy also indicated that SME increased the number of synaptic vesicles in hippocampal synaptosomes. Furthermore, SME rats exhibited altered microbiota composition compared with control rats. Therefore, our data suggest that SME can increase presynaptic function and modulate gut microbiota, thus aiding in memory preservation in rats.

Pharmacological Role of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles in Disease Applications

Gold has always been regarded as a symbol of nobility, and its shiny golden appearance has always attracted the attention of many people. Gold has good ductility, molecular recognition properties, and good biocompatibility. At present, gold is being used in many fields. When gold particles are as small as several nanometers, their physical and chemical properties vary with their size in nanometers. The surface area of a nano-sized gold surface has a special effect. Therefore, gold nanoparticles can, directly and indirectly, give rise to different biological activities. For example, if the surface of the gold is sulfided. Various substances have a strong chemical reactivity and are easy to combine with sulfhydryl groups; hence, nanogold is often used in biomedical testing, disease diagnosis, and gene detection. Nanogold is easy to bind to proteins, such as antibodies, enzymes, or cytokines. In fact, scientists use nanogold to bind special antibodies, as a tool for targeting cancer cells. Gold nanoparticles are also directly cytotoxic to cancer cells. For diseases caused by inflammation and oxidative damage, gold nanoparticles also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Based on these unique properties, gold nanoparticles have become the most widely studied metal nanomaterials. Many recent studies have further demonstrated that gold nanoparticles are beneficial for humans, due to their functional pharmacological properties in a variety of diseases. The content of this review will be the application of gold nanoparticles in treating or diagnosing pressing diseases, such as cancers, retinopathy, neurological diseases, skin disorders, bowel diseases, bone cartilage disorders, cardiovascular diseases, infections, and metabolic syndrome. Gold nanoparticles have shown very obvious therapeutic and application potential.

Spleen tyrosine kinase regulates keratinocyte inflammasome activation and skin inflammation induced by UVB irradiation

UVB can induce inflammatory responses contributing to diverse skin damage. UVB-triggered inflammasome activation of human keratinocytes underlies UVB-induced skin sunburn reaction. Pleiotropic functions of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) have rendered it as a potential therapeutic target. In immunocytes, Syk modulates immunoreceptor signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In skin, Syk mediates EGFR signaling, regulates keratinocyte differentiation and is involved in inflammatory disorders. However, roles of Syk in UVB-induced inflammasome activation in keratinocytes remain elusive. We investigated roles of keratinocyte Syk in UVB-triggered photo-responses. Primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) isolated from skin were used. Syk knockdown or Syk inhibitor R406 was applied to investigate functions of keratinocyte Syk in UVB photobiology. The possible in vivo role of Syk was evaluated by checking UVB-induced skin damage in R406-treated mice. UVB was able to induce Syk phosphorylation in NHEKs that could be regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and EGFR. Syk knockdown or Syk inhibitor (R406) treatment reduced UVB-triggered apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) crosslinking, procaspase-1 cleavage, active IL-1β formation, and gasdermin D activation, indicating roles of Syk in UVB-triggered inflammasome activation in keratinocytes. UVB-induced production of IL-8, TNF-α, ROS, and phosphorylation of JNK and p38 were attenuated after Syk knockdown or inhibition. R406 ameliorated UVB-induced mouse skin damage, including erythema and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Thus, Syk participated in UVB-induced inflammasome activation and inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo, suggesting potential photo-protective effects of Syk inhibition in UVB-induced skin inflammation.

Kaempferol 3-Rhamnoside on Glutamate Release from Rat Cerebrocortical Nerve Terminals Involves P/Q-Type Ca2+ Channel and Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II-Dependent Pathway Suppression

Excess synaptic glutamate release has pathological consequences, and the inhibition of glutamate release is crucial for neuroprotection. Kaempferol 3-rhamnoside (KR) is a flavonoid isolated from Schima superba with neuroprotective properties, and its effecton the release of glutamate from rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals was investigated. KR produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-evoked glutamate release with half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of 17 µM. The inhibition of glutamate release by KR was completely abolished by the omission of external Ca²⁺ or the depletion of glutamate in synaptic vesicles, and it was unaffected by blocking carrier-mediated release. In addition, KR reduced the 4-AP-evoked increase in Ca²⁺ concentration, while it did not affect 4-AP-evoked membrane potential depolarization. The application of selective antagonists of voltage-dependent Ca²⁺ channels revealed that the KR-mediated inhibition of glutamate release involved the suppression of P/Q-type Ca²⁺ channel activity. Furthermore, the inhibition of release was abolished by the calmodulin antagonist, W7, and Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor, KN62, but not by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, or the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, GF109203X. We also found that KR reduced the 4-AP-induced increase in phosphorylation of CaMKII and its substrate synapsin I. Thus, the effect of KR on evoked glutamate release is likely linked to a decrease in P/Q-type Ca²⁺ channel activity, as well as to the consequent reduction in the CaMKII/synapsin I pathway.

Deciphering Genetic Alterations of Taiwanese Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma through Targeted Sequencing

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) is the 8th leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Taiwan, and its incidence is increasing. The development of PAC involves successive accumulation of multiple genetic alterations. Understanding the molecular pathogenesis and heterogeneity of PAC may facilitate personalized treatment for PAC and identify therapeutic agents. We performed tumor-only next-generation sequencing (NGS) with targeted panels to explore the molecular changes underlying PAC patients in Taiwan. The Ion Torrent Oncomine Comprehensive Panel (OCP) was used for PAC metastatic lesions, and more PAC samples were sequenced with the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hot Spot (CHP) v2 panel. Five formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) metastatic PAC specimens were successfully assayed with OCP, and KRAS was the most prevalent alteration, which might contraindicate the use of anti-EGFR therapy. One PAC patient harbored a FGFR2 p. C382R mutation, which might benefit from FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. An additional 38 samples assayed with CHP v2 showed 100 hotspot variants, collapsing to 54 COSMID IDs. The most frequently mutated genes were TP53, KRAS, and PDGFRA (29, 23, 10 hotspot variants), impacting 11, 23, and 10 PAC patients. Highly pathogenic variants, including COSM22413 (PDGFRA, FATHMM predicted score: 0.88), COSM520, COSM521, and COSM518 (KRAS, FATHMM predicted score: 0.98), were reported. By using NGS with targeted panels, somatic mutations with therapeutic potential were identified. The combination of clinical and genetic information is useful for decision making and precise selection of targeted medicine.

Eupafolin Suppresses P/Q-Type Ca2+ Channels to Inhibit Ca2+/ Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II and Glutamate Release at Rat Cerebrocortical Nerve Terminals

Eupafolin, a constituent of the aerial parts of Phyla nodiflora, has neuroprotective property. Because reducing the synaptic release of glutamate is crucial to achieving pharmacotherapeutic effects of neuroprotectants, we investigated the effect of eupafolin on glutamate release in rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes and explored the possible mechanism. We discovered that eupafolin depressed 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced glutamate release, and this phenomenon was prevented in the absence of extracellular calcium. Eupafolin inhibition of glutamate release from synaptic vesicles was confirmed through measurement of the release of the fluorescent dye FM 1-43. Eupafolin decreased 4-AP-induced [Ca²⁺]_i elevation and had no effect on synaptosomal membrane potential. The inhibition of P/Q-type Ca²⁺ channels reduced the decrease in glutamate release that was caused by eupafolin, and docking data revealed that eupafolin interacted with P/Q-type Ca²⁺ channels. Additionally, the inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) prevented the effect of eupafolin on evoked glutamate release. Eupafolin also reduced the 4-AP-induced activation of CaMK II and the subsequent phosphorylation of synapsin I, which is the main presynaptic target of CaMKII. Therefore, eupafolin suppresses P/Q-type Ca²⁺ channels and thereby inhibits CaMKII/synapsin I pathways and the release of glutamate from rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes.

Anti-Allergic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Neferine on RBL-2H3 Cells

Mast cells play a very important role in skin allergy and inflammation, including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. In the past, it was found that neferine has anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects on the skin, but its effect on mast cells has not yet been studied in detail. In this study, we used mast cells (RBL-2H3 cells) and mouse models to study the anti-allergic and inflammatory effects of neferine. First, we found that neferine inhibits the degranulation of mast cells and the expression of cytokines. In addition, we observed that when mast cells were stimulated by A23187/phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), the elevation of intracellular calcium was inhibited by neferine. The phosphorylation of the MAPK/NF-κB pathway is also reduced by pretreatment of neferine. The results of in vivo studies show that neferine can improve the appearance of dermatitis and mast cell infiltration caused by dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Moreover, the expressions of barrier proteins in the skin are also restored. Finally, it was found that neferine can reduce the scratching behavior caused by compound 48/80. Taken together, our results indicate that neferine is a very good anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory natural product. Its effect on mast cells contributes to its pharmacological mechanism.

Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of New-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents in Coronary Artery Disease: A Real-World Observational Study

BACKGROUND

Treating vessels with a very small reference vessel diameter (RVD) in coronary artery disease is challenging.

OBJECTIVE

Long-term evaluation of new-generation drug-eluting stents (DESs) for the treatment of coronary lesions with different RVDs.

METHODS

From April 2009 to March 2019, 780 patients who underwent single coronary stenting were divided into ≤ 2.25 (very small), 2.5-3.0 (small), and ≥ 3.5 mm (large) DES groups after 1:2:2 propensity score matching. The primary endpoint was target lesion failure (TLF), and the secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) and stent thrombosis (ST).

RESULTS

During 3 years after new-generation DES implantation, TLF and MACE rates were significantly lower in the very small DES group. The risk of TLF was significantly lower in the very small DES group compared to the small DES group [very small vs. small: TLF, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.282, p = 0.040]. The risks of MACEs and all-cause mortality were significantly lower in the very small DES group compared to the small DES group (very small vs. small: MACEs, adjusted HR = 0.215, p = 0.001; all-cause mortality, adjusted HR = 0.181, p = 0.005). The cumulative incidence rates of TLF-free (log-rank test p = 0.001) and MACE-free (log-rank test p < 0.001) survival were significantly different among the groups, and the very small DES group had a high event-free survival rate. No cases of ST occurred in any group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that the use of new-generation DESs for treating coronary lesions in very small vessels is safe and effective.

Iris-Claw Intraocular Lens: Anterior Chamber or Retropupillary Implantation? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background and Objectives: Iris-claw intraocular lens (ICIOL) could be implanted in the anterior chamber (AC) or retropupillary (RP) in eyes lacking capsular and/or zonular support. Several studies have focused on comparing the efficacy and complications of these two techniques and we designed this research to review the published literatures. Materials and Methods: Peer-reviewed studies were collected through network databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov) and analyzed. The primary outcome was the standardized mean differences (SMDs) of pre- and post-operative corrected distant visual acuity (CDVA). The secondary outcome was the SMDs of pre- and post-operative intraocular pressure (IOP), endothelial cell counts (ECC), and the odds ratios (ORs) of post-operative IOP elevation and cystoid macular edema (CME). Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software was utilized to conduct statistical analysis. Results: Six studies (one randomized controlled trial and five retrospective case series) were relevant and included a total of 516 eyes (255 and 261 eyes in the AC ICIOL and RP ICIOL groups, respectively). The quantitative analysis showed no significant differences in CDVA (SMD: 0.164, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.171 to 0.500), ECC (SMD: -0.011, 95% CI: -0.195 to 0.173), and IOP elevation events (OR: 0.797, 95% CI: 0.459 to 1.383). Lesser IOP reduction (SMD: 0.257, 95%CI: 0.023 to 0.490) and a relative increase in the incidence of CME (OR:2.315, 95% CI: 0.950 to 5.637) were observed in the AC ICIOL group compared with RP ICIOL group. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis indicated that AC and RP ICIOL seem to have equivalent visual outcomes. RP ICIOL may perform slightly better with more IOP reduction and lesser CME. More randomized controlled trials, which have higher patient participation and more outcomes are needed to confirm our conclusions.

Effect of Neferine on DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in HaCaT Cells and BALB/c Mice

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and persistent inflammatory skin disease characterized by eczematous lesions and itching, and it has become a serious health problem. However, the common clinical treatments provide limited relief and are accompanied by adverse effects. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel and effective therapies to treat AD. Neferine is a small molecule compound isolated from the green embryo of the mature seeds of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). It has a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid structure. Relevant studies have shown that neferine has many pharmacological and biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and anti-diabetic activities. However, there are very few studies on neferine in the skin, especially the related effects on inflammatory skin diseases. In this study, we proved that it has the potential to be used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Through in vitro studies, we found that neferine inhibited the expression of cytokines and chemokines in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells, and it reduced the phosphorylation of MAPK and the NF-κB signaling pathway. Through in vivo experiments, we used 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to induce atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation in a mouse model. Our results show that neferine significantly decreased the skin barrier damage, scratching responses, and epidermal hyperplasia induced by DNCB. It significantly decreased transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, blood flow, and ear thickness and increased surface skin hydration. Moreover, it also inhibited the expression of cytokines and the activation of signaling pathways. These results indicate that neferine has good potential as an alternative medicine for the treatment of atopic dermatitis or other skin-related inflammatory diseases.

Quercetin inhibits histamine-induced calcium influx in human keratinocyte via histamine H4 receptors

Histamine is released from mast cells when tissues are inflamed or stimulated by allergens. Activation of histamine receptors and calcium influx via TRPV1 could be related to histamine-induced itch and skin inflammation. Quercetin is known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-itching effects. This study aims to understand whether quercetin can directly affect histamine-induced calcium influx in human keratinocyte. In it, we investigated quercetin, which acts on histamine-induced intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) elevation in human keratinocyte. Changes in [Ca2+]i were measured using spectrofluorometry and confocal Imaging. We detected the expression of IL-8 after treatment of quercetin using qRT-PCR and evaluated its anti-itching effect in BALB/c mice. We also performed a docking study to estimate the binding affinity of quercetin to H4 receptors. We found that quercetin pretreatment decreased histamine-induced [Ca2+]i elevation in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of quercetin on histamine-induced [Ca2+]i elevation was blocked by JNJ7777120, a selective H4 antagonist, as well as by U73122, a PLC inhibitor, and by GF109203X, a PKC inhibitor. We also found that H4 agonist (4-methylhistamine)-induced [Ca2+]i elevation could be inhibited by quercetin. Moreover, the selective TRPV1 blocker capsazepine significantly suppressed the quercetin-mediated inhibition of histamine-induced [Ca2+]i elevation, whereas the TRPV4 blocker GSK2193874 had no effect. Last, quercetin decreased histamine and H4 agonist-induced IL-8 expression in keratinocyte and inhibited the scratching behavior-induced compound 48/80 in BALB/c mice. The molecular docking study also showed that quercetin exhibited high binding affinities with H4 receptors (autodock scores for H4 = -8.7 kcal/mol). These data suggest that quercetin could decrease histamine 4 receptor-induced calcium influx through the TRPV1 channel and could provide a molecular mechanism of quercetin in anti-itching, anti-inflammatory, and unpleasant sensations.

Inhibition of UVA Damage on Human Skin Dermis Fibroblasts by the Isoflavonoid Intermediate Deoxybenzoin-3A

Ultraviolet rays are the main cause of skin aging. Isoflavone structures are good anti-ultraviolet natural compounds and have an especially strong anti-ultraviolet B (UVB) effect. However, the anti-ultraviolet A (UVA) effect of isoflavones is more controversial. Therefore, this study aims to discover which isoflavone analogue possesses a strong anti-ultraviolet A. We found the isoflavonoid intermediate deoxybenzoin-3A (DOB-3A) to be a similar isoflavone structural compound with strong anti-ultraviolet A effects. Ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of 350 nm are used to irradiate the fibroblasts of the human skin. Western blot, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscope analyses were used to explore its anti-ultraviolet A mechanism. We established the results that DOB-3A (1) reduced the death of fibroblasts caused by ultraviolet A, (2) avoided the damage to the organelles and structures after UVA irradiation, (3) inhibited the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide-induced damage, and (4) decreased the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) caused by UVA. Based on the above findings, DOB-3A is a very good anti-ultraviolet A isoflavone-related structure. Because it is simple to synthesize and has good effects, DOB-3A is a suitable anti-ultraviolet A product with an isoflavone structure. Moreover, DOB-3A's structure provides a reference for the synthesis of anti-UVA isoflavones.

Multifunctional TiO2/SBA-15 mesoporous silica hybrids loaded with organic sunscreens for skin application: The role in photoprotection and pollutant adsorption with reduced sunscreen permeation

TiO₂ acts as an inorganic sunscreen and photocatalyst to protect humans from environmental pollutants. We incorporated TiO₂ into mesoporous silica (SBA-15) for skin application to prevent environmental stresses including UVA irradiation and pollutant invasion. Organic ultraviolet (UV)A filters such as avobenzone and oxybenzone were then loaded into mesoporous support for synergistic sunscreen efficiency. The as-prepared formulations with different TiO₂ amounts (10 %-50 %) were fabricated. The pore size decreased from 4.72 to 4.00 nm following the increase in TiO₂ percentage. TiO₂/SBA-15 captured about 60 % fluoranthene and 80 % furfural within 3 h with no significant difference due to different TiO₂ content. The in vitro photoprotection assessed by UVA/UVB ratio exhibited the increase in Boots star rating from 2 to 3 to 5 by entrapment of avobenzone into TiO₂/SBA-15. Thirty-percent TiO₂/SBA-15 in hydrogel decreased avobenzone and oxybenzone deposition by 70 % and 80 % compared to free form, respectively. Avobenzone and TiO₂ supplementation to SBA-15 significantly alleviated skin cell death and neutrophil recruitment in the photoaged mouse skin compared to the SBA-15 application alone. Compared to the UVA-irradiated skin, 30 % TiO₂/SBA-15 showed a 2.5- and 3.1-fold decline in IL-1β and IL-6 levels, respectively. The TiO₂/SBA-15 hybrid was considered non-irritant based on results of cytotoxicity assay, skin histology, and cutaneous barrier function. Our data indicate that the versatile mesoporous silica is an effective system for topical use in sunscreen and skin protection.

Successful bailout stenting strategy against rare spontaneous retrograde dissection of partially absorbed magnesium-based resorbable scaffold: A case report

BACKGROUND

In the development of coronary stent technology, bioresorbable scaffolds are promising milestones in improving the clinical treatment of coronary artery disease. The “leave nothing behind” motto is the premise of the fourth revolution in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Studies proving the safety and efficacy of the magnesium-based resorbable scaffolds (MgBRSs) include the BIOSOLVE-I and BIOSOLVE-II trials and the latest BIOSOLVE-IV registry. However, spontaneous retrograde dissection of a partially absorbed MgBRS may still occur, albeit rarely.

CASE SUMMARY

We describe an unusual case of coronary artery disease in a patient who had undergone a successful PCI 8 mo earlier, where an MgBRS was implanted into the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and left circumflex artery with drug-coated balloons for a ramus intermedius branch stenosis to achieve the “leave nothing behind” therapeutic intention and was currently presenting with a gradual worsening of chest tightness. The distal edge vascular response, during subsequent attempts with balloon angioplasty was performed smoothly. However, spontaneous retrograde dissection of a partially absorbed MgBRS in the LAD ensued. Successful bailout stenting was performed with revascularization of the entry and exit sites created by spontaneous dissection and complete sealing of the intramural hematoma. The patient recovered well and was discharged after 2 d of intervention. When followed up in August 2020 (7 mo later), the patient showed uneventful recovery.

CONCLUSION

Spontaneous retrograde dissection of a partially absorbed MgBRS was successfully treated using bailout sirolimus-eluting coronary stent strategy.

PARP-1 involves in UVB-induced inflammatory response in keratinocytes and skin injury via regulation of ROS-dependent EGFR transactivation and p38 signaling

UV irradiation can injure the epidermis, resulting in sunburn, inflammation, and cutaneous tissue disorders. Previous studies demonstrate that EGFR in keratinocytes can be activated by UVB and contributes to inflammation. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme and plays an essential role in DNA repair under moderate stress. In this study, we set out to understand how PARP-1 regulates UVB irradiation-induced skin injury and interplays with EGFR to mediate the inflammation response. We found that PARP-1 deficiency exacerbated the UVB-induced inflammation, water loss, and back skin damage in mice. In human primary keratinocytes, UVB can activate PARP-1 and enhance DNA damage upon PARP-1 gene silencing. Moreover, PARP-1 silencing and PARP inhibitor olaparib can suppress UVB-induced COX-2 and MMP-1 expression, but enhance TNF-α and IL-8 expression. In addition, EGFR silencing or EGFR inhibition by gefitinib can decrease UVB-induced COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-8 expression, suggesting EGFR activation via paracrine action can mediate UVB-induced inflammation responses. Immunoblotting data revealed that PARP-1 inhibition decreases UVB-induced EGFR and p38 activation. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 also dramatically led to the attenuation of UVB-induced inflammatory gene expression. Of note, genetic ablation of PARP-1 or EGFR can attenuate UVB-induced ROS production, and antioxidant NAC can attenuate UVB-induced EGFR-p38 signaling axis and PARP-1 activation. These data suggest the regulatory loops among EGFR, PARP-1, and ROS upon UVB stress. PARP-1 not only serves DNA repair function but also orchestrates interactions to EGFR transactivation and ROS production, leading to p38 signaling for inflammatory gene expression in keratinocytes.

An isoflavone extract from soybean cake suppresses 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact dermatitis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Numerous epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated the protective role of dietary isoflavones against development of several chronic diseases. ISO-1, one fraction of isoflavone powders derived from soybean cake, is reported to attenuate inflammation and photodamage.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Contact dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease, which accounts for most occupational skin disorders. Instead of oral administration, we aimed to explore the effects of topical ISO-1 application on contact dermatitis by using 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes and DNCB-induced mouse dermatitis as models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the in vitro study, we first evaluated the biologic effects of DNCB on HaCaT keratinocytes. HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Then, we detect the prominent induction of IL-8 mRNA expression after DNCB and ISO-1 treatment by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and release of IL-8 from HaCaT keratinocytes was measured by ELISA assay. HaCaT keratinocytes were pretreated with ISO-1 and then treated with DNCB, phosphorylation of JNK, p38, ERK and IκBα was analyzed by western blot. In the in vivo study, the hairless mice were used for an induced contact dermatitis model. The surface changes in the dorsal skin after DNCB and ISO-1 treatment were recorded using photography, and TEWL, erythema were measured using an MPA-580 cutometer. Blood was also collected from mice for measurement of white blood cell counts.

RESULTS

Results showed ISO-1 inhibited DNCB-induced IL-8 production and also suppressed DNCB-induced phosphorylation of JNK and p38, and IκBα in HaCaT. In the animal model of DNCB-induced contact dermatitis, topical ISO-1 treatment significantly decreased DNCB-induced erythema and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in mouse skin. ISO-1 also reduced DNCB-induced skin thickening and increase of white blood cell count.

CONCLUSIONS

ISO-1 is promising for improvement of DNCB-induced inflammation and skin barrier impairment, suggesting the potential application of topical ISO-1 for inflammatory dermatoses.

Origin of Myofibroblasts in Lung Fibrosis

Purpose of Review

In this brief review, we will highlight important observational and experimental data in the literature that address the origin of scar-forming cells in lung fibrosis.

Recent Findings

Several cellular sources of activated scar-forming cells (myofibroblasts) have been postulated including alveolar epithelial cells; circulating fibrocytes; and lung stromal cell subpopulations including resident fibroblasts, pericytes, and resident mesenchymal stem cells. Recent advances in lineage-tracing models, however, fail to provide experimental evidence for epithelial and fibrocyte origins of lung myofibroblasts. Resident mesenchymal cells of the lung, which include various cell types including resident fibroblasts, pericytes, and resident mesenchymal stem cells, appear to be important sources of myofibroblasts in murine models of lung injury and fibrosis.

Summary

Lung myofibroblasts likely originate from multiple sources of lung-resident mesenchymal cells. Their relative contributions may vary depending on the type of injury. Although lineage-tracing experiments have failed to show significant contribution from epithelial cells or fibrocytes, they may play important functional roles in myofibroblast activation through paracrine signaling.

Chrysin Inhibits High Glucose-Induced Migration on Chorioretinal Endothelial Cells via VEGF and VEGFR Down-Regulation

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which causes multiple complications. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is among these complications and is a dominant cause of vision loss for diabetic patients. Numerous studies have shown that chrysin, a flavonoid, has many biological activities such as anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation. However, it is rarely used in ocular diseases. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of flavonoid on high glucose induced migration of chorioretinal endothelial cells (RF/6A cells) and its mechanism. Materials and methods: The viability of RF/6A cells treated with chrysin was examined with a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The migration of RF/6A cells was assessed by the transwell migration and scratch wound assays. The expression of AKT, ERK, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), HIF−1α and MMP-2 were determined by western blotting. To observe the mRNA expression of VEGF receptor (VEGFR), qRT-PCR, was utilized. Results: The results showed that chrysin can dose-dependently inhibit the RF/6A cell migration in vitro transwell and the scratch wound assays which are induced by high glucose. After pretreatment of RF/6A cells with different concentrations of chrysin, they did not produce any cytotoxicity in MTT assay. Moreover, chrysin down-regulated both phosphorylated AKT and ERK, as well as attenuated the expression levels of MMP-2. It also decreased the expression of the VEGF transcription factor and VEGF. Furthermore, it was shown that chrysin could suppress the protein and mRNA expression levels of VEGFR. Conclusion: The results indicate that chrysin could down-regulate the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK and MMP-2 and reduce the effects of VEGF and VEGFR in a high glucose environment. It further inhibits the high glucose-induced migration of RE/6A cells. Therefore, chrysin may have the potential for visual protection.

Scavenging Intracellular ROS Attenuates p-Cresyl Sulfate-Triggered Osteogenesis through MAPK Signaling Pathway and NF-κB Activation in Human Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells

Osteogenesis in human arterial smooth muscle cell (HASMC) is a key feature of uremic vascular calcification (UVC). Concerning pro-oxidant properties of p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), the therapeutic effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger on PCS triggered inflammatory signaling transduction in osteogenesis was investigated in this translational research. Based on severity level of chronic kidney disease (CKD), arterial specimens with immunohistochemistry stain were quantitatively analyzed for UVC, oxidative injury and osteogenesis along with PCS concentrations. To mimic human UVC, HASMC model was used to explore whether PCS-induced ROS could trigger mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation that drive context-specific gene/protein expression, including Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In parallel with PCS accumulation, CKD arteries corresponded with UVC severity, oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine), Runx2 and ALP. PCS directly phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/P38 (pERK/pJNK/pP38) and modulated NF-κB translocation to promote expressions of Runx2 and ALP in HASMC. Notably, intracellular ROS scavenger attenuated pERK signaling cascade and downstream osteogenic differentiation. Collectively, our data demonstrate PCS induces osteogenesis through triggering intracellular ROS, pERK/pJNK/pP38 MAPK pathways and NF-κB translocation to drive Runx2 and ALP expressions, culminating in UVC. Beyond mineral dysregulation, osteocytic conversion in HASMC could be the stimulation of PCS. Thus PCS may act as a pro-osteogenic and pro-calcific toxin. From the perspective of translational medicine, PCS and intracellular ROS could serve as potential therapeutic targets for UVC in CKD patients.

Galectin-3 regulates UVB-induced inflammation in skin

BACKGROUND

Galectin-3 is widely expressed in many immunocytes and epithelial cells including skin keratinocytes. Galectin-3 can regulate immunological or inflammatory processes and plays a proinflammatory role in some disease models. Galectin-3 has a role in disorders related to ultraviolet (UV) photodamage such as apoptosis, skin squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. However, the evidence of galectin-3 in UVB-induced skin inflammation is still limited and the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the effects of galectin-3 in human epidermal keratinocytes and in mice after UVB irradiation.

METHODS

Primary human epidermal keratinocytes with galectin-3 knockdown were used as the in vitro model. ELISA, QPCR, and western blotting were applied to evaluate the released cytokine, mRNA and protein expression. Histologic analysis, measurement of erythema and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were applied to evaluate UVB-induced skin damage in galectin-3 knockout mice.

RESULTS

In UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes, galectin-3 knockdown downregulated the UVB-induced ASC crosslinking, cleavage of caspase-1, and formation of active IL-1β. Galectin-3 knockdown also decreased UVB-induced production of reactive oxygen species, p38 phosphorylation, and COX2 expression in human keratinocytes. After four days of UVB irradiation, galectin-3 knockout mice showed reduced gross erythema, histologic features of tissue inflammation, quantified levels of erythema and TEWL compared to wild type mice. The skin tissue lysate also showed less expression of active IL-1β and COX2 in galectin-3 knockout mice.

CONCLUSION

Galectin-3 may play a positive regulatory role in UVB-induced skin inflammation.

Chrysin alleviates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation and reduces the release of CCL20 and antimicrobial peptides

Psoriasis is a common non-contagious chronic inflammatory skin lesion, with frequent recurrence. It mainly occurs due to aberrant regulation of the immune system leading to abnormal proliferation of skin cells. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of psoriasis are not fully understood. Although most of the current therapies are mostly efficient, the side effects can result in therapy stop, which makes the effectiveness of treatment strategies limited. Therefore, it is urgent and necessary to develop novel therapeutics. Here, we investigated the efficacy of chrysin, a plant flavonoid, which we previously reported to possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, against psoriasis-like inflammation. Our results revealed that chrysin significantly attenuated imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice, and improved imiquimod-induced disruption of skin barrier. Moreover, the TNF-α, IL-17A, and IL-22-induced phosphorylation of MAPK and JAK-STAT pathways, and activation of the NF-κB pathway were also attenuated by chrysin pretreatment of epidermal keratinocytes. Most importantly, chrysin reduced TNF-α-, IL-17A-, and IL-22-induced CCL20 and antimicrobial peptide release from epidermal keratinocytes. Thus, our findings indicate that chrysin may have therapeutic potential against inflammatory skin diseases. Our study provides a basis for further investigating chrysin as a novel pharmacologic agent and contributes to the academic advancement in the field of Chinese herbal medicine.

Correlation between kidney transplantation and colorectal cancer in hemodialysis patients: A nationwide, retrospective, population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND

Kidney transplantation (KT) correlates with an increased risk of developing several malignancies; however, the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) after KT remains debatable and has been marginally explored. Hence, in this nationwide, retrospective, population-based cohort study, we aimed to examine the correlation between KT and CRC in a large-scale population-based Chinese cohort.

METHODS

We identified a total of 3739 regular hemodialysis patients undergoing KT (exposed cohort) and 42,324 hemodialysis patients not undergoing KT (non-exposed cohort) between 2000 and 2008 from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Both cohorts were followed up from January 1, 2000, to the date of CRC diagnosis, death, or the end of 2013. Using Kaplan-Meier method, we measured the cumulative incidence of CRC in each cohort. Furthermore, Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate the correlation between KT and CRC in hemodialysis patients.

RESULTS

The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the cumulative incidence of CRC was significantly higher in the exposed cohort than in the non-exposed cohort (log-rank test, P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, the exposed cohort exhibited a significantly increased risk of CRC compared with the non-exposed cohort (adjusted HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.11-1.62).

CONCLUSIONS

Hemodialysis patients undergoing KT have a significantly higher risk of CRC than those not undergoing KT. Cancer should continue to be a primary focus of prevention during KT.

Cardiovascular Outcomes Associated With Clinical Use of Citalopram and Omeprazole: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Background Recent studies have raised concerns about the reduced efficacy of citalopram when used concurrently with proton pump inhibitors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between clinical use of citalopram and omeprazole and the risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in an Asian population. Methods and Results A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan dated from 2000 to 2013. The study cohorts comprised 3882 patients with citalopram use alone, 31 090 patients with omeprazole use alone, and 405 patients with concomitant use of citalopram and omeprazole (as the exposed cohort), and 141 508 patients received treatment with antidepressants without the risk of SCA and/or proton pump inhibitors other than omeprazole (as the comparison cohort). The primary outcome was the occurrence of SCA. The hazard ratios and 95% CIs derived from the time-dependent Cox regression model were used to assess the association between the proposed drug treatments and risk of SCA. The adjusted hazard ratios of SCA was 1.32 (95% CI, 1.17-1.50) for citalopram use alone, 1.08 (95% CI, 0.98-1.20) for omeprazole use alone, and 2.23 (95% CI, 1.79-2.78) for concomitant use of citalopram and omeprazole. The cumulative incidence of SCA over the Kaplan-Meier curves was more pronounced in patients with concomitant use of citalopram and omeprazole than those treated with citalopram alone and omeprazole alone. Conclusions This cohort study demonstrated use of citalopram and omeprazole either in isolation use or in concomitant use to be at increased risk for SCA.

Association of Anabolic Effect of Calcitriol with Osteoclast-Derived Wnt 10b Secretion

Canonical Wnt (Wingless/Integrated) signaling is crucial in bone development and the Wnt ligand can promote osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal progenitor cells. Calcitriol, an active vitamin D3, is used clinically for treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The bone effects of calcitriol in SHPT remains uncertain. We hypothesized that calcitriol improves bone mass by suppressing osteoclast activity, and simultaneously promoting Wnt ligand secretion. We designed a cross-sectional study in maintenance hemodialysis patients to explore the effects of calcitriol on different bone turnover markers and specifically emphasized the Wnt 10b levels. Then, we explored the source of Wnt 10b secretion by using osteoclasts and osteoblasts treated with calcitriol in cell culture studies. Finally, we explored the effects of calcitriol on bone microarchitectures in CKD mice, using the 5/6 nephrectomy CKD animal model with analysis using micro-computed tomography. Calcitriol promoted the growth of both trabecular and cortical bones in the CKD mice. Wnt 10b and Procollagen 1 N-terminal Propeptide (P1NP) significantly increased, but Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (Trap 5b) significantly decreased in the calcitriol-treated maintenance hemodialysis patients. Calcitriol enhanced Wnt 10b secretion from osteoclasts in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of SHPT with calcitriol improved the bone anabolism by inhibiting osteoclasts and promoting osteoblasts that might be achieved by increasing the Wnt 10b level.

The active compounds derived from Psoralea corylifolia for photochemotherapy against psoriasis-like lesions: The relationship between structure and percutaneous absorption

8‑Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in combination with ultraviolet A (PUVA) is a photochemotherapy for management of psoriasis. 8-MOP is a natural compound from Psoralea corylifolia. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the percutaneous absorption of five compounds derived from P. corylifolia, and to further explore the inhibitory effect on psoriasis-like lesions generated by imiquimod stimulation in a mouse model. 8-MOP, psoralen, isopsoralen, psoralidin, and bakuchiol were comparatively tested for in vitro skin permeation, keratinocyte apoptosis, and in vivo antipsoriatic potency. The pig ear skin deposition of 8-MOP, isopsoralen, and bakuchiol at an equimolar dose was 0.47, 0.58, and 0.50 nmol/mg, respectively, which was comparable and higher than that of psoralen (0.25 nmol/mg) and psoralidin (0.14 nmol/mg). Psoralidin and bakuchiol were absorbed into the skin without further penetration across the skin. Besides experimental data of physicochemical properties, the hydrogen bond number, total polarity surface, and stratum corneum lipid docking calculated could explain the correlation of the penetrant structure with the skin permeability. The antiproliferative activity against keratinocytes was stronger for 8-MOP and isopsoralen than the others. Topical application of PUVA by using 8-MOP and isopsoralen on imiquimod-induced plaque significantly reduced transepidermal water loss from 55 to 33 and 38 g/m²/h, respectively. The epidermal thickening elicited by imiquimod (117 μm) was decreased to 62 and 26 μm by 8-MOP and isopsoralen application. IL-6 expression in psoriasiform skin was downregulated by isopsoralen but not 8-MOP. Isopsoralen may be a potential candidate for PUVA therapy.

The Therapeutic Potential and Molecular Mechanism of Isoflavone Extract against Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory disease. It affects 1-3% of the population worldwide and is associated with increasing medical costs every year. Typical psoriatic skin lesions are reddish, thick, scaly plaques that can occur on multiple skin sites all over the body. Topical application of imiquimod (IMQ), a toll-like receptor (TLR)7 agonist and potent immune system activator, can induce and exacerbate psoriasis. Previous studies have demonstrated that isoflavone extract has an antioxidant effect which may help decrease inflammation and inflammatory pain. Through in vivo studies in mice, we found that the topical application to the shaved back and right ear of mice of isoflavone extract prior to IMQ treatment significantly decreased trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, blood flow speed, and ear thickness, while it increased surface skin hydration, and attenuated epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration. Through in vitro experiments, we found that isoflavone extract can reduce IL-22, IL-17A, and TNF-α-induced MAPK, NF-κB, and JAK-STAT activation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. At the mRNA level, we determined that isoflavone extract attenuated the increased response of the TNF-α-, IL-17A-, and IL-22- related pathways. These results indicate that isoflavone extract has great potential as an anti-psoriatic agent and in the treatment of other inflammatory skin diseases.

Gold Nanoparticles Compromise TNF-α-Induced Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression Through NF-κB and Protein Degradation Pathways and Reduce Neointima Formation in A Rat Carotid Balloon Injury Model

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of action of the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on vascular injury. In vitro vascular endothelial cell (EC) inflammation and in vivo rat carotid balloon injury models were used. The expression of TNF-α-induced cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) was suppressed by the AuNPs in human umbilical vein ECs and aortic ECs. The AuNPs reduced TNF-α-induced intracellular ROS production and NF-κB signaling pathways and enhanced CAM protein degradation by increasing their ubiquitination. However, they did not interfere with the mTOR pathway for protein synthesis and TNF-αbinding to ECs. These effects led to a reduction of monocyte adhesion to EC monolayers in vitro and endothelial CAM expression and monocyte/macrophage level in the vascular injured areas, contributing to a substantial decrease of arterial neointima formation in the rat carotid balloon injury model. The serum gold concentration was 99.5±18 ng/ml after three-day oral administration. Moreover, incubation of the AuNPs with serum and albumin led to an increase of particle sizes of the AuNPs. Collectively, we provide the first evidence that demonstrates that AuNPs possess anti-inflammatory bioactivity on vascular ECsin vitro and can reduce arterial neointima hyperplasia during vascular injury in vivo.

Derivatization of honokiol by integrated acetylation and methylation for improved cutaneous delivery and anti-inflammatory potency

A set of honokiol derivatives was synthesized to evaluate skin permeation and bioactivity. The reaction for derivatization included acetylation and methylation. The anti-inflammatory activity against neutrophils and macrophages was examined. The experimental setup for the assessment of cutaneous absorption was the in vitro Franz diffusion assembly. Honokiol and its derivatives significantly downregulated superoxide anion and elastase production in neutrophils, with honokiol showing the greatest inhibition. All derivatives could be completely hydrolyzed to the parent compounds after passing into the skin. The skin deposition of honokiol at an infinite dose (3mM) was 0.33nmol/mg 4'-O-acetylhonokiol (AH), and 2,4'-diacetylhonokiol (DAH) exhibited comparable or less absorption than honokiol. The integrated acetylation and methylation (2-O-acetyl-4'-O-methylhonokiol, AMH) led to a 10.5-fold improvement of absorption compared to honokiol. AMH was advantageous for the targeted cutaneous treatment due to the high skin deposition and minimal penetration across the skin (8.40nmol/cm² compared to 93.49nmol/cm² for honokiol). The predicted therapeutic index for superoxide and interleukin (IL)-6 inhibition was much higher for topically applied AMH than for the other penetrants tested. The total polarity surface and hydrogen bond acceptor number calculated by molecular modeling were the parameters used to anticipate the cutaneous absorption. Our data suggest that AMH is a potent and safe candidate for cutaneous inflammation therapy.

Risk of colorectal cancer in patients with periodontal disease severity: a nationwide, population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND

Periodontal disease (PD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) were associated with chronic inflammation. This retrospective cohort study examined the association between PD severity and CRC in a large-scale, population-based Chinese cohort.

METHODS

A total of approximately 106,487 individuals with newly diagnosed PD and 106,487 age-matched and sex-matched patients without PD from 2000 to 2002 were identified from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD).

RESULTS

The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the cumulative incidence of CRC was significantly higher in patients with PD than in those without PD (log-rank test, P < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities, patients with PD were associated with a significantly higher risk of CRC compared with those without PD (adjusted HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.50-1.80). Further, the risk of CRC appeared to increase with increasing frequency of PD medical visits [adjusted HR (95% CI) was 1.78 (1.58-2.02) and 1.53 (1.35-1.74) for annual visits > 10 and < 4, respectively].

CONCLUSION

Based on our study, PD severity was associated with an increase in the risk of CRC. Further mechanistic research is needed.

Effectiveness of Deferred Combined Androgen Blockade Therapy Predicts Efficacy in Abiraterone Acetate Treated Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Patients after Docetaxel

Introduction: Conventional anti-androgen regimens were widely used as an initiation or combined androgen blockade (CAB) therapy in advanced prostate cancer patients. Currently, new androgen pathway inhibitors such as abiraterone acetate (AA) and enzalutamide had been proven effective in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. In this study, we attempt to analyze the role of conventional anti-androgen drugs as deferred CAB therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients.

Materials and Methods: From 2012 to 2017, 48 metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients who received sequential treatments with primary androgen blockade, oral anti-androgen regimens, and docetaxel followed by AA treatment were included. We defined effective deferred CAB as any decline of PSA after add-on antiandrogen after CRPC. Patients were separated into effective and ineffective deferred CAB. Comparison between two groups in the first line androgen deprivation therapy duration, CRPC PSA level, pre-AA PSA level, chemotherapy dosages, duration, and patients progression free survival and overall survival after AA treatment were analyzed.

Results: Twenty-three patients (47.9%) achieved PSA decline after deferred CAB. Among total 48 patients, 24 patients experienced PSA decline more than 50% after AA treatment. The median PSA progression-free survival and overall survival after AA treatment in the total cohort of 48 patients were 4.4 and 24.3 months, respectively. The effective deferred CAB group showed significantly lower PSA level, lower percentage of PSA progression, higher total follow-up duration, higher percentage of surviving patients, better progression free survival, and overall survival estimate after AA treatment. Of the eight variables analyzed, effectiveness in deferred CAB showed positive association to progression free survival (HR 0.29, 95% CI 0.12–0.67, p = 0.004) and overall survival (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07–0.81, p = 0.022). First line androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) duration also showed positive association to overall survival (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91–0.99, p = 0.023).

Conclusions: Effectiveness of deferred CAB therapy was positively associated with progression free survival and overall survival of AA treatment after docetaxel. It can be used as a pre-treatment predictor.

Lycopene depresses glutamate release through inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ entry and protein kinase C in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals

Lycopene is a natural dietary carotenoid that was reported to exhibit a neuroprotective profile. Considering that excitotoxicity and cell death induced by glutamate are involved in many brain disorders, the effect of lycopene on glutamate release in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals and the possible mechanism involved in such effect was investigated. We observed here that lycopene inhibited 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-evoked glutamate release and intrasynaptosomal Ca²⁺ concentration elevation. The inhibitory effect of lycopene on 4-AP-evoked glutamate release was markedly reduced in the presence of the Ca_v2.2 (N-type) and Ca_v2.1 (P/Q-type) channel blocker ω-conotoxin MVIIC, but was insensitive to the intracellular Ca²⁺-release inhibitors dantrolene and CGP37157. Furthermore, in the presence of the protein kinase C inhibitors GF109203X and Go6976, the action of lycopene on evoked glutamate release was prevented. These results are the first to suggest that lycopene inhibits glutamate release from rat cortical synaptosomes by suppressing presynaptic Ca²⁺ entry and protein kinase C activity.

Lutein Induces Autophagy via Beclin-1 Upregulation in IEC-6 Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Lutein is a carotenoid with anti-oxidant properties. Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved catabolic cellular pathway for coping with stress conditions, is responsive to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and degrades damaged organelles. We previously demonstrated that lutein can induce anti-oxidant enzymes to relieve methotrexate-induced ROS stress. We therefore hypothesized that lutein, which activates ROS-scavenging enzymes, can also induce autophagy for cell survival. In this study, we demonstrated that lutein treatment attenuated the reduction in cell viability caused by H2O2. Lutein dose-dependently induced the processing of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-II, an autophagy marker protein, and accumulation of LC3-positive puncta in rat intestinal IEC-6 cells. Furthermore, (a) direct observation of autophagosome formation through transmission electron microscopy, (b) upregulation of autophagy-related genes including ATG4A, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, and beclin-1 (BENC1), and (c) increased BECN1/Bcl-2 ratio confirmed the induction of autophagy by lutein. The results revealed that bafilomycin-A1-induced inhibition of autophagy reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis in lutein-treated cells, indicating a protective role of lutein-induced autophagy. Lutein treatment also activated adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p-38, but had no effects on the induction of extracellular signal-related kinase or inhibition of mTOR; however, the inhibition of activated AMPK, JNK, or p-38 did not attenuate lutein-induced autophagy. Finally, increased BECN1 expression levels were detected in lutein-treated cells, and BECN1 knockdown abolished autophagy induction. These results suggest that lutein-induced autophagy was mediated by the upregulation of BECN1 in IEC-6 cells. We are the first to demonstrate that lutein induces autophagy. Elevated autophagy in lutein-treated IEC-6 cells may have a protective role against various stresses, and this warrants further investigation.