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Riedl R, Kühn A, Hupfer Y, Hebecker B, Peltner LK, Jordan PM, Werz O, Lorkowski S, Wiegand C, Wallert M. Characterization of Different Inflammatory Skin Conditions in a Mouse Model of DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis. Inflammation 2023:10.1007/s10753-023-01943-x. [PMID: 38150167 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The mouse model of 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene (DNCB)-induced human-like atopic dermatitis (hlAD) has been widely used to test novel treatment strategies and compounds. However, the study designs and methods are highly diverse, presenting different hlAD disease patterns that occur after sensitization and repeated challenge with DNCB on dorsal skin. In addition, there is a lack of information about the progression of the disease during the experiment and the achieved pheno- and endotypes, especially at the timepoint when therapeutic treatment is initiated. We here examine hlAD in a DNCB-induced BALB/cJRj model at different timepoints: (i) before starting treatment with dexamethasone, representing a standard drug control (day 12) and (ii) at the end of the experiment (day 22). Both timepoints display typical AD-associated characteristics: skin thickening, spongiosis, hyper- and parakeratosis, altered cytokine and gene expression, increased lipid mediator formation, barrier protein and antimicrobial peptide abnormalities, as well as lymphoid organ hypertrophy. Increased mast cell infiltration into the skin and elevated immunoglobulin E plasma concentrations indicate a type I allergy response. The DNCB-treated skin showed an extrinsic moderate sub-acute hlAD lesion at day 12 and an extrinsic mild sub-acute to chronic pheno- and endotype at day 22 with a dominating Th2 response. A dependency of the filaggrin formation and expression in correlation to the disease severity in the DNCB-treated skin was found. In conclusion, our study reveals a detailed classification of a hlAD at two timepoints with different inflammatory skin conditions and pheno- and endotypes, thereby providing a better understanding of the DNCB-induced hlAD model in BALB/cJRj mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Riedl
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatological Research Laboratory, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Annika Kühn
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Hupfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Betty Hebecker
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lukas K Peltner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatological Research Laboratory, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Wallert
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Fu Z, Xie Y, Zeng L, Gao L, Yu X, Tan L, Zhou L, Zeng J, Lu J. Ozonated oil alleviates dinitrochlorobenzene-induced allergic contact dermatitis via inhibiting the FcεRI/Syk signaling pathway. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 48:1-14. [PMID: 36935172 PMCID: PMC10930564 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ozone is widely applied to treat allergic skin diseases such as eczema, atopic dermatitis, and contact dermatitis. However, the specific mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of ozonated oil on treating 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and the underling mechanisms. METHODS Besides the blank control (Ctrl) group, all other mice were treated with DNCB to establish an ACD-like mouse model and were randomized into following groups: a model group, a basal oil group, an ozonated oil group, a FcεRI-overexpressed plasmid (FcεRI-OE) group, and a FcεRI empty plasmid (FcεRI-NC) group. The basal oil group and the ozonated oil group were treated with basal oil and ozonated oil, respectively. The FcεRI-OE group and the FcεRI-NC group were intradermally injected 25 µg FcεRI overexpression plasmid and 25 µg FcεRI empty plasmid when treating with ozonated oil, respectively. We recorded skin lesions daily and used reflectance confocal microscope (RCM) to evaluate thickness and inflammatory changes of skin lesions. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, real-time PCR, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), and immunohistochemistry were performed to detct and analyze the skin lesions. RESULTS Ozonated oil significantly alleviated DNCB-induced ACD-like dermatitis and reduced the expressions of IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-1β, TNF-α, and other related inflammatory factors (all P<0.05). RNA-seq analysis revealed that ozonated oil significantly inhibited the activation of the DNCB-induced FcεRI/Syk signaling pathway, confirmed by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (all P<0.05). Compared with the ozonated oil group and the FcεRI-NC group, the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and other inflammatory genes in the FcεRI-OE group were significantly increased (all P<0.05), and the mRNA and protein expression levels of FcεRI and Syk were significantly elevated in the FcεRI-OE group as well (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ozonated oil significantly improves ACD-like dermatitis and alleviated DNCB-induced ACD-like dermatitis via inhibiting the FcεRI/Syk signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013.
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410013.
| | - Yajie Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Liyue Zeng
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lihua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Xiaochun Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Lina Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410013
| | - Jinrong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013.
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410013.
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013.
- Medical Ozone Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410013.
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Yu HH, Zhao W, Zhang BX, Wang Y, Li J, Fang YF. Morinda officinalis extract exhibits protective effects against atopic dermatitis by regulating the MALAT1/miR-590-5p/CCR7 axis. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:1602-1612. [PMID: 36639978 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a genetic predisposition, and the traditional Chinese medicine Morinda officinalis and its roots are characterized with anti-inflammatory effects and have been used for the treatment of various disease. However, it is still largely unknown whether Morinda officinalis extract (MOE) can be used for the treatment of AD. OBJECTIVES In our study we aimed to determine whether MOE could ameliorate 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD and elucidate molecular mechanisms. METHODS We established an AD mouse model by using DNCB. Skin pathological analysis and ELISA assay were used to detect the effect of MOE on the inflammation of AD model mouse skin and the expression changes of inflammatory factors, and further functional verification was performed in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells. RESULTS Our in vivo experiments confirmed that MOE remarkably reduced DNCB-induced AD lesions and symptoms, such as epidermal and dermal thickness and mast cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokines secretion in the mice models. In addition, the underlying mechanisms by which MOE ameliorated AD had been uncovered, and we verified that MOE inhibited MALAT1 expression in AD, resulting in attenuated expression of C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) regulated by MALAT1-sponge miR-590-5p in a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanisms-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced cellular proliferation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bu-Xin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Fu Fang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Li CL, Liu N. Expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-4, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor α in different tissue in a dinitrochlorobenzene-induced ear swelling test in mice. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13255. [PMID: 36704886 PMCID: PMC9838767 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in different tissue in a dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced ear swelling test in mice and further evaluate the correlation between the cytokine expression in different tissues and the degree of ear swelling. METHODS The mice were sensitised with a 0.50% DNCB solution on their back for 3 days. After 7 days, the thickness of their ears was measured and grouped. Different concentrations of the DNCB solution were challenged in the left ear of each group of mice, and the right ear was used as the control. The thickness of both ears was measured every 24 h, and the mice were sacrificed 72 h after the challenge. The expressions of IL-1β, IL-4, IFN-γ and TNF-α in the mouse serum, lymph node and ear tissue were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. RESULTS There was a linear positive correlation between the swelling index of the mouse lateral ear and the challenge concentration of DNCB (r = 0.96, p < 0.01). The high expression of IL-1β and IL-4 in the lateral ear tissue of the mice was positively correlated with the ear swelling index 48 h after the challenge. The correlation coefficient was 0.78 (p < 0.01). Furthermore, IFN-γ and TNF-α had no significant correlation with the ear swelling index 48 h after the challenge. CONCLUSION There is a correlation between the degree of ear swelling in mice and the concentration of DNCB and the expression of IL-1β and IL-4 in the lateral ear tissue. There is a sub-clinical skin sensitivity state in contact allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lian Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shijingshan teaching hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Shijingshan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Kang YM, Kim HM, Lee M, An HJ. Oleanolic Acid Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis-like Responses In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12000. [PMID: 34769428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, abundantly found in plants of the Oleaceae family, and is well known for its beneficial pharmacological activities. Previously, we reported the inhibitory effect of OA on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effects of OA on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions and its underlying mechanism of action. We evaluated the inhibitory effect of OA on AD-like responses and the possible mechanisms using a 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD animal model and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/interferon (IFN)-γ-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. We found that OA has anti-atopic effects, including histological alterations, on DNCB-induced AD-like lesions in mice. Moreover, it suppressed the expression of Th2 type cytokines and chemokines in the AD mouse model and TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT keratinocytes by blocking the activation of serine-threonine kinase Akt, nuclear factor-κB, and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. The results demonstrate that OA inhibits AD-like symptoms and regulates the inflammatory mediators; therefore, it may be used as an effective and attractive therapeutic agent for allergic disorders, such as AD. Moreover, the findings of this study provide novel insights into the potential pharmacological targets of OA for treating AD.
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No H, Nam SH, Seo HW, Seo J, Park SH, Kim SB, Jung JS, Park J, Choi J, Lee JY, Suh HW, Lim SS, Kim JK. Purple corn extract alleviates 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like phenotypes in BALB/c mice. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2021; 25:272-282. [PMID: 34745434 PMCID: PMC8567911 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.1974938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zea mays L. (Poaceae), also known as purple corn, is an annual herbaceous plant that is grown as food for human consumption in a variety of forms, including cooking oils and sweeteners in processed food and beverage products. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a novel purple corn extract, FB801, might have an anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) effect on AD-like skin lesions induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in BALB/c mice. Topical sensitization (1%) and challenge (0.3%) by DNCB were performed on the dorsal skin and right ear of BALB/c mice to induce AD. Following FB801 and dexamethasone administered orally, the severity of skin lesions was examined macroscopically and histologically. Serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and various cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oral administration of FB801 significantly reduced typical symptoms of AD (erythema/bleeding, swelling, molting/erosion and scaling/drying), scratching frequencies, and the recruitment of inflammatory and mast cells. In addition, FB801 suppressed serum levels of IgE and T helper (Th)2 type cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 in DNCB-treated BALB/c mice. Furthermore, FB801 reduced the degradation of inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB proteins (NF-κB) in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. These results suggest that FB801 inhibited the development of the AD-like skin symptoms by regulating Th1 and Th2 responses in the skin lesions in mice and suppressing TNF-α induced NF-κB activation in HaCaT cells, suggesting that FB801 has potential application as an effective alternative therapy for the prevention and management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwon No
- Department of Biomedical Science, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Nam
- Department of Biomedical Science, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Won Seo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongHyeon Seo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan-Si, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jongyeol Park
- Maize Research Institute, Hongcheon-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekeun Choi
- Maize Research Institute, Hongcheon-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Lee
- Front Bio Inc., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Won Suh
- Front Bio Inc., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Front Bio Inc., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan-Si, Republic of Korea
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Kang J, Lee S, Kim N, Dhakal H, Kwon TK, Kim EN, Jeong GS, Kim SH. Gomisin M2 Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis-like Skin Lesions via Inhibition of STAT1 and NF-κB Activation in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene/ Dermatophagoides farinae Extract-Induced BALB/c Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:4409. [PMID: 34361560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracts of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Schisandraceae) have various therapeutic effects, including inflammation and allergy. In this study, gomisin M2 (GM2) was isolated from S. chinensis and its beneficial effects were assessed against atopic dermatitis (AD). We evaluated the therapeutic effects of GM2 on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE)-induced AD-like skin lesions with BALB/c mice ears and within the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ-stimulated keratinocytes. The oral administration of GM2 resulted in reduced epidermal and dermal thickness, infiltration of tissue eosinophils, mast cells, and helper T cells in AD-like lesions. GM2 suppressed the expression of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12a, and TSLP in ear tissue and the expression of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17A in auricular lymph nodes. GM2 also inhibited STAT1 and NF-κB phosphorylation in DNCB/DFE-induced AD-like lesions. The oral administration of GM2 reduced levels of IgE (DFE-specific and total) and IgG2a in the mice sera, as well as protein levels of IL-4, IL-6, and TSLP in ear tissues. In TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated keratinocytes, GM2 significantly inhibited IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL8, and CCL22 through the suppression of STAT1 phosphorylation and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Taken together, these results indicate that GM2 is a biologically active compound that exhibits inhibitory effects on skin inflammation and suggests that GM2 might serve as a remedy in inflammatory skin diseases, specifically on AD.
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Kim TY, Kim YJ, Jegal J, Jo BG, Choi HS, Yang MH. Haplopine Ameliorates 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions in Mice and TNF-α/IFN-γ-Induced Inflammation in Human Keratinocyte. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050806. [PMID: 34069696 PMCID: PMC8161082 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) effects of haplopine, which is one of the active components in D. dasycarpus. Haplopine (12.5 and 25 μM) inhibited the mRNA expressions of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TSLP, GM-CSF, and G-CSF and the protein expressions of IL-6 and GM-CSF in TNF-α/INF-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. In H2O2-induced Jukat T cells, haplopine (25 and 50 μM) suppressed the productions of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and COX-2) and increased the mRNA and protein expressions of oxidative stress defense enzymes (SOD, CAT, and HO-1) in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, haplopine significantly attenuated the development of AD symptoms in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-stimulated Balb/c mice, as evidenced by reduced clinical dermatitis scores, skin thickness measurements, mast cell infiltration, and serum IgE concentrations. These findings demonstrate that haplopine should be considered a novel anti-atopic agent with the potential to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (T.-Y.K.); (J.J.); (B.-G.J.)
| | - Ye Jin Kim
- C&D Research Team, R&D Strategy Center, Genuonesciences, Seoul 06800, Korea;
| | - Jonghwan Jegal
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (T.-Y.K.); (J.J.); (B.-G.J.)
| | - Beom-Geun Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (T.-Y.K.); (J.J.); (B.-G.J.)
| | - Han-Seok Choi
- C&D Research Team, R&D Strategy Center, Genuonesciences, Seoul 06800, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-S.C.); (M.H.Y.); Tel.: +82-2-3459-5753 (H.-S.C.); +82-51-510-2811 (M.H.Y.); Fax: +82-2-2057-9413 (H.-S.C.); +82-51-513-6754 (M.H.Y.)
| | - Min Hye Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (T.-Y.K.); (J.J.); (B.-G.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.-S.C.); (M.H.Y.); Tel.: +82-2-3459-5753 (H.-S.C.); +82-51-510-2811 (M.H.Y.); Fax: +82-2-2057-9413 (H.-S.C.); +82-51-513-6754 (M.H.Y.)
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Yeo H, Lee YH, Ahn SS, Jung E, Lim Y, Shin SY. Chrysin Inhibits TNFα-Induced TSLP Expression through Downregulation of EGR1 Expression in Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4350. [PMID: 33919431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an epithelial cell-derived cytokine that acts as a critical mediator in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Various therapeutic agents that prevent TSLP function can efficiently relieve the clinical symptoms of AD. However, the downregulation of TSLP expression by therapeutic agents remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the mode of action of chrysin in TSLP suppression in an AD-like inflammatory environment. We observed that the transcription factor early growth response (EGR1) contributed to the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-induced transcription of TSLP. Chrysin attenuated TNFα-induced TSLP expression by downregulating EGR1 expression in HaCaT keratinocytes. We also showed that the oral administration of chrysin improved AD-like skin lesions in the ear and neck of BALB/c mice challenged with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. We also showed that chrysin suppressed the expression of EGR1 and TSLP by inhibiting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Collectively, the findings of this study suggest that chrysin improves AD-like skin lesions, at least in part, through the downregulation of the ERK1/2 or JNK1/2-EGR1-TSLP signaling axis in keratinocytes.
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Jegal J, Park NJ, Jo BG, Kim TY, Bong SK, Choi S, Paik JH, Kim JW, Kim SN, Yang MH. Wikstroemiaganpi Extract Improved Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions via Suppression of Interleukin-4 in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced SKH-1 Hairless Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:2016. [PMID: 33916154 PMCID: PMC8036472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants of the genus Wikstroemia are used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. The present study was designed to determine whether Wikstroemia ganpi (Siebold and Zucc.) Maxim. offers a potential means of treating 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice. Symptoms such as redness, edema, and keratinization in AD mice induced by DNCB were alleviated by the co-application of an ethanolic extract of W. ganpi for 2 weeks. The severity of skin barrier function damage was evaluated by measuring TEWL (transepidermal water loss). TEWLs of DNCB sensitized mouse dorsal skin were reduced by the application of a W. ganpi ethanolic extract, and skin hydration was increased. In addition, the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the dermis was significantly reduced, as were blood levels of IgE and IL-4, which play an important role in the expression of AD. The results of this experiment suggest that W. ganpi is a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwan Jegal
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.J.); (B.-G.J.); (T.-Y.K.)
| | - No-June Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea; (N.-J.P.); (S.-K.B.)
| | - Beom-Geun Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.J.); (B.-G.J.); (T.-Y.K.)
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.J.); (B.-G.J.); (T.-Y.K.)
| | - Sim-Kyu Bong
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea; (N.-J.P.); (S.-K.B.)
| | - Sangho Choi
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.C.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jin-Hyub Paik
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.C.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jung-Won Kim
- Department of Costmetology, Changshin University, Paryong-ro, Masanhoewon-gu, Changwon-si 51352, Korea;
| | - Su-Nam Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea; (N.-J.P.); (S.-K.B.)
| | - Min Hye Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.J.); (B.-G.J.); (T.-Y.K.)
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Chu T, Wu NL, Hsiao CY, Li HJ, Lin TY, Ku CH, Hung CF. An isoflavone extract from soybean cake suppresses 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact dermatitis. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 263:113037. [PMID: 32485302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Numerous epidemiological and clinical studies have demonstrated the protective role of dietary isoflavones against development of several chronic diseases. ISO-1, one fraction of isoflavone powders derived from soybean cake, is reported to attenuate inflammation and photodamage. AIM OF THE STUDY Contact dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease, which accounts for most occupational skin disorders. Instead of oral administration, we aimed to explore the effects of topical ISO-1 application on contact dermatitis by using 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes and DNCB-induced mouse dermatitis as models. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the in vitro study, we first evaluated the biologic effects of DNCB on HaCaT keratinocytes. HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Then, we detect the prominent induction of IL-8 mRNA expression after DNCB and ISO-1 treatment by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and release of IL-8 from HaCaT keratinocytes was measured by ELISA assay. HaCaT keratinocytes were pretreated with ISO-1 and then treated with DNCB, phosphorylation of JNK, p38, ERK and IκBα was analyzed by western blot. In the in vivo study, the hairless mice were used for an induced contact dermatitis model. The surface changes in the dorsal skin after DNCB and ISO-1 treatment were recorded using photography, and TEWL, erythema were measured using an MPA-580 cutometer. Blood was also collected from mice for measurement of white blood cell counts. RESULTS Results showed ISO-1 inhibited DNCB-induced IL-8 production and also suppressed DNCB-induced phosphorylation of JNK and p38, and IκBα in HaCaT. In the animal model of DNCB-induced contact dermatitis, topical ISO-1 treatment significantly decreased DNCB-induced erythema and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in mouse skin. ISO-1 also reduced DNCB-induced skin thickening and increase of white blood cell count. CONCLUSIONS ISO-1 is promising for improvement of DNCB-induced inflammation and skin barrier impairment, suggesting the potential application of topical ISO-1 for inflammatory dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Chu
- Department of Dermatology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, 22060, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, 48201, USA.
| | - Nan-Lin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, 25245, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 10491, Taiwan; Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City, 11260, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yu Hsiao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Chang Guang University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Ju Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, 20401, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hung Ku
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan; MS Program Transdisciplinary Long Term Care, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan; Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Pharmacy Department, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, 10630, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
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12
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Son SE, Park SJ, Koh JM, Im DS. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) activation ameliorates 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis by increasing regulatory T cells in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1337-1347. [PMID: 32555509 PMCID: PMC7609340 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High dose intake of docosahexaenoic acid showed beneficial effects on atopic dermatitis in patients and was found to increase regulatory T cells in mice, but its molecular target has not been identified. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, also known as GPR120) is a receptor sensing polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid. In the present study, we examined whether FFA4 acted as a therapeutic target of docosahexaenoic acid for treating atopic dermatitis. Experimental atopic dermatitis was induced in mice by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitization on day 0, followed by repeated DNCB challenges from D7 to D48. The mice were treated with a selective agonist compound A (30 mg· kg−1· d−1, ip) from D19 to D48, and sacrificed on D49. We found that DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions, i.e. hypertrophy and mast cell infiltration in skin tissues, as well as markedly elevated serum IgE levels. Administration of compound A significantly suppressed the atopic responses in ears and lymph nodes, such as hypertrophy and mast cell infiltration in the ears, enlarged sizes of lymph nodes, and elevated serum IgE and levels of cytokines IL-4, IL-13, IL-17, and IFN-γ in ear tissue. The therapeutic effects of compound A were abolished by FFA4 knockout. Similarly, increased CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell population in lymph nodes was observed in wide-type mice treated with compound A, but not seen in FFA4-deficient mice. In conclusion, we demonstrate that activation of FFA4 ameliorates atopic dermatitis by increasing CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, suggesting FFA4 as a therapeutic target for atopic dermatitis.
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13
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Wang X, Li S, Liu J, Kong D, Han X, Lei P, Xu M, Guan H, Hou D. Ameliorative effects of sea buckthorn oil on DNCB induced atopic dermatitis model mice via regulation the balance of Th1/Th2. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:263. [PMID: 32843010 PMCID: PMC7449066 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a worldwide chronic skin disease which burden public health. Sea buckthorn (SBT) (Hippophae rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae) oil, as a traditional herbal medicine, has been used for disease treatment for many years. The effects of SBT oil on AD mouse model induced by repeated administration of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in BALB/c mice was evaluated in this study. METHODS Mice were divided into four groups including the normal control group, AD model group, AD model group treated with SBT oil (5 ml/kg) and AD model group treated with SBT oil (10 ml/kg). Same volume at different concentrations of SBT oil was applied daily on the latter two groups by gavage for 15 days following AD model induction. The function of skin barrier and the production of IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α and TSLP were examined after animal sacrifice. The migration and mature of langerhans cell (LCs) in lymph node was further assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS SBT oil alleviated dermatitis scores, decreased ear thickness, prevented infiltration of mast cell, reduced lymph node weight and depressed activity of Th2 cells. SBT oil also reduced the expression of IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α and TSLP in ear tissue, IgE level in serum and mRNA relative expression of IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α in lymph node. Moreover, SBT oil inhibited the migration of LCs cells from local lesions to lymph node and it's mature in lymph node. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest SBT oil had a beneficial effect either systemic or regional on DNCB-induced AD mice via maintain the balance of Th1/Th2 and may be a potential complementary candidate for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.,Basic Medical and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical college, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Sijia Li
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jiping Liu
- Neurosurgery Department, Northern Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, PR China
| | - Dongning Kong
- Liaoning Dongning Pharmceutical Co., Ltd., Fuxin, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongshan Road NO.79, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, P.R. China
| | - Ping Lei
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongshan Road NO.79, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, P.R. China
| | - Ming Xu
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongshan Road NO.79, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, P.R. China
| | - Hongquan Guan
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongshan Road NO.79, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, P.R. China.
| | - Diandong Hou
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongshan Road NO.79, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, P.R. China.
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14
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Lee SY, Park NJ, Jegal J, Jo BG, Choi S, Lee SW, Uddin MS, Kim SN, Yang MH. Suppression of DNCB-Induced Atopic Skin Lesions in Mice by Wikstroemia indica Extract. Nutrients 2020; 12:E173. [PMID: 31936273 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wikstroemia indica (L.) C.A. Mey. is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and bronchitis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of an ethanolic extract of W. indica on cutaneous inflammation in mice with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD). Dermal administration of W. indica ethanolic extract to DNCB-sensitized hairless mice with dermatitis, for two weeks, reduced erythema, scaling, and edema. Skin hydration was improved and transepidermal water loss was reduced at a W. indica concentration of 1%. Furthermore, W. indica also significantly reduced serum IgE and IL-4 concentrations in our mouse model. These results suggest that W. indica has potential as a topical treatment for AD and as an adjunctive agent to control AD.
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15
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Kim TY, Park NJ, Jegal J, Choi S, Lee SW, Hang J, Kim SN, Yang MH. Chamaejasmine Isolated from Wikstroemia dolichantha Diels Suppresses 2,4-Dinitrofluoro-benzene-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in SKH-1 Hairless Mice. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110697. [PMID: 31694198 PMCID: PMC6921031 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants of the genus Wikstroemia have long been used as traditional medicines to treat diseases like pneumonia, rheumatism, and bronchitis. This study was designed to determine the effect of chamaejasmine, a biflavonoid present in W. dolichantha, on atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced murine model of AD. Initially, we examined the anti-allergic activities of ten flavonoids from W. dolichantha by measuring β-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells. Subsequently, an SKH-1 hairless mouse model of AD was developed based on the topical application of DNCB. Chamaejasmine (0.5%) or pimecrolimus (1%, positive control) were applied to dorsal skins of DNCB-sensitized AD mice for two weeks. Serum IL-4 and IgE levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin hydration were measured using a Tewameter TM210 and a SKIN-O-MAT, respectively. Of the ten flavonoids isolated from W. dolichantha, chamaejasmine most potently inhibited DNP-specific IgE-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells. Topical administration of chamaejasmine attenuated the clinical symptoms of DNCB-induced dermatitis (i.e., itching, dryness, erythema, and edema). Histological analyses demonstrated that dermal thickness and mast cell infiltration in dermis were significantly reduced by chamaejasmine. In addition, 0.5% chamaejasmine inhibited DNCB-induced increases in total IL-4 and IgE levels in serum, improved skin barrier function, and increased epidermis moisture. Our findings suggest chamaejasmine might be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (T.-Y.K.); (J.J.)
| | - No-June Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea;
| | - Jonghwan Jegal
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (T.-Y.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Sangho Choi
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.C.); (S.W.L.)
| | - Sang Woo Lee
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (S.C.); (S.W.L.)
| | - Jin Hang
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China;
| | - Su-Nam Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.-N.K.); (M.H.Y.); Tel.: +82-33-650-3503 (S.-N.K.); +82-51-510-2811 (M.H.Y.); Fax: +82-33-650-3419 (S.-N.K.); +82-51-513-6754 (M.H.Y.)
| | - Min Hye Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (T.-Y.K.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.-N.K.); (M.H.Y.); Tel.: +82-33-650-3503 (S.-N.K.); +82-51-510-2811 (M.H.Y.); Fax: +82-33-650-3419 (S.-N.K.); +82-51-513-6754 (M.H.Y.)
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16
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Lee JH, Jo EH, Lee B, Noh HM, Park S, Lee YM, Kim DK, Park MC. Soshiho-Tang, a Traditional Herbal Medicine, Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms via Regulation of Inflammatory Mediators. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:742. [PMID: 31338033 PMCID: PMC6626912 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soshiho-tang (SST) is a well-known traditional herbal medicine used for the treatment of many diseases. The aims of this study are to investigate the effects of SST on atopic dermatitis (AD) symptoms and to examine its mechanism. Human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/IFN-γ to induce AD-like keratinocyte environment. 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was used to induce AD-like skin lesions in the dorsal skin of BALB/c mice. SST and dexamethasone were administered orally for 14 day. As a result, SST treatment increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an anti-oxidative factor, and the nuclear translocation of NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In addition, the treatment also decreased the expression level of inflammatory mediator nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). SST treatment (75 and 150 mg/kg) significantly relieved AD symptoms in DNCB-induced AD-like mice by restoring skin thickness, spleen weight, immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin 4 (IL-4), pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and expression of several other mediators. We found that SST alleviates AD-like skin lesions and skin inflammation by modulating various atopic symptoms and inflammatory mediators. Therefore, SST can be used as an alternative drug for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Eun Hee Jo
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea.,Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bori Lee
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Min Noh
- Korean Traditional Medicine Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Sunggu Park
- Department of Korean Medical Ophthalmology & Otolarynglogy & Dermatology, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Young-Mi Lee
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Dae-Ki Kim
- Department of Immunology and Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Min Chel Park
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea.,Department of Korean Medical Ophthalmology & Otolarynglogy & Dermatology, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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17
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Jegal J, Park NJ, Kim TY, Choi S, Lee SW, Hang J, Kim SN, Yang MH. Effect of Topically Applied Wikstroemia dolichantha Diels on the Development of Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Symptoms in Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:E914. [PMID: 31018627 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants of the genus Wikstroemia are traditionally used to treat inflammatory diseases like bronchitis and rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, the anti-atopic effects of an EtOH extract of Wikstroemia dolichantha (WDE) on oxazolone- and DNCB (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene)-induced dermatitis in mice were investigated. Both ears of BALB/c mice were exposed to oxazolone, and dorsal skins of SKH-1 hairless mice were sensitized with DNCB to induce acute eczematous atopic skin lesions. 1% WDE was applied daily to oxazolone- and DNCB-induced AD mice for two or three weeks, respectively. Total IL-4 and IgE concentrations in serum, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin hydration were assessed. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) was used to determine the composition of WDE. Dermal application of 1% WDE grossly and histopathologically improved oxazolone- and DNCB-induced AD skin symptoms. Epidermal thickness and mast cell infiltration were significantly lower in animals treated with WDE than in vehicle controls. Furthermore, in addition to reducing DNCB-induced increases in serum IL-4 (interleukin 4) and IgE (immunoglobulin E) levels, WDE also decreased TEWL and increased skin hydration (indicative of improved skin barrier function). The four flavonoids taxifolin, aromadendrin, padmatin and chamaejasmine were tentatively identified in WDE by HPLC-DAD/QTOF-MS. The above results show WDE protected against oxazolone- and DNCB-induced AD in mice by down-regulating the TH2-associated cytokine IL-4 and improving skin barrier function and suggest WDE might be useful for the management of atopic dermatitis.
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18
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Jegal J, Park NJ, Jo BG, Bong SK, Jegal H, Yang MH, Kim SN. Anti-Atopic Properties of Gracillin Isolated from Dioscorea quinqueloba on 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced Skin Lesions in Mice. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1205. [PMID: 30200442 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring saponins have been reported to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. However, the effects of gracillin, a main saponin component of Dioscorea quinqueloba (D. quinqueloba), on atopic dermatitis (AD), have not been previously studied. The aim of this study was to determine whether gracillin isolated from D. quinqueloba has an anti-AD effect on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD-like skin lesions in SKH-1 hairless mice. Topical co-treatment of gracillin and DNCB for two weeks markedly reduced symptoms typical of AD (redness, itching, swelling and skin lichenification), decreased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and increased skin hydration. In addition, gracillin strongly inhibited PI-induced IL-4 expression in RBL-2H3 cells and in the skins of AD mice. Our results suggest gracillin is a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of AD and other inflammatory skin disorders.
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19
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Ku JM, Hong SH, Kim SR, Choi HS, Kim HI, Kim DU, Oh SM, Seo HS, Kim TY, Shin YC, Cheon C, Ko SG. The prevention of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced inflammation in atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice by Jawoongo. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:215. [PMID: 30005655 PMCID: PMC6045835 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Jawoongo is an herbal mixture used in traditional medicine to treat skin diseases. This study aimed to investigate whether Jawoongo ameliorates Atopic dermatitis (AD)-like pathology in mice and to understand its underlying cellular mechanisms. Methods AD was induced by 2, 4-Dinitrocholrlbenzene (DNCB) in BALB/c mice. Treatment with Jawoongo was assessed to study the effect of Jawoongo on AD in mice. Histological Analysis, blood analysis, RT-PCR, western blot analysis, ELISA assay and cell viability assay were performed to verify the inhibitory effect of Jawoongo on AD in mice. Results We found that application of Jawoongo in an ointment form on AD-like skin lesions on DNCB-exposed BALB/c mice reduced skin thickness and ameliorated skin infiltration with inflammatory cells, mast cells and CD4+ cells. The ointment also reduced the mRNA levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-13 and TNF-α in the sensitized skin. Leukocyte counts and the levels of IgE, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 were decreased in the blood of the DNCB-treated mice. Furthermore, studies on cultured cells demonstrated that Jawoongo exhibits anti-inflammatory activities, including the suppression of proinflammatory cytokine expression, nitric oxide (NO) production, and inflammation-associated molecule levels in numerous types of agonist-stimulated innate immune cell, including human mast cells (HMC-1), murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, and splenocytes isolated from mice. Conclusion These findings indicate that Jawoongo alleviates DNCB-induced AD-like symptoms via the modulation of several inflammatory responses, indicating that Jawoongo might be a useful drug for the treatment of AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2280-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Jiang X, Lan Y, Wei B, Dai C, Gu Y, Ma J, Liu X, Umezawa K, Zhang Y. External application of NF-κB inhibitor DHMEQ suppresses development of atopic dermatitis-like lesions induced with DNCB/OX in BALB/c mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:157-164. [PMID: 28418286 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1312436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) which is originally developed as an analog of antibiotic epoxyquinomicin C is a specific and potent inhibitor of NF-κB and has been shown to possess promising potential as an anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. OBJECTIVE This study examines DHMEQ's effect on therapeutic potential for atopic dermatitis (AD)-like lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS AD lesions were chronically induced by the repetitive and alternative application of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and oxazolone (OX) on ears in BALB/c mice. The mice were then externally treated with DHMEQ ointment. Macroscopic and microscopic changes of the skin lesions were observed and recorded. RESULTS DHMEQ inhibited ear swelling and relieved clinical symptoms of the AD-like lesions induced by DNCB/OX in BALB/c mice. Histopathology examination illustrated that it significantly decreased DNCB/OX-induced epidermal thickness, the infiltration of inflammatory cells, and the count of mast cell. The elevated level of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum and the mRNA levels of interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-13 in the ear tissues, were also suppressed by DHMEQ. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study indicated that DHMEQ would be useful for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Jiang
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yi Lan
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Bing Wei
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Cailing Dai
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yaru Gu
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Jun Ma
- b Department of Research and Development , Shenzhen Wanhe Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Shenzhen , China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- b Department of Research and Development , Shenzhen Wanhe Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Shenzhen , China
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- c Department of Molecular Target Medicine , Aichi Medical University School of Medicine , Nagakute , Japan
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
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Lim D, Kim MK, Jang YP, Kim J. Sceptridium ternatum attenuates allergic contact dermatitis-like skin lesions by inhibiting T helper 2-type immune responses and inflammatory responses in a mouse model. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:288-97. [PMID: 26150208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sceptridium ternatum (ST) is a medicinal herb used in folk remedies for the treatment of various disorders such as pertussis, allergic asthma, abdominalgia, diarrhea, and external use for wound healing. However, the biological and pharmacological activities of ST are not fully clarified besides anti-asthmatic effect. OBJECTIVE We studied a Sceptridium ternatum ethanol extract (ST) with respect to its anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, concanavalin A (conA)-stimulated BALB/c mice splenocytes, and a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) mouse model. METHODS RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with ST for 1h and then stimulated with LPS. To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of ST, the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To determine its anti-allergic effects, splenocytes from BALB/c mice were incubated and stimulated with conA in the absence or presence of ST for 48h. The production of IL-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ in culture supernatants were evaluated by ELISA. To test the effects of ST on ACD, 100μL of 1% DNCB was applied to the dorsal skin of BALB/c mice for 2 weeks, and ST was administered 2 h before DNCB application. The thicknesses of the epidermis and dermis were determined by skin histological analysis. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels, the production of IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-6 in dorsal skin tissue, and T helper (Th) 2 cytokines production of CD4(+) T cells were analyzed by ELISA. The expression of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) both in vitro and in vivo was determined via immunoblotting. RESULTS In RAW 264.7 cells, ST inhibited LPS-induced inflammation mediator production and NF-κB expression. ST upregulated IFN-γ production and downregulated IL-4 production in conA-stimulated splenocytes. ST application reduced the thicknesses of the epidermis and dermis by decreasing serum IgE level and the expressions of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and NF-κB in the dorsal skin of the DNCB-induced ACD model mice. Furthermore, ST treated group showed reduction of the Th2 cytokines production in activated CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSION These findings not only indicate that application of ST reduced skin thickening by regulating Th 2-type allergic responses and inhibiting expression of inflammatory mediators in a DNCB-induced ACD mouse model, but also suggest that Sceptridium ternatum is a natural option for the treatment of skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lim
- Department of Korean Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Young-Pyo Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea; Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Jinju Kim
- Department of Korean Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Kim TW, Choi JM, Kim MS, Son HY, Lim JH. Topical application of Scutellaria baicalensis suppresses 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact dermatitis. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:705-9. [PMID: 25942587 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1038812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a prototypic T-cell-mediated cutaneous inflammatory response. In the present study we describe the anti-allergic effect of topically applied Scutellaria bacalensis aqueous extract (WSBE) in suppressing 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced ACD in BALB/c mice. Topically applied WSBE attenuated the epidermal thickness and mast cell infiltration into the skin in DNCB-induced contact dermatitis. Furthermore, WSBE suppressed DNCB-induced production of serum IgE as well as IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the skin. Topical application of WSBE also ameliorated the significant decrease in dermal glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels. Moreover, present results demonstrated that the baicalin, bioactive compound of WSBE, was able to penetrate into the skin following topical application, which was confirmed by the HPLC analysis using rat model. Taken together, topical application of WSBE exerts beneficial effects in contact dermatitis model, suggesting that WSBE might be a candidate for the treatment of contact dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Won Kim
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Mook Choi
- b Graduated School of the New Drug Development, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Seok Kim
- c Central Research Institutes, Hawon Pharmaceutical , Jangheung-gun 529-851 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Son
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lim
- d Huons Research Institutes, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University , Ansan 426-791 , Republic of Korea
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Saarnilehto M, Chapman H, Savinko T, Lindstedt K, Lauerma AI, Koivisto A. Contact sensitizer 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene is a highly potent human TRPA1 agonist. Allergy 2014; 69:1424-7. [PMID: 25041656 DOI: 10.1111/all.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) is widely used in human clinical studies and in experimental animal studies to evoke allergic contact dermatitis. 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene is a potent immunogen capable of inducing contact sensitization in all humans exposed. However, the mechanism by which DNCB evokes such symptoms is presently unknown. TRPA1 is a nonselective cation channel that is expressed in peptidergic sensory neurons and fibroblasts. TRPA1 activation was recently implicated in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis especially in transducing cutaneous itch signals. Here, we test the hypothesis that DNCB acts as a TRPA1 agonist and thereby evokes allergic symptoms. We found that DNCB activates human TRPA1 dose dependently in FLIPR experiments with an EC50 of 167 nM, an effect that was fully blocked by selective TRPA1 antagonists Chembridge-5861528 and A-967079. Similarly, DNCB activated nonselective TRPA1 current in patch clamp studies. Neutralization of 3 critical cysteines in TRPA1 resulted in a loss of DNCB agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Chapman
- In Vitro Biology; R&D; Orion Pharma; Turku Finland
| | - T. Savinko
- Institute of Biotechnology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | | | - A. I. Lauerma
- Department of Dermatology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - A. Koivisto
- In Vitro Biology; R&D; Orion Pharma; Turku Finland
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Park G, Kim HG, Lim S, Lee W, Sim Y, Oh MS. Coriander alleviates 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced contact dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. J Med Food 2014; 17:862-8. [PMID: 24963872 PMCID: PMC4126273 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) is a pattern of inflammatory responses in the skin that occurs through contact with external factors. The clinical picture is a polymorphic pattern of skin inflammation characterized by a wide range of clinical features, including itching, redness, scaling, and erythema. Coriandrum sativum L. (CS), commonly known as coriander, is a member of the Apiaceae family and is cultivated throughout the world for its nutritional and culinary values. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid in CS have various pharmacological activities. However, no study of the inhibitory effects of CS on CD has been reported. In this study, we demonstrated the protective effect of CS against 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced CD-like skin lesions. CS, at doses of 0.5-1%, applied to the dorsal skin inhibited the development of CD-like skin lesions. Moreover, the Th2-mediated inflammatory cytokines, immunoglobulin E, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, and IL-13, were significantly reduced. In addition, CS increased the levels of total glutathione and heme oxygenase-1 protein. Thus, CS can inhibit the development of CD-like skin lesions in mice by regulating immune mediators and may be an effective alternative therapy for contact diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhyuk Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Geun Kim
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soonmin Lim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonil Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeomoon Sim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School and Kyung Hee East-West Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Goebel C, Troutman J, Hennen J, Rothe H, Schlatter H, Gerberick GF, Blömeke B. Introduction of a methoxymethyl side chain into p-phenylenediamine attenuates its sensitizing potency and reduces the risk of allergy induction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 274:480-7. [PMID: 24333256 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The strong sensitizing potencies of the most important primary intermediates of oxidative hair dyes, p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and p-toluylenediamine (PTD, i.e. 2-methyl-PPD) are well established. They are considered as the key sensitizers in hair dye allergic contact dermatitis. While modification of their molecular structure is expected to alter their sensitizing properties, it may also impair their color performance. With introduction of a methoxymethyl side chain we found the primary intermediate 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine (ME-PPD) with excellent hair coloring performance but significantly reduced sensitizing properties compared to PPD and PTD: In vitro, ME-PPD showed an attenuated innate immune response when analyzed for its protein reactivity and dendritic cell activation potential. In vivo, the effective concentration of ME-PPD necessary to induce an immune response 3-fold above vehicle control (EC3 value) in the local lymph node assay (LLNA) was 4.3%, indicating a moderate skin sensitizing potency compared to values of 0.1 and 0.17% for PPD and PTD, respectively. Finally, assessing the skin sensitizing potency of ME-PPD under consumer hair dye usage conditions through a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) indicated an allergy induction risk negligible compared to PPD or PTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Goebel
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety and Communications, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - John Troutman
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jenny Hennen
- Dept. of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Helga Rothe
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety and Communications, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Schlatter
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety and Communications, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G Frank Gerberick
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Wong CM, Marcocci L, Das D, Wang X, Luo H, Zungu-Edmondson M, Suzuki YJ. Mechanism of protein decarbonylation. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1126-1133. [PMID: 24044890 PMCID: PMC3859829 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ligand/receptor stimulation of cells promotes protein carbonylation that is followed by the decarbonylation process, which might involve thiol-dependent reduction (C.M. Wong et al., Circ. Res. 102:301-318; 2008). This study further investigated the properties of this protein decarbonylation mechanism. We found that the thiol-mediated reduction of protein carbonyls is dependent on heat-labile biologic components. Cysteine and glutathione were efficient substrates for decarbonylation. Thiols decreased the protein carbonyl content, as detected by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, but not the levels of malondialdehyde or 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts. Mass spectrometry identified proteins that undergo thiol-dependent decarbonylation, which include peroxiredoxins. Peroxiredoxin-2 and -6 were carbonylated and subsequently decarbonylated in response to the ligand/receptor stimulation of cells. siRNA knockdown of glutaredoxin inhibited the decarbonylation of peroxiredoxin. These results strengthen the concept that thiol-dependent decarbonylation defines the kinetics of protein carbonylation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Lucia Marcocci
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dividutta Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xinhong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haibei Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Yuichiro J Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Emter R, van der Veen JW, Adamson G, Ezendam J, van Loveren H, Natsch A. Gene expression changes induced by skin sensitizers in the KeratinoSens™ cell line: Discriminating Nrf2-dependent and Nrf2-independent events. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2225-32. [PMID: 24055896 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The KeratinoSens™ assay is an in vitro screen for the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. It is based on a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the antioxidant response element of the aldoketoreductase gene AKR1C2. The transferability, reproducibility, and predictivity of the KeratinoSens™ assay have been investigated in detail and it is currently under assessment at the European Center for Validation of Alternatives to animal testing (ECVAM). Here we investigate the sensitizer-induced gene expression in the KeratinoSens™ cell line at the mRNA level and discriminate Nrf2-dependent and Nrf2-independent events by using siRNA to better characterize this test system at the molecular level. The results show that (i) the sensitizer-induced luciferase signal in KeratinoSens™ cells is completely dependent on Nrf2. The same holds true for the luciferase induction observed for the false positive chemical Tween80, indicating that the false positive result is not due to recruitment of an alternative transcription factor. (ii) Luciferase induction parallels the induction of endogenous Nrf2-dependent genes, indicating that the luciferase signal is representative for the sensitizer-induced Nrf2-response. (iii) The induction by sensitizers of additional genetic markers related to heat shock proteins and cellular stress could be reproduced in the KeratinoSens™ cell line and they were shown to be Nrf2-independent. These results confirm that the KeratinoSens™ cell line is a rapid and adequate screening tool to assess the sensitizer-induced Nrf2-response in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Emter
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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Saito K, Nukada Y, Takenouchi O, Miyazawa M, Sakaguchi H, Nishiyama N. Development of a new in vitro skin sensitization assay (Epidermal Sensitization Assay; EpiSensA) using reconstructed human epidermis. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2213-24. [PMID: 23999411 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent changes in regulatory requirements and social views on animal testing have accelerated the development of reliable alternative tests for predicting skin sensitizing potential of chemicals. In this study, we aimed to develop a new in vitro skin sensitization assay using reconstructed human epidermis, RhE model, which is expected to have broader applicability domain rather than existing in vitro assays. Microarray analysis revealed that the expression of five genes (ATF3, DNAJB4, GCLM, HSPA6 and HSPH1) related to cellular stress response were significantly up-regulated in RhE model after 6h treatment with representative skin sensitizers, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and oxazolone, but not a non-sensitizer, benzalkonium chloride. The predictive performance of five genes was examined with eight skin sensitizers (e.g., cinnamic aldehyde), four non-sensitizers (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate) and four pre-/pro-haptens (e.g., p-phenylenediamine, isoeugenol). When the positive criteria were set to obtain the highest accuracy with the animal testing (LLNA), ATF3, DNAJB4 and GCLM exhibited a high predictive accuracy (100%, 93.8% and 87.5%, respectively). All tested pre-/pro-haptens were correctly predicted by both ATF3 and DNAJB4. These results suggested that the RhE-based assay, termed epidermal sensitization assay (EpiSensA), could be an useful skin sensitization assay with a broad applicability domain including pre-/pro-haptens.
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