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Suárez-Rozas C, Simpson S, Fuentes-Retamal S, Catalán M, Ferreira J, Theoduloz C, Mella J, Cabezas D, Cassels BK, Yáñez C, Castro-Castillo V. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities of aza-annulated naphthoquinone analogs. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 54:375-390. [PMID: 30389605 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Naphthoquinone derivatives have been widely documented with regard to their biological properties, and particularly their anticancer activities. In the 9,10-anthraquinone family, aza-annulation involving one of the carbonyl oxygen atoms has afforded more potent, possibly less toxic analogues. We recently carried out different modifications on the naphthoquinone skeleton to generate 3-chloro-2-amino- and 3-chloro-2-(N-acetamido)-1,4-naphthoquinone and 3,4-dihydrobenzo[f]quinoxalin-6(2H)-one derivatives. These three series of compounds were now tested against normal human fibroblasts and six human cancer cell lines. Some of the dihydrobenzoquinoxalinone derivatives were not only more potent than their 1,4-naphthoquinone counterparts, but also exhibited 10- to 14-fold selectivity between bladder carcinoma and normal cells and were equipotent with the non-selective reference drug used (etoposide). The fusion of an additional azaheterocycle to the 1,4-naphthoquinone nucleus modulates both the activity, selectivity and mechanism of action of the compounds. The electrochemical properties of selected compounds were evaluated in an attempt to correlate them with cytotoxic activity and mechanism of action. Finally, 3D-QSAR CoMFA and CoMSIA models were built on the AGS, J82, and HL-60 cell lines. The best models had values of r2pred = 0.815; 0.823 and 0.925. The main structural relationships found, suggest that acetylation and alkylation of the amino group with large groups would be beneficial for cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Suárez-Rozas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, 780003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Metropolitan Educational Sciences University, Av. José Pedro Alessandri 774, 7760197 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Fuentes-Retamal
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Mabel Catalán
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Cristina Theoduloz
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, 824000, Av. Lircay, Talca, Chile
| | - Jaime Mella
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valparaiso, 2360102, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Casilla 5030, Chile; Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena (CIFAR), University of Valparaíso, 2360134, Santa Marta 183, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - David Cabezas
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valparaiso, 2360102, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Casilla 5030, Chile; Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena (CIFAR), University of Valparaíso, 2360134, Santa Marta 183, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Bruce K Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, 780003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Yáñez
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, 8330015 Santiago, Chile
| | - Vicente Castro-Castillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santos Dumont 964, 8330015 Santiago, Chile.
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2
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Ochwang'i DO, Kimwele CN, Oduma JA, Gathumbi PK, Kiama SG, Efferth T. Cytotoxic activity of medicinal plants of the Kakamega County (Kenya) against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 215:233-240. [PMID: 29309859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The geographical location of Kakamega County proximal to the Kakamega Rain Forest in Kenya and its rich flora represents an interesting resource of traditional medicinal plants. The medicinal plants in the present study are traditionally used to treat cancer in Kakamega County as recorded in published literature. AIM OF THE STUDY Due to multidrug resistance (MDR) and severe side effects of currently used drugs in clinical oncology, new candidate compounds are urgently required to improve treatment outcome. The present study explored the in vitro cytotoxic potential of 34 organic and 19 aqueous extracts of Kakamega medicinal plants towards sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines. METHODS AND RESULTS The cytotoxicity was determined using the resazurin assay. Eight organic and two aqueous plant extracts inhibited the growth of CCRF-CEM leukemia cells by more than 50%. The organic extracts were Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex poir (6.6% of untreated control), Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman (19.4%), Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich (38.6%), Phyllanthus fischeri Pax (40.7%), Shirakiopsis elliptica (Hochst.) Esser Synonym: Sapium ellipticum (Hochst. kraus) Pax (41.8%), Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill (45.4%) and Futumia africana Benth. (45.8%) and Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze (48%). The aqueous extracts were Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill (31.3%) and Shirakiopsis elliptica (Hochst.) Esser Synonym: Sapium ellipticum (Hochst. Kraus) Pax (48.2%). In addition to P-glycoprotein-expressing tumor cells, we also investigated other mechanisms of drug resistance, i.e. BCRP- or EGFR-transfected and TP53-knockout tumor cells. Some extracts also showed considerable cytotoxic activity against these drug-resistant cell lines. As demonstrated for selected examples, some extracts exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity towards cancer cells, if applied in combination with other extracts. DISCUSSION The panel of medicinal plants used in the Kakamega County for cancer treatment revealed indeed cytotoxicity to various extent towards cancer cells in vitro. Hence, our results may at least in part substantiate the traditional use of these compounds to treat cancer. Even more interesting, several extracts inhibited otherwise drug-resistant tumor cell lines with similar or even better efficacy than their drug-sensitive counterparts. This provides an attractive perspective for further exploration of their anticancer potential to combat drug resistance of refractory tumors.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Medicine, African Traditional
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oxazines/metabolism
- Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
- Xanthenes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic O Ochwang'i
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Charles N Kimwele
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Jemimah A Oduma
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Peter K Gathumbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. BOX 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Stephen G Kiama
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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3
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Synthesis, crystal structure, DFT calculation and DNA binding studies of new water-soluble derivatives of dppz. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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4
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A simple synthesis of 3,4-dihydrobenzo[f]quinoxalin-6(2H)-one derivatives substituted in the ring B. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Zhang X, Liu H, Jia Y. A palladium-catalyzed intramolecular carbonylative annulation reaction for the synthesis of 4,5-fused tricyclic 2-quinolones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7665-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02600a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of 4,5-fused tricyclic 2-quinolones via a palladium-catalyzed intramolecular carbonylative annulation reaction is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Haichao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
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6
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Castro-Castillo V, Suárez-Rozas C, Castro-Loiza N, Theoduloz C, Cassels BK. Annulation of substituted anthracene-9,10-diones yields promising selectively antiproliferative compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:688-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Nowak R, Tarasiuk J. Retaining cytotoxic activity of anthrapyridone CO1 against multidrug resistant cells is related to the ability to induce concomitantly apoptosis and lysosomal death of leukaemia HL60/VINC and HL60/DOX cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:855-67. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The effect of anthrapyridone compound CO1 retaining cytotoxic activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) tumour cells on inducing cell death of the sensitive leukaemia HL60 cell line and its MDR sublines (HL60/VINC and HL60/DOX) was examined.
Methods
The effects of CO1 and the reference compound doxorubicin (DOX) on examined cells were analysed by studying their cytotoxicity, drug intracellular accumulation, cell cycle distribution, caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity, Fas expression and lysosomal integrity.
Key findings
CO1 was much less effective at influencing the cell cycle of examined cells than DOX a well-known antitumour drug targeting cellular DNA and causing G2/M checkpoint arrest. CO1 caused much less pronounced appearance of the sub-G1 population and oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation, characteristic of apoptosis, compared with DOX. Significantly lower caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity was also observed in the response of these cells to CO1 compared with DOX treatment. CO1 did not change the expression of the Fas death receptor, characteristic of apoptotic pathways, on the surface of studied cells. Interestingly, the results showed that CO1 caused lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP) of the cells, whereas DOX did not perturb the lysosomal integrity of the studied cells.
Conclusions
The results suggest that CO1 could induce LMP-mediated cell death as a main lethal effect in a caspase-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nowak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Tarasiuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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8
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Role of structural factors of antitumour anthraquinone derivatives and analogues in the ability to undergo bioreductive activation by NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase. Implications for increasing the activity against sensitive and multidrug-resistant leukaemia HL60 cells. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:393-405. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32834fcf4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Etukala JR, Yadav JS. Synthesis of 1-(phenylsulfanyl/phenoxy)-3H-naptho[1,2,3-de]quinoline-2,7-diones. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Skupień K, Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Oszmiański J, Tarasiuk J. In vitro antileukaemic activity of extracts from chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa [Michx] Elliott) and mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves against sensitive and multidrug resistant HL60 cells. Phytother Res 2008; 22:689-94. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Fong WF, Wang C, Zhu GY, Leung CH, Yang MS, Cheung HY. Reversal of multidrug resistance in cancer cells by Rhizoma Alismatis extract. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 14:160-5. [PMID: 16713217 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged chemotherapy may lead to the selective proliferation of multidrug resistant (MDR) cancer cells. In MDR HepG2-DR and K562-DR cells that over-expressed P-glycoprotein (Pgp), the extract of the rhizomes of Alisma orientalis (Sam) Juzep. showed a synergistic growth inhibitory effect with cancer drugs that are Pgp substrates including actinomycin D, puromycin, paclitaxel, vinblastine and doxorubicin. At the same toxicity levels the herbal extract was more effective than verapamil, a standard Pgp inhibitor, in enhancing cellular doxorubicin accumulation and preventing the efflux of rhodamin-123 from the MDR cells. The extract restored the effect of vinblastine on the induction of G(2)/M arrest in MDR cells. Our data suggest that A. orientalis may contain components that are effective inhibitors of Pgp.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-F Fong
- Bioactive Products Research Group, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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12
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Skupień K, Oszmiański J, Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Tarasiuk J. In vitro antileukaemic activity of extracts from berry plant leaves against sensitive and multidrug resistant HL60 cells. Cancer Lett 2006; 236:282-91. [PMID: 16039042 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2005] [Revised: 05/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine in vitro antileukaemic activity of extracts obtained from selected berry plant leaves (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv Elsanta, raspberry Rubus ideus L. cv Polana and blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv Bluecrop) against promyelocytic HL60 cell line and its multidrug resistant sublines exhibiting two different MDR phenotypes: HL60/VINC (overexpressing P-glycoprotein) and HL60/DOX (overexpressing MRP1 protein). It was found that the blueberry extract was the most efficient against sensitive HL60 cell line (about 2-fold more active than strawberry and raspberry extracts) but presented much lower activity towards resistant cells. In contrast, strawberry and raspberry extracts exhibited the high cytotoxic activity against sensitive leukaemia HL60 cell line as well as its MDR sublines. The values of resistance factor (RF) found for these extracts were very low lying in the range 0.32/2.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Skupień
- Department of Processing and Storage of Plant Raw Materials, Agricultural Academy of Szczecin, 17 Słowackiego st, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland
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13
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Dzieduszycka M, Bontemps-Gracz MM, Stefańska B, Martelli S, Piwkowska A, Arciemiuk M, Borowski E. Synthesis of 7-oxo-7H-naphtho[1,2,3-de]quinoline derivatives as potential anticancer agents active on multidrug resistant cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2880-6. [PMID: 16458007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Following our earlier finding that tetracyclic anthraquinone analogs with a fused pyridone ring exhibit cytotoxic activity toward multidrug resistant tumor cells, a series of new potential antitumor agents, 7-oxo-7H-naphtho[1,2,3-de]quinoline derivatives (3, 6-8, 10-12, 14, 15, and 18), bearing one or two basic side chains and various substituents at the pyridone ring, have been synthesized. The compounds have been obtained from 1-amino-4-chloroanthraquinone or 1-aminoanthraquinone by cyclization with diethyl malonate and the subsequent reactions of the key intermediates 2, 4, and 17. The compounds exhibited cytotoxic activity toward sensitive human leukemia cell line HL-60 and against its resistant sublines HL-60/VINC (MDR1 type) and HL-60/DX (MRP1 type).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dzieduszycka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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14
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Stefańska B, Bontemps-Gracz MM, Antonini I, Martelli S, Arciemiuk M, Piwkowska A, Rogacka D, Borowski E. 2,7-Dihydro-3H-pyridazino[5,4,3-kl]acridin-3-one derivatives, novel type of cytotoxic agents active on multidrug-resistant cell lines. Synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:1969-75. [PMID: 15727851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have earlier postulated that the presence of a pyridazone ring fused with an anthracenedione moiety resulted in the analog's ability to overcome multidrug resistance of tumor cells [J. Med. Chem.1999, 42, 3494]. High cytotoxic activity of obtained anthrapyridazones [Bioorg. Med. Chem.2003, 11, 561] toward the resistant cell lines, prompted us to synthesize the similarly modified acridine compounds. A series of pyridazinoacridin-3-one derivatives (2b-h) were prepared from the reaction of 9-oxo-9,10-dihydroacridine-1-carboxylate with POCl(3), followed by addition of the appropriate (alkylamino)alkylhydrazines. In vitro cytotoxic activity toward sensitive and resistant leukemia cell lines: L1210, K562, K562/DX, HL-60, HL-60/VINC, and HL-60/DX, with various type of multidrug resistance (MDR and MRP) was determined. The compounds studied exhibited in comparison to the reference cytostatics (DX, MIT) desirable very low resistance indexes (RI). Variations have been observed depending upon the substituent and the type of drug exporting pump. The cytotoxic activities of examined compounds, as well as of model anthrapyridazone derivative PDZ, were lower than those of reference drugs (DX, MIT) due to their diminished affinity to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stefańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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15
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Tarasiuk J, Majewska E, Seksek O, Rogacka D, Antonini I, Garnier-Suillerot A, Borowski E. The role of structural factors in the kinetics of cellular uptake of pyrazoloacridines and pyrazolopyrimidoacridines: implications for overcoming multidrug resistance towards leukaemia K562/DOX cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:1815-23. [PMID: 15450947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumour cells to a wide array of antitumour drugs, structurally diverse and having different mechanisms of action, constitutes the major obstacle to the successful treatment of cancer. Our approach to search for non-cross resistant antitumour agents is based on the rational design of derivatives, which have a high kinetics of passive cellular uptake rendering their active efflux by MDR exporting pumps inefficient. Recently, two families of acridine cytotoxic agents were obtained, pyrazoloacridines (PACs) and pyrazolopyrimidoacridines (PPACs). The aim of this study was to examine molecular basis of the reported differences in retaining cytotoxic activity of these derivatives at cellular level against resistant erythroleukaemia K562/DOX (overexpressing P-glycoprotein) cell line. The study was performed using a spectrofluorometric method, which allows continuous monitoring of the uptake and efflux of fluorescent molecules by living cells. It was demonstrated that the presence of two additional rings, pyrazole and pyrimidine, fused to the acridine chromophore structure (PPAC) favoured more rapid cellular diffusion than the presence of only one additional pyrazole ring (PAC). The presence of hydrophobic substituent OCH3 markedly favoured the cellular uptake of pyrazoloacridines and pyrazolopyrimidoacridines while compounds having hydrophilic substituent OH exhibited very low kinetics of cellular uptake. In contrast, it was found that neither structure of the ring system nor the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of examined substituents determined the rate of active efflux of these compounds by P-glycoprotein. Our data showed that a nearly linear relation exists between the resistance factor (RF) and lnV+ reflecting the impact of the cellular uptake rate (V+) on the ability of these compounds to overcome MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Tarasiuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Technical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
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16
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Stefańska B, Arciemiuk M, Bontemps-Gracz MM, Dzieduszycka M, Kupiec A, Martelli S, Borowski E. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,7-Dihydro-3H-dibenzo[de,h]cinnoline-3,7-dione derivatives, a novel group of anticancer agents active on a multidrug resistant cell line. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:561-72. [PMID: 12538021 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of anthrapyridazone derivatives with one or two basic side chains at various positions in the tetracyclic chromophore have been synthesized. The key intermediates in the synthesis are 2,7-dihydro-3H-dibenzo[de,h]cinnoline-3,7-diones 1, 12 and 15 monosubstituted at position 2 (4d, 16a-e), or 6 (2a-f) or disubstituted at positions 2 and 6 (4a-c) or 2 and 8 (17a-e) with appropriate alkylaminoalkylamines. All analogues showed in vitro cytotoxic activity against murine leukemia (L1210) and human leukemia (K562) cell lines. The compounds were also active against human leukemia multidrug resistant (K562/DX) cell line with resistance index (RI) in the range 1-3 depending on the compound's structure. Two of the most active in vitro compounds 4a and 11 were tested in vivo against murine P388 leukemia and displayed antileukemic activity comparable with that of Mitoxantrone. DNA-binding assays were performed and DNA affinity data were correlated with the structures of the compounds. The cytoplasmatic membrane affinity values (log k'(IAM)) have also been determined and the correlation with the resistance indexes discussed. The anthrapyridazones constitute a novel group of antitumor compounds that can overcome multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stefańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland
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