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Hager E, Chen J, Zhao L. Minireview: Parabens Exposure and Breast Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1873. [PMID: 35162895 PMCID: PMC8834979 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that environmental exposure to chemicals, such as endocrine-disruptive chemicals (EDCs), contributes to the development of breast cancer. Parabens are a group of EDCs commonly found in personal care products, foods, and pharmaceuticals. Systemic exposure to parabens has been confirmed by the ubiquitous detection of parabens in human blood and urine samples. Although evidence from in vivo and epidemiological studies linking parabens exposure to breast cancer is limited, the current evidence suggests that parabens may negatively interfere with some endocrine and intracrine targets relevant to breast carcinogenesis. So far, most studies have focused on a single paraben's effects and the direct modulating effects on estrogen receptors or the androgen receptor in vitro. Recent studies have revealed that parabens can modulate local estrogen-converting enzymes, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 and increase local estrogen levels. Also, parabens can crosstalk with the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) pathway and work with ER signaling to increase pro-oncogenic c-Myc expression in ER+/HER2+ breast cancer cells. Future studies investigating paraben mixtures and their crosstalk with other EDCs or signaling pathways both in vitro and in vivo in the context of breast cancer development are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hager
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
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Mottinelli M, Sinreih M, Rižner TL, Leese MP, Potter BVL. N-Phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: An Alternative Scaffold for the Design of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:259-291. [PMID: 33151004 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases catalyse interconversion at the C17 position between oxidized and reduced forms of steroidal nuclear receptor ligands. The type 1 enzyme, expressed in malignant cells, catalyses reduction of the less-active estrone to estradiol, and inhibitors have therapeutic potential in estrogen-dependent diseases such as breast and ovarian cancers and in endometriosis. Synthetic decoration of the nonsteroidal N-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) template was pursued by using Pomeranz-Fritsch-Bobbitt, Pictet-Spengler and Bischler-Napieralski approaches to explore the viability of this scaffold as a steroid mimic. Derivatives were evaluated biologically in vitro as type 1 enzyme inhibitors in a bacterial cell homogenate as source of recombinant protein. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. THIQs possessing a 6-hydroxy group, lipophilic substitutions at the 1- or 4-positions in combination with N-4'-chlorophenyl substitution were most favourable for activity. Of these, one compound had an IC50 of ca. 350 nM as a racemate, testifying to the applicability of this novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mottinelli
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK.,Present address: Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maša Sinreih
- Institute of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea L Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mathew P Leese
- Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Drug Discovery & Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,Wolfson Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK
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3
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Drzewiecka H, Jarmołowska-Jurczyszyn D, Kluk A, Gałęcki B, Dyszkiewicz W, Jagodziński PP. Altered expression of 17‑β‑hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and its prognostic significance in non‑small cell lung cancer. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1352-1372. [PMID: 32236582 PMCID: PMC7170045 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported that oestrogens may contribute to the development of non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although different steroidogenic enzymes have been detected in the lung, the precise mechanism leading to an exaggerated accumulation of active oestrogens in NSCLC remains unexplained. 17 β Hydroxysteroid dehydro genase type 2 (HSD17B2) is an enzyme involved in oestrogen and androgen inactivation by converting 17 β oestradiol into oestrone, and testosterone into 4 androstenedione. Therefore, the enzyme serves an important role in regulation of the intra cellular availability of active sex steroids. This study aimed to determine the expression levels of HSD17B2 in lung cancer (LC) and adjacent histopathologically unchanged tissues obtained from 161 patients with NSCLC, and to analyse the association of HSD17B2 with clinicopathological features. For that purpose, reverse transcription quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were conducted. The results revealed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of HSD17B2 were significantly decreased in LC tissues compared with matched controls (P<10 6). Conversely, strong cytoplasmic staining of HSD17B2 was detected in the unchanged respiratory epithelium and in glandular cells. Notably, a strong association was detected between reduced HSD17B2 expression and advanced tumour stage, grade and size. Furthermore, it was revealed that HSD17B2 may have potential prognostic significance in NSCLC. A log-rank test revealed the benefit of high HSD17B2 protein expression for the overall survival (OS) of patients (P=0.0017), and multivariate analysis confirmed this finding (hazard ratio=0.21; 95% confidence interval=0.07-0.63; P=0.0043). Stratified analysis in the Kaplan Meier Plotter database indicated that patients with higher HSD17B2 expression presented better OS and post-progression survival. This beneficial effect was particularly evident in patients with adenocarcinoma and during the early stages of NSCLC. Decreased expression of HSD17B2 appears to be a frequent feature in NSCLC. Retrospective analysis suggests that the HSD17B2 mRNA and protein status might be independent prognostic factors in NSCLC and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Drzewiecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Kluk
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Gałęcki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑569 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dyszkiewicz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑569 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł P Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznan, Poland
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Collin LJ, Ulrichsen SP, Ahern TP, Goodman M, McCullough LE, Waller LA, Bang Christensen K, Damkier P, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Lauridsen KL, Yacoub R, Christiansen PM, Ejlertsen B, Sørensen HT, Cronin-Fenton DP, Lash TL. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1:2 and breast cancer recurrence: a Danish population-based study. Acta Oncol 2020; 59:329-333. [PMID: 31671023 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2019.1684560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J. Collin
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sinna P. Ulrichsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas P. Ahern
- Department of Surgery, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Michael Goodman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lauren E. McCullough
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lance A. Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Per Damkier
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Rami Yacoub
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peer M. Christiansen
- Breast Unit, Aarhus University Hospital/Randers Regional Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Danish Breast Cancer Group, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Timothy L. Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Romero SAD, Su HI, Satagopan J, Li QS, Seluzicki CM, Dries A, DeMichele AM, Mao JJ. Clinical and genetic risk factors for aromatase inhibitor-associated arthralgia in breast cancer survivors. Breast 2019; 49:48-54. [PMID: 31678641 PMCID: PMC7375589 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthralgia is a common and debilitating toxicity of aromatase inhibitors (AI) that leads to premature drug discontinuation. We sought to evaluate the clinical and genetic risk factors associated with AI-associated arthralgia (AIAA). METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study among postmenopausal women with stage 0-III breast cancer who were prescribed a third-generation AI for adjuvant therapy. The primary outcome was patient-reported AIAA occurrence. We extracted and assayed germline DNA for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes implicated in estrogen and inflammation pathways. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between demographic, clinical, and genetic factors and AIAA. Analyses were restricted to White participants. RESULTS Among 1049 White participants, 543 (52%) reported AIAA. In multivariable analyses, women who had a college education [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.49, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.00-2.20], had a more recent transition into menopause (<10 years) (5-10 years AOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.09-2.22; <5 years AOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.18-2.67), were within one year of starting AIs (AOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.08-2.40), and those who received chemotherapy (AOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.02-1.88) were significantly more likely to report AIAA. Additionally, SNP rs11648233 (HSD17B2) was significantly associated with higher odds of AIAA (AOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.55-3.16). CONCLUSIONS Time since menopause and start of AIs, prior chemotherapy, and SNP rs11648233 within the HSD17B2 gene in the estrogen pathway were significantly associated with patient-reported AIAA. These findings suggest that clinical and genetic factors involved in estrogen withdrawal increase the risk of AIAA in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A D Romero
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center, 1429 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - H Irene Su
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jaya Satagopan
- Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Q Susan Li
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center, 1429 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Christina M Seluzicki
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center, 1429 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Annika Dries
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Angela M DeMichele
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Jun J Mao
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center, 1429 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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Depypere HT, Stanczyk FZ, Croubels S, Blondeel PN, Roche NA, Depypere BP, Vanhaecke L. Breast levonorgestrel concentrations in women using a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Contraception 2019; 100:299-301. [PMID: 31302122 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure breast tissue and serum LNG concentrations in women using a LNG-IUS. STUDY DESIGN This pilot study was performed in 25 healthy women undergoing breast surgery at the Ghent University hospital. LNG concentrations were measured in serum and microdissected breast tissue samples using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay. RESULT(S) The mean LNG concentration in the 18 LNG-IUS users was 0.18±0.16 ng/mL in serum and 0.26±0.28 ng/g in breast tissue. For four women without any form of hormonal contraceptive (the negative controls), the mean concentrations were below the limit of quantification, i.e., 0.15 ng/mL and 0.20 ng/g, for serum and breast tissue, respectively. For the three positive controls the concentrations in the serum (20.5 and 3.4 ng/ml) and the breast (3.74 and 1.24 ng/g) were respectively for the 20 μg EE/100 μg users and 315 pg/ml in the serum and 1.17 ng/g in the breast for the minipill user. The intracellular free fraction of LNG may be as low as 0.008 ng/g. CONCLUSION(S) The concentration of LNG in breast epithelium cells in women using the LNG-IUS is very low. IMPLICATIONS The relationship between the serum and breast tissue levels of LNG was studied in women using a LNG-IUS or oral LNG-containing contraception. Compared to oral contraception, the tissue levels of LNG in LNG-IUS users are much lower in the breast. It is not known what level of LNG exposure in the breast would stimulate RANKL and WNT4 expression; such information is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman T Depypere
- Breast and Menopause Clinic, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Phillip N Blondeel
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie A Roche
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernard P Depypere
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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McNamara KM, Sasano H. The role of 17βHSDs in breast tissue and breast cancers. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:32-44. [PMID: 30408503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The family of seventeen beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes has a long and diverse history in breast and breast cancer research. Given the known dependence of the breast on steroid signalling and intracrine steroid metabolism these enzymes are considered to be essential local fine tuners of overall steroid balance in the tissue. This review will cover the current state of knowledge regarding the expression, clinical effect and biological regulation of enzymes in both cancerous and normal states. In addition we will also cover the current state of knowledge regarding 17βHSD actions in the often neglected adipose and stromal components of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely May McNamara
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Graduate Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan
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8
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Heinosalo T, Saarinen N, Poutanen M. Role of hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase type 1 in reproductive tissues and hormone-dependent diseases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:9-31. [PMID: 30149044 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal synthesis and metabolism of sex steroids is involved in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, such as endometriosis and cancers arising from the breast and uterus. Steroid biosynthesis is a multistep enzymatic process proceeding from cholesterol to highly active sex steroids via different intermediates. Human Hydroxysteroid (17beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD17B1) enzyme shows a high capacity to produce the highly active estrogen, estradiol, from a precursor hormone, estrone. However, the enzyme may also play a role in other steps of the steroid biosynthesis pathway. In this article, we have reviewed the literature on HSD17B1, and summarize the role of the enzyme in hormone-dependent diseases in women as evidenced by preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija Heinosalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Niina Saarinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bhardwaj P, Au CC, Benito-Martin A, Ladumor H, Oshchepkova S, Moges R, Brown KA. Estrogens and breast cancer: Mechanisms involved in obesity-related development, growth and progression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:161-170. [PMID: 30851382 PMCID: PMC6502693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer after menopause. The pro-proliferative effects of estrogens are well characterized and there is a growing body of evidence to also suggest an important role in tumorigenesis. Importantly, obesity not only increases the risk of breast cancer, but it also increases the risk of recurrence and cancer-associated death. Aromatase is the rate-limiting enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis and its expression in breast adipose stromal cells is hypothesized to drive the growth of breast tumors and confer resistance to endocrine therapy in obese postmenopausal women. The molecular regulation of aromatase has been characterized in response to many obesity-related molecules, including inflammatory mediators and adipokines. This review is aimed at providing an overview of our current knowledge in relation to the regulation of estrogens in adipose tissue and their role in driving breast tumor development, growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - CheukMan C Au
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - Heta Ladumor
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ruth Moges
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Kristy A Brown
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Androgens have been implicated in prostate growth; however, the role of androgens in prostate cancer development is not clear. Furthermore, studies suggest a role for androgens in female-hormone-dependent cancers and common nonhormone dependent cancers. This study aims to review key studies and more recent studies of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and cancer risk. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiological studies are reassuring as they have not associated endogenous androgens with prostate cancer risk. Intraprostatic regulation of DHT is becoming recognized as an important area of research to clarify the role of DHT in prostate cancer development. In females, further understanding of intracrine regulation of sex hormones and interactions between androgens and estrogens in influencing breast and endometrial cancer risk are required. Studies show a signal for DHT in modulating lung and colorectal cancer growth; however, research in this area is relatively scarce and further studies are required to clarify these associations. SUMMARY Although concerns of prostate cancer risk remain, there is also potential for androgens to modulate the growth and development of other common cancers. Further research is required as this may have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi X Chan
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Expression Is Induced by Androgen Signaling in Endometrial Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041139. [PMID: 29642629 PMCID: PMC5979403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common female pelvic cancers and has been considered an androgen-related malignancy. Several studies have demonstrated the anti-cell proliferative effect of androgen on endometrial cancer cells; however, the mechanisms of the anti-cancer effect of androgen remain largely unclear. 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2), which catalyzes the conversion of E2 to E1, is known to be upregulated by androgen treatment in breast cancer cells. In this study, we therefore focused on the role of androgen on estrogen dependence in endometrial cancer. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was found to induce 17β-HSD2 mRNA and protein expression in HEC-1B endometrial cancer cells. DHT could also inhibit cell proliferation of HEC-1B when induced by estradiol treatment. In 19 endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (EEA) tissues, intratumoral DHT concentration was measured by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and was found to be significantly correlated with 17β-HSD2 immunohistochemical status. We further examined the correlations between 17β-HSD2 immunoreactivity and clinicopathological parameters in 53 EEA tissues. 17β-HSD2 status was inversely associated with the histological grade, clinical stage, and cell proliferation marker Ki-67, and positively correlated with progesterone receptor expression. 17β-HSD2 status tended to be positively associated with androgen receptor status. In 53 EEA cases, the 17β-HSD2-positive group tended to have better prognosis than that for the negative group with respect to progression-free survival and endometrial cancer-specific survival. These findings suggest that androgen suppresses the estrogen dependence of endometrial cancer through the induction of 17β-HSD2 in endometrial cancer.
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Järvensivu P, Heinosalo T, Hakkarainen J, Kronqvist P, Saarinen N, Poutanen M. HSD17B1 expression induces inflammation-aided rupture of mammary gland myoepithelium. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:393-406. [PMID: 29371331 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD17B1) converts low-active estrogen estrone to highly active estradiol. Estradiol is necessary for normal postpubertal mammary gland development; however, elevated estradiol levels increase mammary tumorigenesis. To investigate the significance of the human HSD17B1 enzyme in the mammary gland, transgenic mice universally overexpressing human HSD17B1 were used (HSD17B1TG mice). Mammary glands obtained from HSD17B1TG females at different ages were investigated for morphology and histology, and HSD17B1 activity and estrogen receptor activation in mammary gland tissue were assessed. To study the significance of HSD17B1 enzyme expression locally in mammary gland tissue, HSD17B1-expressing mammary epithelium was transplanted into cleared mammary fat pads of wild-type females, and the effects on mammary gland estradiol production, epithelial cells and the myoepithelium were investigated. HSD17B1TG females showed increased estrone to estradiol conversion and estrogen-response element-driven estrogen receptor signaling in mammary gland tissue, and they showed extensive lobuloalveolar development that was further enhanced by age along with an increase in serum prolactin concentrations. At old age, HSD17B1TG females developed mammary cancers. Mammary-restricted HSD17B1 expression induced lesions at the sites of ducts and alveoli, accompanied by peri- and intraductal inflammation and disruption of the myoepithelial cell layer. The lesions were shown to be estrogen dependent, as treatment with an antiestrogen, ICI 182,780, starting when lesions were already established reversed the phenotype. These data elucidate the ability of human HSD17B1 to enhance estrogen action in the mammary gland in vivo and indicate that HSD17B1 is a factor inducing phenotypic alterations associated with mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Järvensivu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taija Heinosalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Janne Hakkarainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauliina Kronqvist
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, University of Turku and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Niina Saarinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Hilborn E, Stål O, Jansson A. Estrogen and androgen-converting enzymes 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and their involvement in cancer: with a special focus on 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, 2, and breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30552-30562. [PMID: 28430630 PMCID: PMC5444764 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones such as estrogens and androgens are involved in the development and differentiation of the breast tissue. The activity and concentration of sex steroids is determined by the availability from the circulation, and on local conversion. This conversion is primarily mediated by aromatase, steroid sulfatase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. In postmenopausal women, this is the primary source of estrogens in the breast. Up to 70-80% of all breast cancers express the estrogen receptor-α, responsible for promoting the growth of the tissue. Further, 60-80% express the androgen receptor, which has been shown to have tissue protective effects in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer, and a more ambiguous response in estrogen receptor negative breast cancers. In this review, we summarize the function and clinical relevance in cancer for 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 1, which facilitates the reduction of estrone to estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone to androstendiol and dihydrotestosterone to 3α- and 3β-diol as well as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 2 which mediates the oxidation of estradiol to estrone, testosterone to androstenedione and androstendiol to dehydroepiandrosterone. The expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 1 and 2 alone and in combination has been shown to predict patient outcome, and inhibition of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 1 has been proposed to be a prime candidate for inhibition in patients who develop aromatase inhibitor resistance or in combination with aromatase inhibitors as a first line treatment. Here we review the status of inhibitors against 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 1. In addition, we review the involvement of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 4, 5, 7, and 14 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hilborn
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Olle Stål
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Agneta Jansson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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14
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Engeli RT, Rohrer SR, Vuorinen A, Herdlinger S, Kaserer T, Leugger S, Schuster D, Odermatt A. Interference of Paraben Compounds with Estrogen Metabolism by Inhibition of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18092007. [PMID: 28925944 PMCID: PMC5618656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18092007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Parabens are effective preservatives widely used in cosmetic products and processed food, with high human exposure. Recent evidence suggests that parabens exert estrogenic effects. This work investigated the potential interference of parabens with the estrogen-activating enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) 1 and the estrogen-inactivating 17β-HSD2. A ligand-based 17β-HSD2 pharmacophore model was applied to screen a cosmetic chemicals database, followed by in vitro testing of selected paraben compounds for inhibition of 17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2 activities. All tested parabens and paraben-like compounds, except their common metabolite p-hydroxybenzoic acid, inhibited 17β-HSD2. Ethylparaben and ethyl vanillate inhibited 17β-HSD2 with IC50 values of 4.6 ± 0.8 and 1.3 ± 0.3 µM, respectively. Additionally, parabens size-dependently inhibited 17β-HSD1, whereby hexyl- and heptylparaben were most active with IC50 values of 2.6 ± 0.6 and 1.8 ± 0.3 µM. Low micromolar concentrations of hexyl- and heptylparaben decreased 17β-HSD1 activity, and ethylparaben and ethyl vanillate decreased 17β-HSD2 activity. However, regarding the very rapid metabolism of these compounds to the inactive p-hydroxybenzoic acid by esterases, it needs to be determined under which conditions low micromolar concentrations of these parabens or their mixtures can occur in target cells to effectively disturb estrogen effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger T Engeli
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Simona R Rohrer
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Vuorinen
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sonja Herdlinger
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Susanne Leugger
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Chen J, Feng W, Zhao Y. Secretory expression, purification and functional characterization of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 from mammalian HEK293T cells. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 137:52-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Hilborn E, Stål O, Alexeyenko A, Jansson A. The regulation of hydroxysteroid 17β-dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 gene expression in breast cancer cell lines by estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, microRNAs, and genes related to breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62183-62194. [PMID: 28977936 PMCID: PMC5617496 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of estrogen, androgen, microRNAs, and genes implicated in breast cancer on the expression of HSD17B1 and HSD17B2. MATERIALS Breast cancer cell lines ZR-75-1, MCF7, T47D, SK-BR-3, and the immortalized epithelial cell line MCF10A were used. Cells were treated either with estradiol or dihydrotestosterone for 6, 24, 48 hours, or 7 days or treated with miRNAs or siRNAs predicted to influence HSD17B expression Results and discussion. Estradiol treatment decreased HSD17B1 expression and had a time-dependent effect on HSD17B2 expression. This effect was lost in estrogen receptor-α down-regulated or negative cell lines. Dihydrotestosterone treatment increased HSD17B2 expression, with limited effect on HSD17B1 expression. No effect was seen in cells without AR or in combination with the AR inhibitor hydroxyflutamide. The miRNA-17 up-regulated HSD17B1, while miRNA-210 and miRNA-7-5p had up- and down-regulatory effect and miRNA-1304-3p reduced HSD17B1 expression. The miRNA-204-5p, 498, 205-3p and 579-3p reduced HSD17B2 expression. Downregulation of CX3CL1, EPHB6, and TP63 increased HSD17B1 and HSD17B2 expression, while GREB1 downregulation suppressed HSD17B1 and promoted HSD17B2 expression. CONCLUSION We show that HSD17B1 and HSD17B2 are controlled by estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, and miRNAs, as well as modulated by several breast cancer-related genes, which could have future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hilborn
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Olle Stål
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andrey Alexeyenko
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Agneta Jansson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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17
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The endocrine disrupting alkylphenols and 4,4'-DDT interfere with estrogen conversion and clearance by mouse liver cytosol. Reprod Biol 2017; 17:185-192. [PMID: 28532594 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are ubiquitous compounds known for negative impacts on reproductive functions and for increasing cancer risk. EDCs are believed to cause the harmful effects in part through their inappropriate low-affinity binding to steroid receptors and other possible non-receptor mediated paradigms, however there is a need to further elucidate other mechanisms involving the direct and indirect impact of EDCs on reproductive functions. We examined the metabolism of 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) by cell-free hepatic cytosol in the presence of alkylphenols (nonylphenol/NP and 4-tert-octylphenol/tOP), Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4'-DDT) and other EDCs. Tandem liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was utilized to quantitatively assess the impact of each EDC on estrogen clearance, inter-conversions and downstream metabolism by mouse liver cytosol. The results revealed that NP and tOP (0.1-3μg/mL) significantly reduced the hepatic cytosol clearance and biotransformation of estrogens with inclination for accumulating E2, the stronger estrogen form, than E1. Alkylphenols also caused up to a 34-fold increase in the E2/E1 ratio possibly by suppressing the hepatic E2→E1 conversion by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17βHSD) types 2, 4 while displaying a weaker inhibition of E1→E2 conversion by type 1, 17βHSD. On the other hand, the pesticide 4,4'-DDT was a weaker inhibitor of clearance of estrogens by the cytosol preparations when compared to alkylphenols, whereas chemicals such as phthalates and atrazine were ineffective. Our data suggest that exposure to NP, tOP and DDT can indirectly increase the estrogenic load by suppressing the hepatic clearance of estrogens and by elevating the E2/1 ratio and could therefore increase the risk of reproductive lesions.
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18
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Vuorinen A, Engeli RT, Leugger S, Bachmann F, Akram M, Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Temml V, Stuppner H, Krenn L, Ateba SB, Njamen D, Davis RA, Odermatt A, Schuster D. Potential Antiosteoporotic Natural Product Lead Compounds That Inhibit 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:965-974. [PMID: 28319389 PMCID: PMC5411959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17β-HSD2) converts the active steroid hormones estradiol, testosterone, and 5α-dihydrotestosterone into their weakly active forms estrone, Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione, and 5α-androstane-3,17-dione, respectively, thereby regulating cell- and tissue-specific steroid action. As reduced levels of active steroids are associated with compromised bone health and onset of osteoporosis, 17β-HSD2 is considered a target for antiosteoporotic treatment. In this study, a pharmacophore model based on 17β-HSD2 inhibitors was applied to a virtual screening of various databases containing natural products in order to discover new lead structures from nature. In total, 36 hit molecules were selected for biological evaluation. Of these compounds, 12 inhibited 17β-HSD2 with nanomolar to low micromolar IC50 values. The most potent compounds, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (1), IC50 0.38 ± 0.04 μM, (-)-dihydroguaiaretic acid (4), IC50 0.94 ± 0.02 μM, isoliquiritigenin (6), IC50 0.36 ± 0.08 μM, and ethyl vanillate (12), IC50 1.28 ± 0.26 μM, showed 8-fold or higher selectivity over 17β-HSD1. As some of the identified compounds belong to the same structural class, structure-activity relationships were derived for these molecules. Thus, this study describes new 17β-HSD2 inhibitors from nature and provides insights into the binding pocket of 17β-HSD2, offering a promising starting point for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vuorinen
- Division
of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, University
of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger T. Engeli
- Division
of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, University
of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Leugger
- Division
of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, University
of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Bachmann
- Division
of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, University
of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Computer-Aided
Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, and Institute of
Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A Street, 05-552, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Computer-Aided
Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, and Institute of
Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Temml
- Computer-Aided
Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, and Institute of
Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Computer-Aided
Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, and Institute of
Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvin B. Ateba
- Laboratory
of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology,
Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde
I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Dieudonné Njamen
- Laboratory
of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology,
Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde
I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Rohan A. Davis
- Griffith
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division
of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, University
of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Biochemistry:
A. Odermatt, Tel: +41 (0)61 267 15 30. Fax: +41
(0)61 267 15 15.
E-mail:
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided
Molecular Design Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, and Institute of
Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Molecular modeling: D. Schuster,
Tel: +43-512-507-58253. Fax: +43-512-507-58299. E-mail:
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19
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Au CC, Furness JB, Brown KA. Ghrelin and Breast Cancer: Emerging Roles in Obesity, Estrogen Regulation, and Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 6:265. [PMID: 28119851 PMCID: PMC5220482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Local and systemic factors have been shown to drive the growth of breast cancer cells in postmenopausal obese women, who have increased risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Estrogens, produced locally in the breast fat by the enzyme aromatase, have an important role in promoting cancer cell proliferation. Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide hormone, may also influence cancer growth. This peptide is produced in the stomach and acts centrally to regulate appetite and growth hormone release. Circulating levels of ghrelin, and its unacylated form, des-acyl ghrelin, are almost always inversely correlated with obesity, and these peptide hormones have recently been shown to inhibit adipose tissue aromatase expression. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin have also been shown to be produced by some tumor cells and influence tumor growth. The ghrelin/des-acyl ghrelin–cancer axis is complex, one reason being that tumor cells have been shown to express splice variants of ghrelin, and ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin might act at receptors other than the cognate ghrelin receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a, in tumors. Effects of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin on energy homeostasis may also affect tumor development and growth. This review will summarize our current understanding of the role of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in hormone-dependent cancers, breast cancer in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- CheukMan Cherie Au
- Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | - Kristy A Brown
- Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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20
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Ito K, Miki Y, Suzuki T, McNamara KM, Sasano H. In situ androgen and estrogen biosynthesis in endometrial cancer: focus on androgen actions and intratumoral production. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R323-35. [PMID: 27287451 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In situ estrogen biosynthesis is considered to play pivotal roles in the development and progression of human endometrial carcinoma. However, the biological roles of androgen have remained virtually unknown. Various epidemiological studies have revealed that elevated serum androgen levels are generally associated with an increased risk of developing endometrial carcinoma; however, studies directly examining androgens in carcinoma tissues are relatively rare and reviews summarizing this information are scarce. Therefore, we summarized recent studies on androgens in endometrial carcinoma, especially focusing androgen actions and in situ androgen biosynthesis. Among the enzymes required for local biosynthesis of androgen, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5 (conversion from androstenedione to testosterone) and 5α-reductase (reduction of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)) are the principal enzymes involved in the formation of biologically most potent androgen, DHT. Both enzymes and androgen receptor were expressed in endometrial carcinoma tissues, and in situ production of DHT has been reported to exist in endometrial carcinoma tissues. However, testosterone is not only a precursor of DHT production, but also a precursor of estradiol synthesis, as a substrate of the aromatase enzyme. Therefore, aromatase could be another key enzyme serving as a negative regulator for in situ production of DHT by reducing amounts of the precursor. In an in vitro study, DHT was reported to exert antiproliferative effects on endometrial carcinoma cells. Intracrine mechanisms of androgens, the downstream signals of AR, which are directly related to anticancer progression, and the clinical significance of DHT-AR pathway in the patients with endometrial carcinoma have, however, not been fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Ito
- Department of Disaster Obstetrics and GynecologyInternational Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Department of Disaster Obstetrics and GynecologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Disaster Obstetrics and GynecologyInternational Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and HistotechnologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keely May McNamara
- Department of PathologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of PathologyTohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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21
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Maltais R, Trottier A, Barbeau X, Lagüe P, Perreault M, Thériault JF, Lin SX, Poirier D. Impact of structural modifications at positions 13, 16 and 17 of 16β-(m-carbamoylbenzyl)-estradiol on 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibition and estrogenic activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 161:24-35. [PMID: 26519987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of four stereoisomers (compounds 5a-d) of 16β-(m-carbamoylbenzyl)-estradiol, a potent reversible inhibitor of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1), and two intermediates (compounds 3a and b) was performed. Assignment of all nuclear magnetic resonance signals confirmed the stereochemistry at positions 13, 16 and 17. Nuclear overhauser effects showed clear correlations supporting a C-ring chair conformation for 5a and b and a C-ring boat conformation for 5c and d. These compounds were tested as 17β-HSD1 inhibitors and to assess their proliferative activity on estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells (T-47D) and androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells (LAPC-4). Steroid derivative 5a showed the best inhibitory activity for the transformation of estrone to estradiol (95, 82 and 27%, at 10, 1 and 0.1μM, respectively), but like the other isomers 5c and d, it was found to be estrogenic. The intermediate 3a, however, was weakly estrogenic at 1μM, not at all at 0.1μM, and showed an interesting inhibitory potency on 17β-HSD1 (90, 59 and 22%, at 10, 1 and 0.1μM, respectively). As expected, no compound showed an androgenic activity. The binding modes for compounds 3a and b, 5a-d and CC-156 were evaluated from molecular modeling. While the non-polar interactions were conserved for all the inhibitors in their binding to 17β-HSD1, differences in polar interactions and in binding conformational energies correlated to the inhibitory potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Maltais
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec City, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Trottier
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec City, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Xavier Barbeau
- Département de chimie, Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Québec City, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO),Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Lagüe
- Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (PROTEO),Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Département de biochimie microbiologie et bio-informatique, Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Perreault
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec City, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Thériault
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec City, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sheng-Xiang Lin
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec City, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Research Center (CHUL, T4), Québec City, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
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22
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Promoter Methylation Status of Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene 1 and 17 Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Gene in Sporadic Breast Cancer Patients. Int J Breast Cancer 2016; 2016:9545241. [PMID: 27413552 PMCID: PMC4931089 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9545241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are involved in breast carcinogenesis. Identifying genes that are epigenetically silenced via methylation could select target patients for diagnostic as well as therapeutic potential. We assessed promoter methylation of breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) and 17 Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (17βHSD-1) in normal and cancer breast tissues of forty sporadic breast cancer (BC) cases using restriction enzyme based methylation-specific PCR (REMS-PCR). In cancerous tissues, BRCA1 and 17βHSD-1 were methylated in 42.5% and 97.5%, respectively, while normal tissues had 35% and 95% methylation, respectively. BRCA1 methylation in normal tissues was 12.2-fold more likely to associate with methylation in cancer tissues (p < 0.001). It correlated significantly with increased age at menopause, mitosis, the negative status of Her2, and the molecular subtype "luminal A" (p = 0.048, p = 0.042, p = 0.007, and p = 0.049, resp.). Methylation of BRCA1 and 17βHSD-1 related to luminal A subtype of breast cancer. Since a small proportion of normal breast epithelial cells had BRCA1 methylation, our preliminary findings suggest that methylation of BRCA1 may be involved in breast tumors initiation and progression; therefore, it could be used as a biomarker for the early detection of sporadic breast cancer. Methylation of 17βHSD-1 in normal and cancer tissue could save patients the long term use of adjuvant antiestrogen therapies.
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23
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Type 2 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase as a novel target for the treatment of osteoporosis. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:1431-56. [PMID: 26230882 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low estradiol level in postmenopausal women is implicated in osteoporosis, which occurs because of the high bone resorption rate. Estrogen formation is controlled by 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 17-β HSD enzymes, where 17-β HSD type 1 contributes in the formation of estradiol, while type 2 catalyzes its catabolism. Inhibiting 17-β HSD2 can help in increasing estradiol concentration. Several promising 17-β HSD2 inhibitors that can act at low nanomolar range have been identified. However, there are some specific challenges associated with the application of these compounds. Our review provides an up-to-date summary of the current status and recent progress in the production of 17-β HSD2 inhibitors as well as the future challenges in their clinical application.
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Wang X, Simpson ER, Brown KA. Aromatase overexpression in dysfunctional adipose tissue links obesity to postmenopausal breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015. [PMID: 26209254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The number of breast cancer cases has increased in the last a few decades and this is believed to be associated with the increased prevalence of obesity worldwide. The risk of breast cancer increases with age beyond menopause and the relationship between obesity and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women is well established. The majority of postmenopausal breast cancers are estrogen receptor (ER) positive and estrogens produced in the adipose tissue promotes tumor formation. Obesity results in the secretion of inflammatory factors that stimulate the expression of the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens into estrogens in the adipose tissue. Evidence demonstrating a link between obesity and breast cancer has led to the investigation of metabolic pathways as novel regulators of estrogen production, including pathways that can be targeted to inhibit aromatase specifically within the breast. This review aims to present some of the key findings in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyi Wang
- Metabolism & Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evan R Simpson
- Metabolism & Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristy A Brown
- Metabolism & Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Järvensivu P, Saloniemi-Heinonen T, Awosanya M, Koskimies P, Saarinen N, Poutanen M. HSD17B1 expression enhances estrogen signaling stimulated by the low active estrone, evidenced by an estrogen responsive element-driven reporter gene in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 234:126-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Determination of the topology of endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins using redox-sensitive green-fluorescence protein fusions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1672-82. [PMID: 25889538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are involved in a wide array of essential cellular functions. Identification of the topology of membrane proteins can provide significant insight into their mechanisms of action and biological roles. This is particularly important for membrane enzymes, since their topology determines the subcellular site where a biochemical reaction takes place and the dependence on luminal or cytosolic co-factor pools and substrates. The methods currently available for the determination of topology of proteins are rather laborious and require post-lysis or post-fixation manipulation of cells. In this work, we have developed a simple method for defining intracellular localization and topology of ER membrane proteins in living cells, based on the fusion of the respective protein with redox-sensitive green-fluorescent protein (roGFP). We validated the method and demonstrated that roGFP fusion proteins constitute a reliable tool for the study of ER membrane protein topology, using as control microsomal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) proteins whose topology has been resolved, and comparing with an independent approach. We then implemented this method to determine the membrane topology of six microsomal members of the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) family. The results revealed a luminal orientation of the catalytic site for three enzymes, i.e. 17β-HSD6, 7 and 12. Knowledge of the intracellular location of the catalytic site of these enzymes will enable future studies on their biological functions and on the role of the luminal co-factor pool.
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Identification of fused 16β,17β-oxazinone-estradiol derivatives as a new family of non-estrogenic 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:470-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Brodowska A, Brodowski J, Laszczyńska M, Słuczanowska-Głąbowska S, Rumianowski B, Rotter I, Starczewski A, Ratajczak MZ. Immunoexpression of aromatase cytochrome P450 and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in women's ovaries after menopause. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:52. [PMID: 24855493 PMCID: PMC4030461 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Menopause results in a lack of regular menstrual cycles, leading to the reduction of estrogen production. On the other hand, ovarian androgen synthesis is still present at reduced levels and requires expression of several steroidogenic enzymes. Methods This study was performed on 104 postmenopausal women hospitalized due to uterine leiomyomas, endometriosis, and/or a prolapsed uterus. Patients were divided into three groups depending on the time from menopause. Group A patients experienced menopause 1–5 years before enrollment in the study (42 women). Group B included women who had their last menstruation 5–10 years before the study (40 women). Group C consisted of 22 women who were more than 10 years past menopause. Hysterectomy or removal of the uterine corpus with adnexa was performed during laparotomy. We evaluated the expression of aromatase cytochrome P450 (CYP 19) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β HSD) by employing immunohistochemistry. Results Activity of 17β-HSD and CYP19 was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of stromal cells of postmenopausal ovaries, epithelium cells coating the ovaries, vascular endothelial cells, and epithelial inclusion cysts. However, overall expression of both 17β-HSD and CYP 19 decreased with time after menopause. Conclusion Demonstration of the activity of the key enzymes of ovarian steroidogenesis, CYP 19 and 17β-HSD, confirms steroidogenic activity in the ovaries of postmenopausal women. Nevertheless, ovarian steroidogenic activity decreases with time, and its significant decrease occurs 10 years after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Brodowska
- Department of Gynaecology and Urogynaecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Siedlecka 2, 72 - 010 Police, Poland
| | - Jacek Brodowski
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maria Laszczyńska
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Bogdan Rumianowski
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Iwona Rotter
- Laboratory of Medical Rehabilitation, Pomeranian Medical University, Grudziądzka 31, 70-103 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Starczewski
- Department of Gynaecology and Urogynaecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Siedlecka 2, 72 - 010 Police, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Department of Physiology Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland ; Stem Cell Biology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Maltais R, Ayan D, Trottier A, Barbeau X, Lagüe P, Bouchard JE, Poirier D. Discovery of a Non-Estrogenic Irreversible Inhibitor of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 from 3-Substituted-16β-(m-carbamoylbenzyl)-estradiol Derivatives. J Med Chem 2013; 57:204-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401639v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René Maltais
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec—Research
Center (CHUL, T4-42) and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec
City, Québec G1V
4G2, Canada
| | - Diana Ayan
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec—Research
Center (CHUL, T4-42) and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec
City, Québec G1V
4G2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Trottier
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec—Research
Center (CHUL, T4-42) and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec
City, Québec G1V
4G2, Canada
| | - Xavier Barbeau
- Département
de Chimie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et Des Systèmes
(IBIS), and Centre de Recherche sur la Fonction, la Structure et l’Ingénierie
des Protéines (PROTEO), Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Patrick Lagüe
- Département
de Biochimie Microbiologie et Bio-informatique, Institut de Biologie
Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), and Centre de Recherche
sur la Fonction, la Structure et l’Ingénierie des Protéines
(PROTEO), Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Bouchard
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec—Research
Center (CHUL, T4-42) and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec
City, Québec G1V
4G2, Canada
| | - Donald Poirier
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec—Research
Center (CHUL, T4-42) and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec
City, Québec G1V
4G2, Canada
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Cysteine-10 on 17 β -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 Has Stabilizing Interactions in the Cofactor Binding Region and Renders Sensitivity to Sulfhydryl Modifying Chemicals. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:769536. [PMID: 24348564 PMCID: PMC3855964 DOI: 10.1155/2013/769536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) catalyzes the conversion of estrone to the potent estrogen estradiol. 17β-HSD1 is highly expressed in breast and ovary tissues and represents a prognostic marker for the tumor progression and survival of patients with breast cancer and other estrogen-dependent tumors. Therefore, the enzyme is considered a promising drug target against estrogen-dependent cancers. For the development of novel inhibitors, an improved understanding of the structure-function relationships is essential. In the present study, we examined the role of a cysteine residue, Cys10, in the Rossmann-fold NADPH binding region, for 17β-HSD1 function and tested the sensitivity towards sulfhydryl modifying chemicals. 3D structure modeling revealed important interactions of Cys10 with residues involved in the stabilization of amino acids of the NADPH binding pocket. Analysis of enzyme activity revealed that 17β-HSD1 was irreversibly inhibited by the sulfhydryl modifying agents N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and dithiocarbamates. Preincubation with increasing concentrations of NADPH protected 17β-HSD1 from inhibition by these chemicals. Cys10Ser mutant 17β-HSD1 was partially protected from inhibition by NEM and dithiocarbamates, emphasizing the importance of Cys10 in the cofactor binding region. Substitution of Cys10 with serine resulted in a decreased protein half-life, without significantly altering kinetic properties. Despite the fact that Cys10 on 17β-HSD1 seems to have limited potential as a target for new enzyme inhibitors, the present study provides new insight into the structure-function relationships of this enzyme.
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Farhane S, Fournier MA, Poirier D. Chemical synthesis, characterisation and biological evaluation of lactonic-estradiol derivatives as inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:322-31. [PMID: 23685015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To control estradiol (E2) formation, we are interested in synthesizing inhibitors of 17β-hydroxyteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1). Since the results of docking experiments have shown that E2-lactone derivatives substituted in position 19 or 20 (E-ring) could generate interactions with the active site of the enzyme, we carried out their chemical synthesis. After having prepared the 16β,17β-γ-lactone-E2 in four steps starting from estrone (E1), we introduced the molecular diversity by adding a hydroxymethyl, a methylcarboxylate, a carboxy or an allyl group. The allyl derivative was used as a key intermediate to generate a hydroxyethyl side chain in α or β position. Two lactols were also obtained from two hydroxyalkyl lactones. Enzymatic assays revealed that lactone and lactol derivatives weakly inhibited 17β-HSD1 in homogenized HEK-293 cells overexpressing 17β-HSD1 (34-60% at 1 μM) and in intact T-47D cells expressing 17β-HSD1 (10-40% at 10 μM). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham Farhane
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CHU de Québec (CHUL) - Research Center and Laval University, Québec (Québec), G1V 4G2, Canada
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Justenhoven C, Obazee O, Brauch H. The pharmacogenomics of sex hormone metabolism: breast cancer risk in menopausal hormone therapy. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:659-75. [PMID: 22515609 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With women in western countries spending nearly one-third of their lifetime beyond menopause and a substantial number of these women facing severe menopausal symptoms, the goal of sex hormone pharmacogenomics is to promote the safe use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). This could be achieved by providing molecular predictors for the upfront stratification of women in need of relief from menopausal symptoms into those with a likely benefit from HRT and those with a contraindication due to an HRT-associated breast cancer risk or other adverse effects. An increasing knowledge base of sex hormone metabolism and its variability, HRT outcomes and breast cancer susceptibility, as well as emerging examples of pharmacogenomic predictors, underscore the potential relevance of genetic variations for HRT outcome. The genes responsible for the metabolism, signaling and action of sex hormones are at the heart of this research; however, pharmacogenomic investigation of their therapeutic effects due to the enormous complexity of the biological pathways involved is still in its infancy. This article discusses the current knowledge, challenges and potential future directions towards the goal of genotype-guided safer HRT use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Justenhoven
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart & University of Tübingen, Auerbachstrasse 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
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Sivik T, Jansson A. Progesterone and levonorgestrel regulate expression of 17βHSD-enzymes in progesterone receptor positive breast cancer cell line T47D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 422:109-13. [PMID: 22564730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with oestrogens and progestins in postmenopausal women has been associated with an increased risk for developing breast cancer. The reasons are not fully understood, but influence of HRT on endogenous conversion of female sex hormones may be involved. The expression of 17β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17βHSD), which are enzymes catalysing the conversion between more or less potent oestrogens, may partly be regulated by progestins. The breast cancer cell lines T47D, MCF7 and ZR75-1 were treated with progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) or levonorgestrel for 48 and 72 h at 10(-7) and 10(-9)M to investigate influence on 17βHSD1, 17βHSD2 and 17βHSD5 mRNA expression measured by real time PCR. The expression of 17βHSD1 increased in progesterone and levonorgestrel treated T47D cells (48 h 10(-7)M P=0.002; P<0.001) and 17βHSD5 increased after progesterone treatment (48 h 10(-7)M P=0.003), whereas the expression of 17βHSD2 decreased after the (48 h 10(-7)M P=0.003; P<0.001). Similar, but less prominent effects were seen in MCF7 and ZR75-1. The progestin effects on 17βHSD-expression were lost when T47D cells were co-treated with progestins and the progesterone receptor (PgR) inhibitor mifprestone. We show that both reductive (17βHSD1 and 17βHSD5) and oxidative (17βHSD2) members of the 17βHSD-family are under control of progesterone and progestins in breast cancer cell lines. This is most clear in T47D cells which have high PgR expression. 17βHSD-enzymes are important players in the regulation of sex steroids locally in breast tumours and tumoural expression of various 17βHSD-enzymes have prognostic and treatment predictive relevance. We propose a mechanism for increased breast cancer risk after HRT in which hormone replacement affects the expression of 17βHSD-enzymes, favouring the expression of reductive enzymes, which in turn could increase levels of bioactive and mitogenic estrogens in local tissue, e.g. breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Sivik
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Henn C, Einspanier A, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Frotscher M, Hartmann RW. Lead Optimization of 17β-HSD1 Inhibitors of the (Hydroxyphenyl)naphthol Sulfonamide Type for the Treatment of Endometriosis. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3307-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201735j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Henn
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus
C2 3, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical
Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Campus C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken,
Germany
| | - Almuth Einspanier
- Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, An den Tierkliniken
1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Martin Frotscher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus
C2 3, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus
C2 3, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical
Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Campus C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken,
Germany
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Rotinen M, Villar J, Encío I. Regulation of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in cancer: regulating steroid receptor at pre-receptor stage. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:461-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Negri M, Recanatini M, Hartmann RW. Computational investigation of the binding mode of bis(hydroxylphenyl)arenes in 17β-HSD1: molecular dynamics simulations, MM-PBSA free energy calculations, and molecular electrostatic potential maps. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2011; 25:795-811. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-011-9464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Purohit A, Woo LWL, Potter BVL. Steroid sulfatase: a pivotal player in estrogen synthesis and metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:154-60. [PMID: 21693170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase plays a pivotal role in regulating the formation of biologically active steroids from inactive steroid sulfates. It is responsible for the hydrolysis of estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to estrone and dehydroepiandrosterone, respectively, both of which can be subsequently reduced to steroids with estrogenic properties (i.e. estradiol and androstenediol) that can stimulate the growth of tumors in hormone-responsive tissues of the breast, endometrium and prostate. Hence, the action of steroid sulfatase is implicated in physiological processes and pathological conditions. It has been five years since our group last reviewed the important role of this enzyme in steroid synthesis and the progress made in the development of potent inhibitors of this important enzyme target. This timely review therefore concentrates on recent advances in steroid sulfatase research, and summarises the findings of clinical trials with Irosustat (BN83495), the only steroid sulfatase inhibitor that is being trialed in postmenopausal women with breast or endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Purohit
- Oncology Drug Discovery Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Biochemical and biological evaluation of novel potent coumarin inhibitor of 17β-HSD type 1. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 191:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Starčević Š, Božnar P, Turk S, Gobec S, Rižner TL. Design and synthesis of substrate mimetics based on an indole scaffold: potential inhibitors of 17β-HSD type 1. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2011; 6:201-9. [PMID: 25961256 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2011.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) acts at a pre-receptor level. It catalyzes NADPH-dependent reduction of the weak estrogen estrone into the most potent estrogen estradiol, which exerts its proliferative effects via estrogen receptors. Overexpression of 17β-HSD1 in estrogen-responsive tissues is related to the development of hormone-dependent diseases, such as breast cancer and endometriosis. 17β-HSD1 thus represents an attractive target for development of new drugs. METHODS We designed and synthesized a series of 3-, 5- and 6-phenyl indole derivatives as mimetics of the steroid substrate estrone. All of these compounds were evaluated for inhibition of recombinant human 17β-HSD1 from Escherichia coli, at concentrations of 0.6 μM and 6.0 μM. RESULTS Among 14 indole derivatives, compound 9 was an initial hit inhibitor of 17β-HSD1, with moderate inhibition (64% at 6 μM). Molecular docking into the crystal structure of 17β-HSD1 (1A27) revealed that this 5-phenyl indole derivative binds to 17β-HSD1 similarly to co-crystalized E2. Compound 9 forms two H-bonds with 17β-HSD1: one between the indole nitrogen and His222, and the second between the phenolic OH group and catalytic Tyr155. CONCLUSIONS The indole scaffold is one of the possible starting points for the design of substrate mimetics of the steroid substrate estrone. Our study shows that these 6- and, especially, 5-phenol indole derivatives can act as moderate inhibitors of 17β-HSD1. Based on inhibition assays and docking simulations, we can infer further improvements of the 5-phenol indole derivatives that might result in better inhibition profiles.
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Shehu A, Albarracin C, Devi YS, Luther K, Halperin J, Le J, Mao J, Duan RW, Frasor J, Gibori G. The stimulation of HSD17B7 expression by estradiol provides a powerful feed-forward mechanism for estradiol biosynthesis in breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:754-66. [PMID: 21372145 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory has previously cloned and purified an ovarian protein found to be a novel 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7 enzyme (HSD17B7) (formerly prolactin receptor-associated protein) that converts the weak estrogen, estrone, to the highly potent estradiol. The regulation of this enzyme has not yet been explored. In this report, we show high expression of HSD17B7 in human ductal carcinoma and breast cancer cell lines and present evidence for a strong up-regulation of this enzyme by estradiol at the level of mRNA, protein expression, and promoter activity in MCF-7 cells. The effect of estradiol is mediated by estrogen receptor (ER)α, whereas ERβ prevents this stimulation. ER antagonists, ICI 182,780 and 4-hydroxytamoxifen, prevent estradiol-induced stimulation of the endogenously expressed HSD17B7, suggesting that these inhibitors not only block estradiol action but also its production. We have identified a -185-bp region of the hsd17b7 promoter that is highly conserved among rat, mouse, and human and confers regulation by estradiol in MCF-7 cells. This region is devoid of a classical estradiol-response element but contains a nuclear factor 1 (NF1) site that is essential for estradiol action. We found that estradiol stimulates the recruitment and DNA binding of NF1 to this region of the hsd17b7 promoter. Furthermore, knockdown of NF1 family members, NF1B, NF1A, and NF1X, completely prevents induction of this gene by estradiol. In summary, our findings demonstrate that estradiol stimulates HSD17B7 transcriptional activity in breast cancer cells through a novel mechanism requiring NF1 and strongly suggest a positive feedback mechanism to increase local estradiol synthesis causing growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Shehu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Starčević Š, Brožič P, Turk S, Cesar J, Lanišnik Rižner T, Gobec S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (6- and 7-Phenyl) Coumarin Derivatives as Selective Nonsteroidal Inhibitors of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1. J Med Chem 2010; 54:248-61. [PMID: 21138273 DOI: 10.1021/jm101104z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Starčević
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Brožič
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Turk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožko Cesar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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42
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Oster A, Hinsberger S, Werth R, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Frotscher M, Hartmann RW. Bicyclic substituted hydroxyphenylmethanones as novel inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1) for the treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8176-86. [PMID: 20977238 DOI: 10.1021/jm101073q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Estradiol (E2), the most important estrogen in humans, is involved in the initiation and progression of estrogen-dependent diseases such as breast cancer and endometriosis. Its local production in the target cell is regulated by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD1), which catalyzes E2-formation by reduction of the weak estrogen estrone (E1). Because the enzyme is expressed in the diseased tissues, inhibition of 17β-HSD1 is considered as a promising therapy for the treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases. For the development of novel inhibitors, a structure- and ligand-based design strategy was applied, resulting in bicyclic substituted hydroxyphenylmethanones. In vitro testing revealed high inhibitory potencies toward human placental 17β-HSD1. Compounds were further evaluated with regard to selectivity (17β-HSD2, estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ), intracellular activity (T47D cells), and metabolic stability. The most promising compounds, 14 and 15, showed IC(50) values in the low nanomolar range in the cell-free and cellular assays (8-27 nM), more than 30-fold selectivity toward 17β-HSD2 and no affinity toward the ERs. The data obtained make these inhibitors interesting candidates for further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oster
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C23, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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43
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McCarthy SD, Waters SM, Kenny DA, Diskin MG, Fitzpatrick R, Patton J, Wathes DC, Morris DG. Negative energy balance and hepatic gene expression patterns in high-yielding dairy cows during the early postpartum period: a global approach. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:188-99. [PMID: 20716645 PMCID: PMC3008362 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00118.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In high-yielding dairy cows the liver undergoes extensive physiological and biochemical changes during the early postpartum period in an effort to re-establish metabolic homeostasis and to counteract the adverse effects of negative energy balance (NEB). These adaptations are likely to be mediated by significant alterations in hepatic gene expression. To gain new insights into these events an energy balance model was created using differential feeding and milking regimes to produce two groups of cows with either a mild (MNEB) or severe NEB (SNEB) status. Cows were slaughtered and liver tissues collected on days 6–7 of the first follicular wave postpartum. Using an Affymetrix 23k oligonucleotide bovine array to determine global gene expression in hepatic tissue of these cows, we found a total of 416 genes (189 up- and 227 downregulated) to be altered by SNEB. Network analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that SNEB was associated with widespread changes in gene expression classified into 36 gene networks including those associated with lipid metabolism, connective tissue development and function, cell signaling, cell cycle, and metabolic diseases, the three most significant of which are discussed in detail. SNEB cows displayed reduced expression of transcription activators and signal transducers that regulate the expression of genes and gene networks associated with cell signaling and tissue repair. These alterations are linked with increased expression of abnormal cell cycle and cellular proliferation associated pathways. This study provides new information and insights on the effect of SNEB on gene expression in high-yielding Holstein Friesian dairy cows in the early postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D McCarthy
- Teagasc, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Mellows Campus, Athenry, County Galway, Ireland
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44
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Möller G, Husen B, Kowalik D, Hirvelä L, Plewczynski D, Rychlewski L, Messinger J, Thole H, Adamski J. Species used for drug testing reveal different inhibition susceptibility for 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10969. [PMID: 20544026 PMCID: PMC2882332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid-related cancers can be treated by inhibitors of steroid metabolism. In searching for new inhibitors of human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β-HSD 1) for the treatment of breast cancer or endometriosis, novel substances based on 15-substituted estrone were validated. We checked the specificity for different 17β-HSD types and species. Compounds were tested for specificity in vitro not only towards recombinant human 17β-HSD types 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 but also against 17β-HSD 1 of several other species including marmoset, pig, mouse, and rat. The latter are used in the processes of pharmacophore screening. We present the quantification of inhibitor preferences between human and animal models. Profound differences in the susceptibility to inhibition of steroid conversion among all 17β-HSDs analyzed were observed. Especially, the rodent 17β-HSDs 1 were significantly less sensitive to inhibition compared to the human ortholog, while the most similar inhibition pattern to the human 17β-HSD 1 was obtained with the marmoset enzyme. Molecular docking experiments predicted estrone as the most potent inhibitor. The best performing compound in enzymatic assays was also highly ranked by docking scoring for the human enzyme. However, species-specific prediction of inhibitor performance by molecular docking was not possible. We show that experiments with good candidate compounds would out-select them in the rodent model during preclinical optimization steps. Potentially active human-relevant drugs, therefore, would no longer be further developed. Activity and efficacy screens in heterologous species systems must be evaluated with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Möller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Husen
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorota Kowalik
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Dariusz Plewczynski
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Josef Messinger
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hubert Thole
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- * E-mail:
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45
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Mullany LK, Hanse EA, Romano A, Blomquist CH, Mason JI, Delvoux B, Anttila C, Albrecht JH. Cyclin D1 regulates hepatic estrogen and androgen metabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G884-95. [PMID: 20338923 PMCID: PMC2907223 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00471.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 is a cell cycle control protein that plays an important role in regenerating liver and many types of cancer. Previous reports have shown that cyclin D1 can directly enhance estrogen receptor activity and inhibit androgen receptor activity in a ligand-independent manner and thus may play an important role in hormone-responsive malignancies. In this study, we examine a distinct mechanism by which cyclin D1 regulates sex steroid signaling, via altered metabolism of these hormones at the tissue and cellular level. In male mouse liver, ectopic expression of cyclin D1 regulated genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of sex steroid hormones in a pattern that would predict increased estrogen and decreased androgen levels. Indeed, hepatic expression of cyclin D1 led to increased serum estradiol levels, increased estrogen-responsive gene expression, and decreased androgen-responsive gene expression. Cyclin D1 also regulated the activity of several key enzymatic reactions in the liver, including increased oxidation of testosterone to androstenedione and decreased conversion of estradiol to estrone. Similar findings were seen in the setting of physiological cyclin D1 expression in regenerating liver. Knockdown of cyclin D1 in HuH7 cells produced reciprocal changes in steroid metabolism genes compared with cyclin D1 overexpression in mouse liver. In conclusion, these studies establish a novel link between the cell cycle machinery and sex steroid metabolism and provide a distinct mechanism by which cyclin D1 may regulate hormone signaling. Furthermore, these results suggest that increased cyclin D1 expression, which occurs in liver regeneration and liver diseases, may contribute to the feminization seen in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Mullany
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; ,2Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis;
| | - Eric A. Hanse
- 2Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis;
| | - Andrea Romano
- 3Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, University Hospital of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Charles H. Blomquist
- 4Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - J. Ian Mason
- 5Division of Reproductive Developmental Sciences, University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Biology, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bert Delvoux
- 3Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, University Hospital of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | | | - Jeffrey H. Albrecht
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis; ,2Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis;
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46
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Haynes BP, Straume AH, Geisler J, A'Hern R, Helle H, Smith IE, Lønning PE, Dowsett M. Intratumoral Estrogen Disposition in Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:1790-801. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Källström AC, Salme R, Rydén L, Nordenskjöld B, Jönsson PE, Stål O. 17ss-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 as predictor of tamoxifen response in premenopausal breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:892-900. [PMID: 20060711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
17ss-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17HSDs) are involved in the local regulation of sex steroids. 17HSD1 converts oestrone (E1) to the more potent oestradiol (E2) and 17HSD2 catalyses the reverse reaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of these enzymes in premenopausal breast cancers and to analyse if they have any prognostic or tamoxifen predictive value. Premenopausal patients with invasive breast cancer, stage II (UICC), were randomised to either 2years of adjuvant tamoxifen (n=276) or no tamoxifen (n=288). The median follow-up was 13.9years (range 10.5-17.5). The expression of 17HSD1 and 17HSD2 was analysed with immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays. The enzyme expression level (-/+/++/+++) was successfully determined in 396 and 373 tumours, respectively. Women with hormone-receptor positive tumours, with low levels (-/+/++) of 17HSD1, had a 43% reduced risk of recurrence, when treated with tamoxifen (Hazard Ratio (HR)=0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.37-0.86; p=0.0086). On the other hand high expression (+++) of 17HSD1 was associated with no significant difference between the two treatment arms (HR=0.91; 95% CI, 0.43-1.95; p=0.82). The interaction between 17HSD1 and tamoxifen was significant during the first 5 years of follow-up (p=0.023). In the cohort of systemically untreated patients no prognostic importance was observed for 17HSD1. We found no predictive or prognostic value for 17HSD2. This is the first report of 17HSD1 in a cohort of premenopausal women with breast cancer randomised to tamoxifen. Our data suggest that 17HSD1 might be a predictive factor in this group of patients.
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48
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Möller G, Deluca D, Gege C, Rosinus A, Kowalik D, Peters O, Droescher P, Elger W, Adamski J, Hillisch A. Structure-based design, synthesis and in vitro characterization of potent 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors based on 2-substitutions of estrone and D-homo-estrone. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6740-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Bey E, Marchais-Oberwinkler S, Negri M, Kruchten P, Oster A, Klein T, Spadaro A, Werth R, Frotscher M, Birk B, Hartmann RW. New Insights into the SAR and Binding Modes of Bis(hydroxyphenyl)thiophenes and -benzenes: Influence of Additional Substituents on 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (17β-HSD1) Inhibitory Activity and Selectivity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6724-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901195w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bey
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Negri
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Patricia Kruchten
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexander Oster
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Klein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alessandro Spadaro
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ruth Werth
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Barbara Birk
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 15 11 50, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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50
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Lilienkampf A, Karkola S, Alho-Richmond S, Koskimies P, Johansson N, Huhtinen K, Vihko K, Wähälä K. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (17β-HSD1) Inhibitors Based on a Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one Core. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6660-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900928k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Lilienkampf
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampo Karkola
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Alho-Richmond
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Koskimies
- Hormos Medical Ltd., PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Johansson
- Hormos Medical Ltd., PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Huhtinen
- Hormos Medical Ltd., PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kimmo Vihko
- Hormos Medical Ltd., PharmaCity, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Kristiina Wähälä
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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