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Gawrys O, Husková Z, Škaroupková P, Honetschlägerová Z, Vaňourková Z, Kikerlová S, Melenovský V, Bačová BS, Sykora M, Táborský M, Červenka L. The treatment with sGC stimulator improves survival of hypertensive rats in response to volume-overload induced by aorto-caval fistula. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3757-3773. [PMID: 37338578 PMCID: PMC10643302 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) has been declared as global pandemic and current therapies are still ineffective, especially in patients that develop concurrent cardio-renal syndrome. Considerable attention has been focused on the nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of sGC stimulator (BAY41-8543) with the same mode of action as vericiguat, for the treatment of heart failure (HF) with cardio-renal syndrome. As a model, we chose heterozygous Ren-2 transgenic rats (TGR), with high-output heart failure, induced by aorto-caval fistula (ACF). The rats were subjected into three experimental protocols to evaluate short-term effects of the treatment, impact on blood pressure, and finally the long-term survival lasting 210 days. As control groups, we used hypertensive sham TGR and normotensive sham HanSD rats. We have shown that the sGC stimulator effectively increased the survival of rats with HF in comparison to untreated animals. After 60 days of sGC stimulator treatment, the survival was still 50% compared to 8% in the untreated rats. One-week treatment with sGC stimulator increased the excretion of cGMP in ACF TGR (109 ± 28 nnmol/12 h), but the ACE inhibitor decreased it (-63 ± 21 nnmol/12 h). Moreover, sGC stimulator caused a decrease in SBP, but this effect was only temporary (day 0: 117 ± 3; day 2: 108 ± 1; day 14: 124 ± 2 mmHg). These results support the concept that sGC stimulators might represent a valuable class of drugs to battle heart failure especially with cardio-renal syndrome, but further studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gawrys
- Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Husková
- Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Škaroupková
- Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Honetschlägerová
- Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Vaňourková
- Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Kikerlová
- Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Melenovský
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Szeiffová Bačová
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute for Heart Research, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matúš Sykora
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute for Heart Research, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miloš Táborský
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Olomouc and Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Červenka
- Experimental Medicine Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, University Hospital Olomouc and Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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2
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Wunder F, Stasch JP, Knorr A, Mondritzki T, Brockschnieder D, Becker-Pelster EM, Sandner P, Tinel H, Redlich G, Hartung IV, Vakalopoulos A, Follmann M. Identification and characterization of the new generation soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator BAY-747 designed for the treatment of resistant hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2500-2513. [PMID: 37170767 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE First-generation soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators have shown clinical benefit in pulmonary hypertension (riociguat) and chronic heart failure (vericiguat). However, given the broad therapeutic opportunities for sGC stimulators, tailored molecules for distinct indications are required. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We report the high-throughput screening (HTS)-based discovery of a second generation of sGC stimulators from a novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine lead series. An intense medicinal chemistry programme resulted in the discovery of the sGC stimulator BAY 1165747 (BAY-747). The pharmacokinetic profile of BAY-747 was determined in different species, and it was broadly characterized in pharmacological model systems relevant for vasodilatation and hypertension. KEY RESULTS BAY-747 is a highly potent sGC stimulator in vitro. In addition, BAY-747 showed an excellent pharmacokinetic profile with long half-life and low peak-to-trough ratio. BAY-747 was investigated in experimental in vivo models of malignant and resistant hypertension (rHT). In spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats, BAY-747 caused a dose-related and long-lasting decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Oral treatment over 12 days resulted in a persistent decrease. BAY-747 provided additional benefit when dosed on top of losartan, amlodipine or spironolactone and even on top of triple combinations of frequently used antihypertensive drugs. In a new canine model of rHT, BAY-747 caused a dose-related and long-lasting (>6 h) MAP decrease. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS BAY-747 is a potent, orally available sGC stimulator. BAY-747 shows long-acting pharmacodynamic effects with a very low peak-to-trough ratio. BAY-747 could be a treatment alternative for patients with hypertension, especially those not responding to standard-of-care therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wunder
- Lead Identification & Characterization, Pharma Research and Development Center, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Johannes-Peter Stasch
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research and Development Center, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Knorr
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research and Development Center, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thomas Mondritzki
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research and Development Center, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
- University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Damian Brockschnieder
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research and Development Center, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Peter Sandner
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research and Development Center, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hanna Tinel
- Cardiovascular Research, Pharma Research and Development Center, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gorden Redlich
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharma Research and Development Center, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ingo V Hartung
- Synthetic Modalities, Pharma Research and Development Center, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Markus Follmann
- Synthetic Modalities, Pharma Research and Development Center, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
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3
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Asker H, Yilmaz-Oral D, Oztekin CV, Gur S. An update on the current status and future prospects of erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy. Prostate 2022; 82:1135-1161. [PMID: 35579053 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiation treatment are standard options for localized prostate cancer. Even though nerve-sparing techniques have been increasingly utilized in RP, erectile dysfunction (ED) due to neuropraxia remains a frequent complication. Erectile function recovery rates after RP remain unsatisfactory, and many men still suffer despite the availability of various therapies. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to summarize the current treatments for post-RP-ED, assess the underlying pathological mechanisms, and emphasize promising therapeutic strategies based on the evidence from basic research. METHOD Evaluation and review of articles on the relevant topic published between 2010 and 2021, which are indexed and listed in the PubMed database. RESULTS Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, intracavernosal and intraurethral injections, vacuum erection devices, pelvic muscle training, and surgical procedures are utilized for penile rehabilitation. Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of erectogenic drugs in this setting are conflicting and far from being conclusive. The use of androgen deprivation therapy in certain scenarios after RP further exacerbates the already problematic situation and emphasizes the need for effective treatment strategies. CONCLUSION This article is a detailed overview focusing on the pathophysiology and mechanism of the nerve injury developed during RP and a compilation of various strategies to induce cavernous nerve regeneration to improve erectile function (EF). These strategies include stem cell therapy, gene therapy, growth factors, low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy, immunophilins, and various pharmacological approaches that have induced improvements in EF in experimental models of cavernous nerve injury. Many of the mentioned strategies can improve EF following RP if transformed into clinically applicable safe, and effective techniques with reproducible outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Asker
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Yilmaz-Oral
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Cetin Volkan Oztekin
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kyrenia, Girne, Turkey
| | - Serap Gur
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Xia J, Hui N, Tian L, Liang C, Zhang J, Liu J, Wang J, Ren X, Xie X, Wang K. Development of vericiguat: The first soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator launched for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112894. [PMID: 35367763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with improvements in treatments for heart failure (HF), the survival period of patients has been extended. However, the emergence of some patients with repeated hospitalizations due to their worsening conditions and low survival rates followed. Currently, few drugs are available for such patients. Vericiguat was first drug approved for the treatment of symptomatic patients with chronic HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) to reduce the occurrence of worsening HF. This article provides comprehensive information about vericiguat in terms of drug design and development, structure-activity relationship (SAR), synthesis, pharmacological efficacy, and clinical practice. In addition, insights into the current vericiguat trials and treatments of HF are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xia
- Laboratory of Hematologic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, PR China.
| | - Nan Hui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Lei Tian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Jifang Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese and Tibetan Medicine of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Provincial Drug Inspection and Testing Institute, Xining 810000, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Shaanxi Panlong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Xi'an, 710025, PR China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Children's Center, the Affiliated Taian City Centeral Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, PR China.
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5
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Lu W, Yang X, Wang B. Carbon monoxide signaling and soluble guanylyl cyclase: Facts, myths, and intriguing possibilities. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 200:115041. [PMID: 35447132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous signaling roles of carbon monoxide (CO) have been firmly established at the pathway level. For CO's molecular mechanism(s) of actions, hemoproteins are generally considered as possible targets. Importantly, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is among the most widely referenced molecular targets. However, the affinity of CO for sGC (Kd: 240 μM) is much lower than for other highly abundant hemoproteins in the body, such as myoglobin (Kd: 29 nM) and hemoglobin (Kd: 0.7 nM-4.5 μM), which serve as CO reservoirs. Further, most of the mechanistic studies involving sGC activation by CO were based on in-vitro or ex-vivo studies using CO concentrations not readily attenable in vivo and in the absence of hemoglobin as a competitor in binding. As such, whether such in-vitro/ex-vivo results can be directly extrapolated to in-vivo studies is not clear because of the need for CO to be transferred from a high-affinity binder (e.g., hemoglobin) to a low-affinity target if sGC is to be activated in vivo. In this review, we discuss literature findings of sGC activation by CO and the experimental conditions; examine the myths in the disconnect between the low affinity of sGC for CO and the reported activation of sGC by CO; and finally present several possibilities that may lead to additional studies to improve our understanding of this direct CO-sGC axis, which is yet to be convincingly established as playing generally critical roles in CO signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Sandner P, Follmann M, Becker-Pelster E, Hahn MG, Meier C, Freitas C, Roessig L, Stasch JP. Soluble GC stimulators and activators: Past, present and future. Br J Pharmacol 2021. [PMID: 34600441 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of soluble GC (sGC) stimulators and sGC activators provided valuable tools to elucidate NO-sGC signalling and opened novel pharmacological opportunities for cardiovascular indications and beyond. The first-in-class sGC stimulator riociguat was approved for pulmonary hypertension in 2013 and vericiguat very recently for heart failure. sGC stimulators enhance sGC activity independent of NO and also act synergistically with endogenous NO. The sGC activators specifically bind to, and activate, the oxidised haem-free form of sGC. Substantial research efforts improved on the first-generation sGC activators such as cinaciguat, culminating in the discovery of runcaciguat, currently in clinical Phase II trials for chronic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy. Here, we highlight the discovery and development of sGC stimulators and sGC activators, their unique modes of action, their preclinical characteristics and the clinical studies. In the future, we expect to see more sGC agonists in new indications, reflecting their unique therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sandner
- Pharmaceuticals Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Markus Follmann
- Pharmaceuticals Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Michael G Hahn
- Pharmaceuticals Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christian Meier
- Pharmaceuticals Medical Affairs and Pharmacovigilance, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cecilia Freitas
- Pharmaceuticals Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Lothar Roessig
- Pharmaceuticals Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Johannes-Peter Stasch
- Pharmaceuticals Research & Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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7
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Liu R, Kang Y, Chen L. Activation mechanism of human soluble guanylate cyclase by stimulators and activators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5492. [PMID: 34535643 PMCID: PMC8448884 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the receptor for nitric oxide (NO) in human. It is an important validated drug target for cardiovascular diseases. sGC can be pharmacologically activated by stimulators and activators. However, the detailed structural mechanisms, through which sGC is recognized and positively modulated by these drugs at high spacial resolution, are poorly understood. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human sGC in complex with NO and sGC stimulators, YC-1 and riociguat, and also in complex with the activator cinaciguat. These structures uncover the molecular details of how stimulators interact with residues from both β H-NOX and CC domains, to stabilize sGC in the extended active conformation. In contrast, cinaciguat occupies the haem pocket in the β H-NOX domain and sGC shows both inactive and active conformations. These structures suggest a converged mechanism of sGC activation by pharmacological compounds. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is a validated drug target for cardiovascular diseases. Here, the authors report structures of human sGC in complex with NO and sGC stimulators or activator, providing insight into the mechanism of sGC activation by pharmacological compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Future Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China. .,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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8
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Marchetta P, Rüttiger L, Hobbs AJ, Singer W, Knipper M. The role of cGMP signalling in auditory processing in health and disease. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2378-2393. [PMID: 33768519 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
cGMP is generated by the cGMP-forming guanylyl cyclases (GCs), the intracellular nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive (soluble) guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and transmembrane GC (e.g. GC-A and GC-B). In summarizing the particular role of cGMP signalling for hearing, we show that GC generally do not interfere significantly with basic hearing function but rather sustain a healthy state for proper temporal coding, fast discrimination and adjustments during injury. sGC is critical for the integrity of the first synapse in the ascending auditory pathway, the inner hair cell synapse. GC-A promotes hair cell stability under stressful conditions such as acoustic trauma or ageing. GC-B plays a role in the development of efferent feed-back and gain control. Regarding the crucial role hearing has for language development, speech discrimination and cognitive brain functions, differential pharmaceutical targeting of GCs offers therapeutic promise for the restoration of hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philine Marchetta
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Rüttiger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adrian J Hobbs
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Wibke Singer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marlies Knipper
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Khalid RR, Maryam A, Çınaroğlu SS, Siddiqi AR, Sezerman OU. A recursive molecular docking coupled with energy-based pose-rescoring and MD simulations to identify hsGC βH-NOX allosteric modulators for cardiovascular dysfunctions. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6128-6150. [PMID: 33522438 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1877818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Modulating the activity of human soluble guanylate cyclase (hsGC) through allosteric regulation of the βH-NOX domain has been considered as an immediate treatment for cardiovascular disorder (CVDs). Currently available βH-NOX domain-specific agonists including cinaciguat are unable to deal with the conundrum raised due to oxidative stress in the case of CVDs and their associated comorbidities. Therefore, the idea of investigating novel compounds for allosteric regulation of hsGC activation has been rekindled to circumvent CVDs. Current study aims to identify novel βH-NOX domain-specific compounds that can selectively turn on sGC functions by modulating the conformational dynamics of the target protein. Through a comprehensive computational drug-discovery approach, we first executed a target-based performance assessment of multiple docking (PLANTS, QVina, LeDock, Vinardo, Smina) scoring functions based on multiple performance metrices. QVina showed the highest capability of selecting true-positive ligands over false positives thus, used to screen 4.8 million ZINC15 compounds against βH-NOX domain. The docked ligands were further probed in terms of contact footprint and pose reassessment through clustering analysis and PLANTS docking, respectively. Subsequently, energy-based AMBER rescoring of top 100 low-energy complexes, per-residue energy decomposition analysis, and ADME-Tox analysis yielded the top three compounds i.e. ZINC000098973660, ZINC001354120371, and ZINC000096022607. The impact of three selected ligands on the internal structural dynamics of the βH-NOX domain was also investigated through molecular dynamics simulations. The study revealed potential electrostatic interactions for better conformational dialogue between βH-NOX domain and allosteric ligands that are critical for the activation of hsGC as compared to the reference compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Rehan Khalid
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Acibadem M. A. A. University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arooma Maryam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Süleyman Selim Çınaroğlu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Acibadem M. A. A. University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Osman Ugur Sezerman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Acibadem M. A. A. University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Zheng W, Wang Z, Jiang X, Zhao Q, Shen J. Targeted Drugs for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15153-15186. [PMID: 33314936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease that can lead to right ventricular failure and premature death. Although approved drugs have been shown to be safe and effective, PAH remains a severe clinical condition, and the long-term survival of patients with PAH is still suboptimal. Thus, potential therapeutic targets and new agents to treat PAH are urgently needed. In recent years, a variety of related pathways and potential therapeutic targets have been found, which brings new hope for PAH therapy. In this perspective, not only are the marketed drugs used to treat PAH summarized but also the recently developed novel pharmaceutical therapies currently in clinical trials are discussed. Furthermore, the advances in natural products as potential treatment for PAH are also updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangrui Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingshan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Ataei Ataabadi E, Golshiri K, Jüttner A, Krenning G, Danser AHJ, Roks AJM. Nitric Oxide-cGMP Signaling in Hypertension: Current and Future Options for Pharmacotherapy. Hypertension 2020; 76:1055-1068. [PMID: 32829664 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For the treatment of systemic hypertension, pharmacological intervention in nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling is a well-explored but unexploited option. In this review, we present the identified drug targets, including oxidases, mitochondria, soluble guanylyl cyclase, phosphodiesterase 1 and 5, and protein kinase G, important compounds that modulate them, and the current status of (pre)clinical development. The mode of action of these compounds is discussed, and based upon this, the clinical opportunities. We conclude that drugs that directly target the enzymes of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate cascade are currently the most promising compounds, but that none of these compounds is under investigation as a treatment option for systemic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ataei Ataabadi
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.A.A., K.G., A.J., A.H.J.D., A.J.M.R.)
| | - Keivan Golshiri
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.A.A., K.G., A.J., A.H.J.D., A.J.M.R.)
| | - Annika Jüttner
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.A.A., K.G., A.J., A.H.J.D., A.J.M.R.)
| | - Guido Krenning
- Sulfateq B.V., Groningen, the Netherlands (G.K.).,Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (G.K.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.A.A., K.G., A.J., A.H.J.D., A.J.M.R.)
| | - Anton J M Roks
- From the Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.A.A., K.G., A.J., A.H.J.D., A.J.M.R.)
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12
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Inhaled nitric oxide to control platelet hyper-reactivity in patients with acute submassive pulmonary embolism. Nitric Oxide 2020; 96:20-28. [PMID: 31940502 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We test if inhaled nitric oxide (NO) attenuates platelet functional and metabolic hyper-reactivity in subjects with submassive pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS Participants with PE were randomized to either 50 ppm NO + O2 or O2 only for 24 h with blood sampling at enrollment and after treatment; results were compared with healthy controls. Platelet metabolic activity was assessed by oxygen consumption (basal and uncoupled) and reactivity was assessed with agonist-stimulated thromboelastography (TEG) and fluorometric measurement of agonist-stimulated cytosolic [Ca++] without and with pharmacological soluble guanylate (sGC) modulation. RESULTS Participants (N = 38 per group) were well-matched at enrollment for PE severity, comorbidities as well as TEG parameters and platelet O2 consumption. NO treatment doubled the mean plasma [NO3-] (P < 0.001) indicating successful delivery, but placebo treatment produced no change. After 24 h, neither TEG nor O2 consumption parameters differed significantly between treatment groups. Platelet cytosolic [Ca++] was elevated with PE versus controls, and was decreased by treatment with cinaciguat (an sGC activator), but not riociguat (an sGC stimulator). Stimulated platelet lysate sGC activity was increased with PE compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS In patients with acute submassive PE, despite evidence of adequate drug delivery, inhaled NO had no major effect on platelet O2 consumption or agonist-stimulated parameters on TEG. Pharmacological activation, but not stimulation, of sGC effectively decreased platelet cytosolic [Ca++], and platelet sGC activity was increased with PE, confirming the viability of sGC as a therapeutic target.
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13
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Xiao S, Li Q, Hu L, Yu Z, Yang J, Chang Q, Chen Z, Hu G. Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulators and Activators: Where are We and Where to Go? Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1544-1557. [PMID: 31362687 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190730110600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Soluble Guanylate Cyclase (sGC) is the intracellular receptor of Nitric Oxide (NO). The activation of sGC results in the conversion of Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP) to the secondary messenger cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP). cGMP modulates a series of downstream cascades through activating a variety of effectors, such as Phosphodiesterase (PDE), Protein Kinase G (PKG) and Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels (CNG). NO-sGC-cGMP pathway plays significant roles in various physiological processes, including platelet aggregation, smooth muscle relaxation and neurotransmitter delivery. With the approval of an sGC stimulator Riociguat for the treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH), the enthusiasm in the discovery of sGC modulators continues for broad clinical applications. Notably, through activating the NO-sGC-cGMP pathway, sGC stimulator and activator potentiate for the treatment of various diseases, such as PAH, Heart Failure (HF), Diabetic Nephropathy (DN), Systemic Sclerosis (SS), fibrosis as well as other diseases including Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and Central Nervous System (CNS) disease. Here, we review the preclinical and clinical studies of sGC stimulator and activator in recent years and prospect for the development of sGC modulators in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Xiao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Qianbin Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Liqing Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zutao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kitashirakawa- Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, kyoto, Japan
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Chang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Gaoyun Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
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14
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-3-yl pyrimidine derivatives as sGC stimulators for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 173:107-116. [PMID: 30995566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of new pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for the activation of sGC. Compared with riociguat, compound 13a exhibited equivalent in vitro activity on preconstricted rat thoracic aorta rings and in Rat heart Langendorff preparation. Compound 13a also showed acceptable PK profiles, which might become a promising candidate for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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15
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Discovery and development of next generation sGC stimulators with diverse multidimensional pharmacology and broad therapeutic potential. Nitric Oxide 2018; 78:72-80. [PMID: 29859918 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophophate (cGMP), transduces many of the physiological effects of the gasotransmitter NO. Upon binding of NO to the prosthetic heme group of sGC, a conformational change occurs, resulting in enzymatic activation and increased production of cGMP. cGMP modulates several downstream cellular and physiological responses, including but not limited to vasodilation. Impairment of this signaling system and altered NO-cGMP homeostasis have been implicated in cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, central nervous system, and hepatic pathologies. sGC stimulators, small molecule drugs that synergistically increase sGC enzyme activity with NO, have shown great potential to treat a variety of diseases via modulation of NO-sGC-cGMP signaling. Here, we give an overview of novel, orally available sGC stimulators that Ironwood Pharmaceuticals is developing. We outline the non-clinical and clinical studies, highlighting pharmacological and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles, including pharmacodynamic (PD) effects, and efficacy in a variety of disease models.
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16
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Tobin JV, Zimmer DP, Shea C, Germano P, Bernier SG, Liu G, Long K, Miyashiro J, Ranganath S, Jacobson S, Tang K, Im GYJ, Sheppeck J, Moore JD, Sykes K, Wakefield J, Sarno R, Banijamali AR, Profy AT, Milne GT, Currie MG, Masferrer JL. Pharmacological Characterization of IW-1973, a Novel Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulator with Extensive Tissue Distribution, Antihypertensive, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antifibrotic Effects in Preclinical Models of Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:664-675. [PMID: 29643251 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a key signal-transduction enzyme, increases the conversion of guanosine-5'-triphosphate to cGMP upon binding of nitric oxide (NO). Endothelial dysfunction and/or reduced NO signaling have been implicated in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and complications of diabetes and have been associated with other disease states and aging. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators are small-molecule drugs that bind sGC and enhance NO-mediated cGMP signaling. The pharmacological characterization of IW-1973 [1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(((5-fluoro-2-(1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl) pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)propan-2-ol], a novel clinical-stage sGC stimulator under clinical investigation for treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and diabetic nephropathy, is described. In the presence of NO, IW-1973 stimulated sGC in a human purified enzyme assay and a HEK-293 whole cell assay. sGC stimulation by IW-1973 in cells was associated with increased phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein. IW-1973, at doses of 1-10 mg/kg, significantly lowered blood pressure in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. In a Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension model, IW-1973 significantly reduced blood pressure, inflammatory cytokine levels, and renal disease markers, including proteinuria and renal fibrotic gene expression. The results were affirmed in mouse lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and rat unilateral ureteral obstruction renal fibrosis models. A quantitative whole-body autoradiography study of IW-1973 revealed extensive tissue distribution and pharmacokinetic studies showed a large volume of distribution and a profile consistent with predicted once-a-day dosing in humans. In summary, IW-1973 is a potent, orally available sGC stimulator that exhibits renoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects in nonclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guang Liu
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kim Long
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Kim Tang
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Joel D Moore
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Renee Sarno
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - G Todd Milne
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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17
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Shah RC, Sanker S, Wood KC, Durgin BG, Straub AC. Redox regulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase. Nitric Oxide 2018; 76:97-104. [PMID: 29578056 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide/soluble guanylyl cyclase (NO-sGC) signaling pathway regulates the cardiovascular, neuronal, and gastrointestinal systems. Impaired sGC signaling can result in disease and system-wide organ failure. This review seeks to examine the redox control of sGC through heme and cysteine regulation while discussing therapeutic drugs that target various conditions. Heme regulation involves mechanisms of insertion of the heme moiety into the sGC protein, the molecules and proteins that control switching between the oxidized (Fe3+) and reduced states (Fe2+), and the activity of heme degradation. Modifications to cysteine residues by S-nitrosation on the α1 and β1 subunits of sGC have been shown to be important in sGC signaling. Moreover, redox balance and localization of sGC is thought to control downstream effects. In response to altered sGC activity due to changes in the redox state, many therapeutic drugs have been developed to target decreased NO-sGC signaling. The importance and relevance of sGC continues to grow as sGC dysregulation leads to numerous disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan C Shah
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Subramaniam Sanker
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katherine C Wood
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brittany G Durgin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam C Straub
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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18
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Flores-Costa R, Alcaraz-Quiles J, Titos E, López-Vicario C, Casulleras M, Duran-Güell M, Rius B, Diaz A, Hall K, Shea C, Sarno R, Currie M, Masferrer JL, Clària J. The soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator IW-1973 prevents inflammation and fibrosis in experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:953-967. [PMID: 29281143 PMCID: PMC5825296 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is characterized by steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulation reduces inflammation and fibrosis in experimental models of lung, kidney and heart disease. Here, we tested whether sGC stimulation is also effective in experimental NASH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH NASH was induced in mice by feeding a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet. These mice received either placebo or the sGC stimulator IW-1973 at two different doses (1 and 3 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) for 9 weeks. IW-1973 was also tested in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis were assessed by Oil Red O, haematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, Sirius Red, F4/80 and α-smooth muscle actin staining. mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative PCR. Levels of IW-1973, cytokines and cGMP were determined by LC-MS/MS, Luminex and enzyme immunoassay respectively. KEY RESULTS Mice with NASH showed reduced cGMP levels and sGC expression, increased steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, TNF-α and MCP-1 levels and up-regulated collagen types I α1 and α2, MMP2, TGF-β1 and tissue metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 expression. IW-1973 restored hepatic cGMP levels and sGC expression resulting in a dose-dependent reduction of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. IW-1973 levels were ≈40-fold higher in liver tissue than in plasma. IW-1973 also reduced hepatic steatosis and adipocyte hypertrophy secondary to enhanced autophagy in HFD-induced obese mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data indicate that sGC stimulation prevents hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in experimental NASH. These findings warrant further evaluation of IW-1973 in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Flores-Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Alcaraz-Quiles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Titos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Vicario
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Casulleras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Duran-Güell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bibiana Rius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Diaz
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Renee Sarno
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark Currie
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Joan Clària
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (EF-CLIF), Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Mónica FZ, Antunes E. Stimulators and activators of soluble guanylate cyclase for urogenital disorders. Nat Rev Urol 2017; 15:42-54. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Faarasse S, El Kazzouli S, Naas M, Jouha J, Suzenet F, Guillaumet G. “On Water” Direct C-3 Arylation of 2H-Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12300-12306. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Faarasse
- Euromed
Faculty of Engineering, Euromed University of Fes (UEMF), Route
de Meknès, 30000 Fès, Morocco
- Institut
de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d’Orléans, UMR CNRS, 7311 BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Saïd El Kazzouli
- Euromed
Faculty of Engineering, Euromed University of Fes (UEMF), Route
de Meknès, 30000 Fès, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Naas
- Institut
de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d’Orléans, UMR CNRS, 7311 BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Jabrane Jouha
- Institut
de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d’Orléans, UMR CNRS, 7311 BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Franck Suzenet
- Institut
de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d’Orléans, UMR CNRS, 7311 BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Gérald Guillaumet
- Institut
de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d’Orléans, UMR CNRS, 7311 BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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21
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Möhrle D, Reimann K, Wolter S, Wolters M, Varakina K, Mergia E, Eichert N, Geisler HS, Sandner P, Ruth P, Friebe A, Feil R, Zimmermann U, Koesling D, Knipper M, Rüttiger L. NO-Sensitive Guanylate Cyclase Isoforms NO-GC1 and NO-GC2 Contribute to Noise-Induced Inner Hair Cell Synaptopathy. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:375-388. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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22
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Kronas N, Peters B, Richter HP, Goetz AE, Kubitz JC. Inhalative and intravenous stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase reduces pulmonary vascular resistance and increases cardiac output in experimental septic shock. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1369-1375. [PMID: 28413479 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of inhaled and intravenous application of a guanylate cyclase stimulator (BAY 41-8543) on pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and cardiac output (CO) were investigated in an experimental model of septic shock. Following induction of septic shock, anaesthetized pigs (n=31) were randomly place into two groups receiving different interventions. Animals in the first group received intravenous BAY 41-8543 (0.6 mg), inhalative BAY 41-8543 (6 mg) or a placebo. In the second group, the dosage of BAY 41-8543 was increased two-fold or combined with inhalation of nitric oxide (iNO). Intravenous and inhaled administration of BAY 41-8543 resulted in a significantly (P<0.05) reduced PVR and increased CO compared with the placebo. Increasing the dosage of BAY 41-8543 or combining it with iNO did not further decrease PVR. The results of the present study indicate that BAY 41-8543 effectively reduces PVR and increases CO in septic shock, through inhaled or intravenous routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kronas
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonissenkrankenhaus Flensburg, D-24939 Flensburg, Germany
| | - Birte Peters
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Richter
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Munich Municipal Hospital, D-81545 Munich, Germany
| | - Alwin Eduard Goetz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Christian Kubitz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Ghosh A, Stuehr DJ. Regulation of sGC via hsp90, Cellular Heme, sGC Agonists, and NO: New Pathways and Clinical Perspectives. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:182-190. [PMID: 26983679 PMCID: PMC5278824 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is an intracellular enzyme that plays a primary role in sensing nitric oxide (NO) and transducing its multiple signaling effects in mammals. Recent Advances: The chaperone heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) associates with signaling proteins in cells, including sGC, where it helps to drive heme insertion into the sGC-β1 subunit. This allows sGC-β1 to associate with a partner sGC-α1 subunit and mature into an NO-responsive active form. CRITICAL ISSUES In this article, we review evidence to date regarding the mechanisms that modulate sGC activity by a pathway where binding of hsp90 or sGC agonist to heme-free sGC dictates the assembly and fate of an active sGC heterodimer, both by NO and heme-dependent or heme-independent pathways. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We discuss some therapeutic implications of the NO-sGC-hsp90 nexus and its potential as a marker of inflammatory disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 182-190.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dennis J Stuehr
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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24
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Drug discovery targeting heme-based sensors and their coupled activities. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 167:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Sandner P, Stasch JP. Anti-fibrotic effects of soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators and activators: A review of the preclinical evidence. Respir Med 2016; 122 Suppl 1:S1-S9. [PMID: 28341058 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that the NO-sGC-cGMP signal transduction system mediates many different physiological functions in almost every conceivable organ system; this has been best characterized in the cardiovascular system where NO-driven cGMP production exerts a plethora of cytoprotective and anti-atherogenic effects, including dilatation, inhibition of vascular smooth muscle proliferation, blockade of leukocyte recruitment, and anti-platelet activity. Accordingly, dysfunctional NO-sGC-cGMP mediated signaling is perceived as the underlying pathophysiological cause of many cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases. Due to the fundamental role of sGC in the signaling pathways triggered by NO, novel sGC 'modulators' have been identified that directly stimulate both heme-containing as well as heme-free sGC, the so-called 'sGC activators' and 'sGC stimulators', respectively. The beneficial effects of this new family of sGC 'modulators' extend beyond vasodilation, and their potential in other cardiovascular diseases aside from pulmonary arterial hypertension is promising. In animal models of hypertension and heart failure, reno-protective effects, attenuated cardiac fibrosis, and attenuated hypertrophy independent of hemodynamic effects have been shown. During recent years it has become obvious that cGMP increase by sGC modulators exerts direct antifibrotic efficacy in various organs as well as the skin. This review will provide an overview of the preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies for different fibrotic disorders including chronic renal, cardiac, liver, and lung fibrosis, as well as sclerosis and wound healing. Moreover, this review provides evidence for a new mode of action of sGC 'modulators' and its implication for clinical investigations in the treatment of fibrotic disorders such as pulmonary fibrosis and skin fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sandner
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Drug Discovery, Wuppertal, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Johannes Peter Stasch
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Drug Discovery, Wuppertal, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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26
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Akter F, Coghlan G, de Mel A. Nitric oxide in paediatric respiratory disorders: novel interventions to address associated vascular phenomena? Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 10:256-70. [PMID: 27215618 DOI: 10.1177/1753944716649893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has a significant role in modulating the respiratory system and is being exploited therapeutically. Neonatal respiratory failure can affect around 2% of all live births and is responsible for over one third of all neonatal mortality. Current treatment method with inhaled NO (iNO) has demonstrated great benefits to patients with persistent pulmonary hypertension, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. However, it is not without its drawbacks, which include the need for patients to be attached to mechanical ventilators. Notably, there is also a lack of identification of subgroups amongst abovementioned patients, and homogeneity in powered studies associated with iNO, which is one of the limitations. There are significant developments in drug delivery methods and there is a need to look at alternative or supplementary methods of NO delivery that could reduce current concerns. The addition of NO-independent activators and stimulators, or drugs such as prostaglandins to work in synergy with NO donors might be beneficial. It is of interest to consider such delivery methods within the respiratory system, where controlled release of NO can be introduced whilst minimizing the production of harmful byproducts. This article reviews current therapeutic application of iNO and the state-of-the-art technology methods for sustained delivery of NO that may be adapted and developed to address respiratory disorders. We envisage this perspective would prompt active investigation of such systems for their potential clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Akter
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, UK
| | - Gerry Coghlan
- Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Achala de Mel
- Lecturer in Regenerative Medicine, UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, Royal Free NHS Trust Hospital, 9th Floor, Room 355, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Gu Z, Wang S, Zhu W, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA, Izawa K, Liu H. Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II-III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas. Chem Rev 2016; 116:422-518. [PMID: 26756377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1768] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhanni Gu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan 533-0024
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Reiss C, Mindukshev I, Bischoff V, Subramanian H, Kehrer L, Friebe A, Stasch JP, Gambaryan S, Walter U. The sGC stimulator riociguat inhibits platelet function in washed platelets but not in whole blood. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5199-210. [PMID: 26282717 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of several cardiovascular diseases. The sGC stimulator riociguat has been approved for the treatment of two forms of pulmonary hypertension. Platelets contain large amounts of sGC and play a key role in the regulation of haemostasis. Therefore, we investigated the effects of riociguat on platelet function. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of riociguat treatment on human platelet activation and aggregation was investigated. The sGC-specific effects of riociguat were determined by comparing wild-type and platelet-specific sGC-knockout mice. KEY RESULTS Riociguat induced cGMP synthesis and subsequent PKG activation in human platelets, suggesting that the inhibitory effects are mediated by cGMP signalling. This finding was confirmed when sGC-knockout platelets were not inhibited by riociguat. In washed human platelets, 100 nM riociguat reduced ADP-induced GPIIb/IIIa activation, while a 10-fold higher concentration was required to reduce convulxin-stimulated GPIIb/IIIa activation. Riociguat inhibited ADP-induced platelet shape change and aggregation, while ATP-induced shape change remained unaffected. However, in PRP and whole blood, 50-100 μM riociguat was required to inhibit platelet activation and aggregation. Riociguat in combination with iloprost significantly inhibited platelet aggregation, even in whole blood. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Riociguat inhibits platelet activation in whole blood only at concentrations above 50 μM, while the plasma concentrations in riociguat-treated patients are 150 to 500 nM. This finding indicates that riociguat treatment does not affect platelet function in patients. Nevertheless, the possibility that riociguat acts synergistically with iloprost to inhibit platelet activation should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reiss
- Centre for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - I Mindukshev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V Bischoff
- Centre for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - H Subramanian
- Centre for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - L Kehrer
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A Friebe
- Institute of Physiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - J-P Stasch
- Cardiology Research, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Cytology and Histology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - U Walter
- Centre for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Reinke Y, Gross S, Eckerle LG, Hertrich I, Busch M, Busch R, Riad A, Rauch BH, Stasch JP, Dörr M, Felix SB. The soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator riociguat and the soluble guanylate cyclase activator cinaciguat exert no direct effects on contractility and relaxation of cardiac myocytes from normal rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 767:1-9. [PMID: 26407652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In cardiovascular diseases, reduced responsiveness of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) to nitric oxide (NO) upon long-term application has led to the development of NO-independent sGC stimulators (heme-dependent) and sGC activators (heme-independent). Any direct inotropic or lusitropic effects of these compounds on isolated cardiac myocytes, however, remain to be elucidated. Here, we analyzed the dose-dependent effects of clinical relevant concentrations (10(-10)-10(-5) M) of the sGC activator cinaciguat and the sGC stimulator riociguat on the contraction, relaxation, and calcium transients of isolated field-stimulated cardiac myocytes from healthy rats. For comparison, we used isoproterenol, which induced a dose-dependent significant increase in cell contractility, relaxation, and calcium transients, verapamil that significantly decreased these parameters (both at 10(-9)-10(-5) M) and 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-pCPT-cGMP) that induced a negative inotropic effect at 10(-5) M accompanied by a slight increase in relaxation. In contrast, neither cinaciguat nor riociguat significantly influenced any measured parameters. Furthermore, isoproterenol significantly increased intracellular cAMP levels that were not influenced by cinaciguat or riociguat (all at 10(-6) M). Otherwise, riociguat and cinaciguat (both at 10(-6) M) significantly enhanced intracellular cGMP generation. This accumulation was significantly augmented by cinaciguat in the presence of the sGC inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 25 µM), whereas ODQ blocked cGMP generation by riociguat. However, blocking of sGC did not influence cell contractility. Our results demonstrate that, in isolated cardiac myocytes from healthy rats, the increase in cGMP levels induced by cinaciguat and riociguat at clinical relevant concentrations is not associated with acute direct effects on cell contraction and relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Reinke
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Gross
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars G Eckerle
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Isabel Hertrich
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mathias Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Raila Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Riad
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernhard H Rauch
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johannes-Peter Stasch
- Cardiology Research, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, Germany.
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30
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Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator BAY 41-8543 and female sex ameliorate uremic aortic remodeling in a rat model of mild uremia. J Hypertens 2015; 33:1907-20; discussion 1921. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Contribution of nitric oxide-dependent guanylate cyclase and reactive oxygen species signaling pathways to desensitization of μ-opioid receptors in the rat locus coeruleus. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:422-31. [PMID: 26254861 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in desensitization of μ-opioid receptors (MOR). We used extracellular recordings in vitro to unmask the NO-dependent pathways involved in MOR desensitization in the rat locus coeruleus (LC). Perfusion with ME (3 and 10 μM) concentration-dependently reduced subsequent ME effect, indicative of MOR desensitization. ME (3 μM)-induced desensitization was enhanced by a NO donor (DEA/NO 100 μM), two soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activators (A 350619 30 μM and BAY 418543 1 μM) or a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) activator (8-pCPT-cGMP 30 μM). DEA/NO-induced enhancement was blocked by the sGC inhibitor NS 2028 (10 μM). A 350619 effect was also blocked by NS 2028, but not by the antioxidant Trolox. ME (10 μM)-induced desensitization was blocked by the neuronal NO synthase inhibitor 7-NI (100 μM) and restored by the PKG activator 8-Br-cGMP (100-300 μM). Paradoxically, ME (10 μM)-induced desensitization was not modified by sGC inhibitors (NS 2028 and ODQ), PKG inhibitors (H8 and Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMP) or antioxidant agents (Trolox, U-74389G and melatonin), but it was attenuated by a combination of NS 2028 and Trolox. In conclusion, MOR desensitization in the LC may be mediated or regulated by NO through sGC and reactive oxygen species signaling pathways.
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32
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Jabs A, Oelze M, Mikhed Y, Stamm P, Kröller-Schön S, Welschof P, Jansen T, Hausding M, Kopp M, Steven S, Schulz E, Stasch JP, Münzel T, Daiber A. Effect of soluble guanylyl cyclase activator and stimulator therapy on nitroglycerin-induced nitrate tolerance in rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 71:181-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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33
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Hoffmann LS, Etzrodt J, Willkomm L, Sanyal A, Scheja L, Fischer AWC, Stasch JP, Bloch W, Friebe A, Heeren J, Pfeifer A. Stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase protects against obesity by recruiting brown adipose tissue. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7235. [PMID: 26011238 PMCID: PMC4455111 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by a positive energy balance and expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT). In contrast, brown adipose tissue (BAT) combusts energy to produce heat. Here we show that a small molecule stimulator (BAY 41-8543) of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), which produces the second messenger cyclic GMP (cGMP), protects against diet-induced weight gain, induces weight loss in established obesity, and also improves the diabetic phenotype. Mechanistically, the haeme-dependent sGC stimulator BAY 41-8543 enhances lipid uptake into BAT and increases whole-body energy expenditure, whereas ablation of the haeme-containing β1-subunit of sGC severely impairs BAT function. Notably, the sGC stimulator enhances differentiation of human brown adipocytes as well as induces 'browning' of primary white adipocytes. Taken together, our data suggest that sGC is a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53105, Germany
| | - Jennifer Etzrodt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53105, Germany
| | - Lena Willkomm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Cologne D-50735, Germany
| | - Abhishek Sanyal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53105, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
| | - Alexander W C Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
| | - Johannes-Peter Stasch
- Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal D-42113, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle an der Saale D-06120, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Cologne D-50735, Germany
| | - Andreas Friebe
- Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Würzburg, Würzburg D-97070, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53105, Germany.,Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53127, Germany.,PharmaCenter, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53119, Germany
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34
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Dasgupta A, Bowman L, D'Arsigny CL, Archer SL. Soluble guanylate cyclase: a new therapeutic target for pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 97:88-102. [PMID: 25670386 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) activates soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) by binding its prosthetic heme group, thereby catalyzing cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) synthesis. cGMP causes vasodilation and may inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation and platelet aggregation. The NO-sGC-cGMP pathway is disordered in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a syndrome in which pulmonary vascular obstruction, inflammation, thrombosis, and constriction ultimately lead to death from right heart failure. Expression of sGC is increased in PAH but its function is reduced by decreased NO bioavailability, sGC oxidation and the related loss of sGC's heme group. Two classes of sGC modulators offer promise in PAH. sGC stimulators (e.g., riociguat) require heme-containing sGC to catalyze cGMP production, whereas sGC activators (e.g., cinaciguat) activate heme-free sGC. Riociguat is approved for PAH and yields functional and hemodynamic benefits similar to other therapies. Its main serious adverse effect is dose-dependent hypotension. Riociguat is also approved for inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Etherington Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Homer BL, Morton D, Bagi CM, Warneke JA, Andresen CJ, Whiteley LO, Morris DL, Tones MA. Oral administration of soluble guanylate cyclase agonists to rats results in osteoclastic bone resorption and remodeling with new bone formation in the appendicular and axial skeleton. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:411-23. [PMID: 25142129 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314546559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Orally administered small molecule agonists of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) induced increased numbers of osteoclasts, multifocal bone resorption, increased porosity, and new bone formation in the appendicular and axial skeleton of Sprague-Dawley rats. Similar histopathological bone changes were observed in both young (7- to 9-week-old) and aged (42- to 46-week-old) rats when dosed by oral gavage with 3 different heme-dependent sGC agonist (sGCa) compounds or 1 structurally distinct heme-independent sGCa compound. In a 7-day time course study in 7- to 9-week-old rats, bone changes were observed as early as 2 to 3 days following once daily compound administration. Bone changes were mostly reversed following a 14-day recovery period, with complete reversal after 35 days. The mechanism responsible for the bone changes was investigated in the thyroparathyroidectomized rat model that creates a low state of bone modeling and remodeling due to deprivation of thyroid hormone, calcitonin (CT), and parathyroid hormone (PTH). The sGCa compounds tested increased both bone resorption and formation, thereby increasing bone remodeling independent of calciotropic hormones PTH and CT. Based on these studies, we conclude that the bone changes in rats were likely caused by increased sGC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Homer
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Morton
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cedo M Bagi
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - James A Warneke
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Dale L Morris
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A Tones
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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36
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Bice JS, Keim Y, Stasch JP, Baxter GF. NO-independent stimulation or activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase during early reperfusion limits infarct size. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 101:220-8. [PMID: 24259501 PMCID: PMC3896250 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Guanylyl cyclase-cyclic guanosine monophosphate signalling plays an important role in endogenous cardioprotective signalling. The aim was to assess the potential of direct pharmacological activation and stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase, targeting different redox states of the enzyme, to limit myocardial necrosis during early reperfusion. Methods and results Rat isolated hearts were subjected to reversible left coronary artery occlusion (ischaemia-reperfusion) and infarct size was assessed by the tetrazolium staining technique. Administration during early reperfusion of BAY 41-2272, an NO-independent, haem-dependent stimulator of soluble guanylyl cyclase targeting the reduced state, or BAY 60-2770, an NO-independent, haem-independent activator targeting the oxidized state, significantly limited infarct size. Inhibition of NO synthesis did not abrogate this protection, but exogenous perfusion of NO with BAY 41-2272 produced a synergistic effect. The haem site oxidiser, ODQ abrogated the protection afforded by BAY 41-2272 but potentiated the protection afforded by BAY 60-2770. Targeting both the reduced and oxidized forms of sGC together did not afford additive protection. Conclusions Targeting either reduced or oxidized forms of sGC during early reperfusion affords cardioprotection, providing support for the concept that direct sGC manipulation at reperfusion has therapeutic potential for the management of acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Bice
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
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Gheorghiade M, Marti CN, Sabbah HN, Roessig L, Greene SJ, Böhm M, Burnett JC, Campia U, Cleland JGF, Collins SP, Fonarow GC, Levy PD, Metra M, Pitt B, Ponikowski P, Sato N, Voors AA, Stasch JP, Butler J. Soluble guanylate cyclase: a potential therapeutic target for heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2013; 18:123-34. [PMID: 22622468 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-012-9323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The number of annual hospitalizations for heart failure (HF) and the mortality rates among patients hospitalized for HF remains unacceptably high. The search continues for safe and effective agents that improve outcomes when added to standard therapy. The nitric oxide (NO)-soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway serves an important physiologic role in both vascular and non-vascular tissues, including regulation of myocardial and renal function, and is disrupted in the setting of HF, leading to decreased protection against myocardial injury, ventricular remodeling, and the cardio-renal syndrome. The impaired NO-sGC-cGMP pathway signaling in HF is secondary to reduced NO bioavailability and an alteration in the redox state of sGC, making it unresponsive to NO. Accordingly, increasing directly the activity of sGC is an attractive pharmacologic strategy. With the development of two novel classes of drugs, sGC stimulators and sGC activators, the hypothesis that restoration of NO-sGC-cGMP signaling is beneficial in HF patients can now be tested. Characterization of these agents in pre-clinical and clinical studies has begun with investigations suggesting both hemodynamic effects and organ-protective properties independent of hemodynamic changes. The latter could prove valuable in long-term low-dose therapy in HF patients. This review will explain the role of the NO-sGC-cGMP pathway in HF pathophysiology and outcomes, data obtained with sGC stimulators and sGC activators in pre-clinical and clinical studies, and a plan for the further clinical development to study these agents as HF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Gheorghiade
- Center of Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 North Michigan Ave, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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38
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Thoonen R, Sips PY, Bloch KD, Buys ES. Pathophysiology of hypertension in the absence of nitric oxide/cyclic GMP signaling. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 15:47-58. [PMID: 23233080 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling system is a well-characterized modulator of cardiovascular function, in general, and blood pressure, in particular. The availability of mice mutant for key enzymes in the NO-cGMP signaling system facilitated the identification of interactions with other blood pressure modifying pathways (e.g. the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) and of gender-specific effects of impaired NO-cGMP signaling. In addition, recent genome-wide association studies identified blood pressure-modifying genetic variants in genes that modulate NO and cGMP levels. Together, these findings have advanced our understanding of how NO-cGMP signaling regulates blood pressure. In this review, we will summarize the results obtained in mice with disrupted NO-cGMP signaling and highlight the relevance of this pathway as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht Thoonen
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Molecular Cardiology Research Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Lundgren J, Kylhammar D, Hedelin P, Rådegran G. sGC stimulation totally reverses hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction alone and combined with dual endothelin-receptor blockade in a porcine model. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 206:178-94. [PMID: 22682645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) with BAY 41-8543 was hypothesized to attenuate acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction alone and combined with dual endothelin (ET)-receptor antagonist tezosentan. METHODS Measurements were taken in 18 anaesthetized pigs with a mean ± SEM weight of 31.1 ± 0.4 kg, in normoxia (FiO(2)~0.21) and hypoxia (FiO(2)~0.10) without (control protocol, n = 6), and with right atrial infusion of BAY 41-8543 at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 μg min(-1) per kg (protocol 2, n = 6) or tezosentan at 5 mg kg(-1) followed by BAY 41-8543 at 1, 3 and 6 μg min(-1) per kg (protocol 3, n = 6). RESULTS Hypoxia (n = 18) increased (P < 0.001) mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) by 14.2 ± 0.6 mmHg and 2.8 ± 0.3 WU respectively. During sustained hypoxia without treatment, MPAP and PVR remained stable. BAY 41-8543 (n = 6) dose-dependently decreased (P < 0.001) MPAP and PVR by 15.0 ± 1.2 mmHg and 4.7 ± 0.7 WU respectively. Tezosentan (n = 6) decreased (P < 0.001) MPAP and PVR by 11.8 ± 1.2 mmHg and 2.0 ± 0.2 WU, respectively, whereafter BAY 41-8543 (n = 6) further decreased (P < 0.001) MPAP and PVR by 6.6 ± 0.9 mmHg and 1.9 ± 0.4 WU respectively. Both BAY 41-8543 and tezosentan decreased (P < 0.001) systemic arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance. Blood-O(2) consumption remained unaltered (P = ns) during all interventions. CONCLUSION BAY 41-8543 totally reverses the effects of acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction, and enhances the attenuating effects of tezosentan, without affecting oxygenation. Thus, sGC stimulation, alone or combined with dual ET-receptor blockade, could offer a means to treat pulmonary hypertension related to hypoxia and potentially other causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lundgren
- The Öresund Cardiovascular Research Collaboration, The Clinic for Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Lasker GF, Pankey EA, Allain AV, Dhaliwal JS, Stasch JP, Murthy SN, Kadowitz PJ. Analysis of erectile responses to BAY 41-8543 and muscarinic receptor stimulation in the rat. J Sex Med 2012; 10:704-18. [PMID: 22989320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the receptor for nitric oxide (NO) and in pathophysiologic conditions where NO formation or bioavailability is impaired, erectile dysfunction (ED) occurs. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate erectile responses to the sGC stimulator BAY 41-8543 in physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. METHODS Increases in intracavernosal pressure (ICP) in response to intracavernosal (ic) injections of BAY 41-8543 were investigated in the anesthetized rat. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Increases in ICP/MAP in response to ic injections of BAY 41-8543 and the interaction of BAY 41-8543 with exogenous and endogenously released NO were investigated and the effect of the sGC stimulator on cavernosal nerve injury was assessed. The mechanism of the increase in ICP/MAP in response to ic injection of acetylcholine was investigated. RESULTS The ic injections of BAY 41-8543 increased ICP/MAP and the duration of the response. BAY 41-8543 was less potent than sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and ic injections of BAY 41-8543 and SNP produced a larger response than the algebraic sum of responses to either agent alone. Simultaneous ic injection of BAY 41-8543 and cavernosal nerve stimulation produced a greater response than either intervention alone. Atropine and cavernosal nerve crush injury decreased the response to nerve stimulation and ic injection of BAY 41-8543 restored the response. CONCLUSION These data show that BAY 41-8543 has significant erectile activity and can synergize with exogenous and endogenously released NO. This study shows that atropine and nerve crush attenuate the response to cavernosal nerve stimulation and that BAY 41-8543 can restore the response. The results with atropine, L-NAME and hexamethonium indicate that the response to ic injection of acetylcholine is mediated by muscarinic receptors and the release of NO with no significant role for nicotinic receptors. These results suggest that BAY 41-8543 would be useful in the treatment of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Lasker
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA
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Wang-Rosenke Y, Mika A, Khadzhynov D, Loof T, Neumayer HH, Peters H. Impact of biological gender and soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation on renal recovery after relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction. J Urol 2012; 188:316-23. [PMID: 22608751 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gender difference and nitric oxide deficiency contribute to the progression of many chronic kidney diseases. In a model of unilateral ureteral obstruction relief we analyzed the impact of biological gender and nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling stimulation on renal disease severity and restoration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female and male rats underwent sham surgery or unilateral ureteral obstruction. After 5-day unilateral ureteral obstruction female and male rats were assigned to obstruction relief alone or obstruction relief plus 7-day treatment with the soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator BAY 41-8543. RESULTS Compared to male rats with obstruction relief renal disease was less severe in female rats, which had significantly less tubulointerstitial matrix accumulation and tubular atrophy. In each gender group α1 and β1-soluble guanylate cyclase was comparably and significantly increased but female rats produced significantly more cyclic guanosine monophosphate after treatment with the soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator. In each group BAY 41-8543 treatment was associated with significant amelioration of renal matrix protein expansion, macrophage infiltration, tubular apoptosis and atrophy. CONCLUSIONS Female gender is protective for unilateral ureteral obstruction relief. This was linked to higher sensitivity of the soluble guanylate cyclase enzyme and cyclic guanosine monophosphate production in response to BAY 41-8543. In these female and male rats enhancing the signaling of nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate with BAY 41-8543 significantly accelerated the restoration of renal architecture after obstruction relief and largely ameliorated the differences in disease severity due to the gender disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrui Wang-Rosenke
- Department of Nephrology and Center of Cardiovascular Research, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Nossaman BD, Pankey EA, Badejo AR, Casey DB, Uppu S, Murthy SN, Kadowitz PJ. Analysis of responses to glyceryl trinitrate and sodium nitrite in the intact chest rat. Nitric Oxide 2012; 26:223-8. [PMID: 22465477 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Responses to glyceryl trinitrate/nitroglycerin (GTN), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and sodium nitrite were compared in the intact chest rat. The iv injections of GTN, sodium nitrite, and GSNO produced dose-dependent decreases in pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures. In as much as cardiac output was not reduced, the decreases in pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures indicate that GTN, sodium nitrite, and GSNO have significant vasodilator activity in the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds in the rat. Responses to GTN were attenuated by cyanamide, but not allopurinol, whereas responses to nitrite formed by the metabolism of GTN were attenuated by allopurinol and cyanamide. The results with allopurinol and cyanamide suggest that only mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase is involved in the bioactivation of GTN, sodium nitrite, and GSNO, whereas both pathways are involved in the bioactivation of nitrite anion in the intact rat. The comparison of vasodilator activity indicates that GSNO and GTN are more than 1000-fold more potent than sodium nitrite in decreasing pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures in the rat. Following administration of 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadizaolo[4,3-]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ), responses to GTN were significantly attenuated, indicating that responses are mediated by the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase. These data suggest that the reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide formed from the metabolism of GTN, cannot account for the vasodilator activity of GTN in the intact rat and that another mechanism; perhaps the formation of an S-NO, may mediate the vasodilator response to GTN in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby D Nossaman
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, USA
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Novel therapies in acute and chronic heart failure. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:1-17. [PMID: 22475446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite past advances in the pharmacological management of heart failure, the prognosis of these patients remains poor, and for many, treatment options remain unsatisfactory. Additionally, the treatments and clinical outcomes of patients with acute decompensated heart failure have not changed substantially over the past few decades. Consequently, there is a critical need for new drugs that can improve clinical outcomes. In the setting of acute heart failure, new inotrops such as cardiac myosin activators and new vasodilators such as relaxin have been developed. For chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, there are several new approaches that target multiple pathophysiological mechanism including novel blockers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (direct renin inhibitors, dual-acting inhibitors of the angiotensin II receptor and neprilysin, aldosterone synthase inhibitors), ryanodine receptor stabilizers, and SERCA activators. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction represents a substantial therapeutic problem as no therapy has been demonstrated to improve symptoms or outcomes in this condition. Newer treatment strategies target specific structural and functional abnormalities that lead to increased myocardial stiffness. Dicarbonyl-breaking compounds reverse advanced glycation-induced cross-linking of collagen and improve the compliance of aged and/or diabetic myocardium. Modulation of titin-dependent passive tension can be achieved via phosphorylation of a unique sequence on the extensible region of the protein. This review describes the pathophysiological basis, mechanism of action, and available clinical efficacy data of drugs that are currently under development. Finally, new therapies for the treatment of heart failure complications, such as pulmonary hypertension and anemia, are discussed.
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Review of companies and drug classes in the 2007–2011 antihypertensive patent literature. Pharm Pat Anal 2012; 1:45-64. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.12.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, defined as elevated systolic blood pressure and/or diastolic blood pressure generally greater than 140/90 mmHg, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes such as arterial aneurysm, myocardial infarction and stroke, and for nonvascular conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. The prevalence of the disease is rapidly increasing both in the USA and in the rest of the world. Hypertension can be managed to a degree through behavioral changes (e.g., reduction in salt intake and loss of excess body weight). When lifestyle changes fail, pharmacological therapy provides benefits, with combination drug therapy often required for many patients to reach their blood pressure-reduction goals. Approximately one-third of hypertensive patients who seek treatment fail to reach their goals, either because they are resistant to drug therapy or stop treatment due to side-effect issues. A medical need exists for new antihypertensive agents with improved risk–benefit profiles. However, within the past decade, the economics of bringing a new antihypertensive agent to market have become challenging due to the plethora of generic drugs available, the advent of polypharmacology, and the difficulty of identifying agents that are better than the standard of care. Only a few new mechanistic classes of antihypertensive agents have been recently approved, suggesting a lack of innovation within the industry. In this review, we describe the results of a survey of drug companies and drug classes in the 2007–2009 antihypertensive patent literature and comment on the current state of innovation in antihypertensive drug discovery.
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Stimulators and activators of soluble guanylate cyclase: review and potential therapeutic indications. Crit Care Res Pract 2012; 2012:290805. [PMID: 22482042 PMCID: PMC3299283 DOI: 10.1155/2012/290805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme-protein soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the intracellular receptor for nitric oxide (NO). sGC is a heterodimeric enzyme with α and β subunits and contains a heme moiety essential for binding of NO and activation of the enzyme. Stimulation of sGC mediates physiologic responses including smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of inflammation, and thrombosis. In pathophysiologic states, NO formation and bioavailability can be impaired by oxidative stress and that tolerance to NO donors develops with continuous use. Two classes of compounds have been developed that can directly activate sGC and increase cGMP formation in pathophysiologic conditions when NO formation and bioavailability are impaired or when NO tolerance has developed. In this report, we review current information on the pharmacology of heme-dependent stimulators and heme-independent activators of sGC in animal and in early clinical studies and the potential role these compounds may have in the management of cardiovascular disease.
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Monteiro PF, Morganti RP, Delbin MA, Calixto MC, Lopes-Pires ME, Marcondes S, Zanesco A, Antunes E. Platelet hyperaggregability in high-fat fed rats: a role for intraplatelet reactive-oxygen species production. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:5. [PMID: 22248260 PMCID: PMC3320560 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adiposity greatly increases the risk of atherothrombotic events, a pathological condition where a chronic state of oxidative stress is reported to play a major role. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of (NO)-soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) signaling pathway in the platelet dysfunction from high fat-fed (HFF) rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were fed for 10 weeks with standard chow (SCD) or high-fat diet (HFD). ADP (10 μM)- and thrombin (100 mU/ml)-induced washed platelet aggregation were evaluated. Measurement of intracellular levels of ROS levels was carried out using flow cytometry. Cyclic GMP levels were evaluated using ELISA kits. Results High-fat fed rats exhibited significant increases in body weight, epididymal fat, fasting glucose levels and glucose intolerance compared with SCD group. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP (n = 8) and thrombin from HFD rats (n = 8) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) compared with SCD group. Platelet activation with ADP increased by 54% the intraplatelet ROS production in HFD group, as measured by flow cytometry (n = 6). N-acetylcysteine (NAC; 1 mM) and PEG-catalase (1000 U/ml) fully prevented the increased ROS production and platelet hyperaggregability in HFD group. The NO donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10 μM) and SNAP (10 μM), as well as the NO-independent soluble guanylyl cyclase stimulator BAY 41-2272 (10 μM) inhibited the platelet aggregation in HFD group with lower efficacy (P < 0.05) compared with SCD group. The cGMP levels in response to these agents were also markedly lower in HFD group (P < 0.05). The prostacyclin analogue iloprost (1 μM) reduced platelet aggregation in HFD and SCD rats in a similar fashion (n = 4). Conclusions Metabolic abnormalities as consequence of HFD cause platelet hyperaggregability involving enhanced intraplatelet ROS production and decreased NO bioavailability that appear to be accompanied by potential defects in the prosthetic haem group of soluble guanylyl cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila F Monteiro
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Ellis DZ. Guanylate cyclase activators, cell volume changes and IOP reduction. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:1145-54. [PMID: 22179003 DOI: 10.1159/000335866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma afflicts millions of people worldwide and is a major cause of blindness. The risk to develop glaucoma is enhanced by increases in IOP, which result from deranged flow of aqueous humor. Aqueous humor is a fluid located in the front of the eye that gives the eye its buoyancy and supplies nutrients to other eye tissues. Aqueous humor is secreted by a tissue called ciliary processes and exits the eye via two tissues; the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal. Because the spaces through which the fluid flows get smaller as the TM joins the area of the Schlemm's canal, there is resistance to aqueous humor outflow and this resistance creates IOP. There is a correlation between changes in TM and Schlemm's canal cell volume and rates of aqueous humor outflow; agents that decrease TM and Schlemm's canal cell volume, increase the rate of aqueous humor outflow, thus decreasing IOP. IOP is regulated by guanylate cyclase activators as shown in humans, rabbits and monkeys. There are two distinct groups of guanylate cyclases, membrane guanylate cyclase and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC); activation of both have been shown to decrease IOP. Members of the membrane guanylate cyclase family of receptors bind to peptide ligands, while the sGC responds to gases (such as NO and CO(2)) and compounds (such as YC1, [3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'furyl)-1-benzyl indazole), a benzyl indazole derivative, and BAY-58-2667); activation of either results in formation of cyclic GMP (cGMP) and activation of protein kinase G (PKG) and subsequent phosphorylation of target proteins, including the high conductance calcium activated potassium channel (BKca channel). While activators of both membrane guanylate cyclase and sGC have the ability to lower IOP, the IOP lowering effects of sGC are noteworthy because sGC activators can be topically applied to the eye to achieve an effect. We have demonstrated that activators of sGC increase the rate at which aqueous humor exits the eye in a time course that correlates with the time course for sGC-induced decreases in TM and Schlemm's canal cell volume. Additionally, sGC-induced decrease in cell volume is accompanied by both K(+) and Cl(-) efflux induced by activation of K(+) and Cl(-) channels, including the BKca channel and/or K(+)Cl(-) symport. This suggests that parallel K(+)Cl(-) efflux, and resultant H(2)O efflux result in decreases in cell volume. These observations suggest a functional role for sGC activators, and suggest that the sGC/cGMP/PKG systems are potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorette Z Ellis
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Is there a role for soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators in acute pulmonary embolism?*. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:2773-4. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31822b3a34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang-Rosenke Y, Mika A, Khadzhynov D, Loof T, Neumayer HH, Peters H. Stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase improves renal recovery after relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction. J Urol 2011; 186:1142-9. [PMID: 21784461 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The antifibrotic effects of soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation and cyclic guanosine monophosphate production have been observed in cases of anti-thy1-induced renal disease. We analyzed the action of the specific soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator BAY 41-8543 on the renal recovery phase in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction after obstruction was relieved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley® rats underwent reversible unilateral ureteral obstruction for 5 days, after which obstruction was relieved. Rats were randomly assigned to unilateral ureteral obstruction and unilateral ureteral obstruction plus BAY 41-8543 (10 mg/kg body weight daily). Seven days after relief of obstruction we determined treatment effects on renal atrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis and nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling. RESULTS Untreated obstructed rats showed mildly increased systolic blood pressure, marked tubular atrophy and apoptosis, tubulointerstitial macrophage infiltration and fibrosis. Plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels were unaltered in untreated rats with obstruction while renal soluble guanylate cyclase mRNA expression was increased. BAY 41-8543 administration significantly increased plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which was paralleled by significant decreases in systolic blood pressure, renal tubular diameter, apoptosis and renal macrophage infiltration. Also, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation decreased tubulointerstitial fibrosis, as shown by tubulointerstitial volume, matrix protein accumulation, α-smooth muscle actin expression, collagen IV deposition and transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation by BAY 41-8543 increases cyclic guanosine monophosphate production and subsequently enhances renal recovery after unilateral ureteral obstruction relief through an array of pathways. This finding suggests that soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation may serve as a novel treatment approach to restore or preserve renal structure and function in cases of obstructive kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrui Wang-Rosenke
- Department of Nephrology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation prevents fibrotic tissue remodeling and improves survival in salt-sensitive Dahl rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21853. [PMID: 21789188 PMCID: PMC3138745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A direct pharmacological stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is an emerging therapeutic approach to the management of various cardiovascular disorders associated with endothelial dysfunction. Novel sGC stimulators, including riociguat (BAY 63-2521), have a dual mode of action: They sensitize sGC to endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO) and also directly stimulate sGC independently of NO. Little is known about their effects on tissue remodeling and degeneration and survival in experimental malignant hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Mortality, hemodynamics and biomarkers of tissue remodeling and degeneration were assessed in Dahl salt-sensitive rats maintained on a high salt diet and treated with riociguat (3 or 10 mg/kg/d) for 14 weeks. Riociguat markedly attenuated systemic hypertension, improved systolic heart function and increased survival from 33% to 85%. Histological examination of the heart and kidneys revealed that riociguat significantly ameliorated fibrotic tissue remodeling and degeneration. Correspondingly, mRNA expression of the pro-fibrotic biomarkers osteopontin (OPN), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the myocardium and the renal cortex was attenuated by riociguat. In addition, riociguat reduced plasma and urinary levels of OPN, TIMP-1, and PAI-1. CONCLUSIONS Stimulation of sGC by riociguat markedly improves survival and attenuates systemic hypertension and systolic dysfunction, as well as fibrotic tissue remodeling in the myocardium and the renal cortex in a rodent model of pressure and volume overload. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential of sGC stimulators in diseases associated with impaired cardiovascular and renal functions.
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