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Föhr KJ, Rapp M, Fauler M, Zimmer T, Jungwirth B, Messerer DAC. Block of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels by Aripiprazole in a State-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112890. [PMID: 36361681 PMCID: PMC9656591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic drug, which is prescribed for many psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and mania in bipolar disorder. It primarily acts as an agonist of dopaminergic and other G-protein coupled receptors. So far, an interaction with ligand- or voltage-gated ion channels has been classified as weak. Meanwhile, we identified aripiprazole in a preliminary test as a potent blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels. Here, we present a detailed analysis about the interaction of aripiprazole with the dominant voltage-gated sodium channel of heart muscle (hNav1.5). Electrophysiological experiments were performed by means of the patch clamp technique at human heart muscle sodium channels (hNav1.5), heterologously expressed in human TsA cells. Aripiprazole inhibits the hNav1.5 channel in a state- but not use-dependent manner. The affinity for the resting state is weak with an extrapolated Kr of about 55 µM. By contrast, the interaction with the inactivated state is strong. The affinities for the fast and slow inactivated state are in the low micromolar range (0.5–1 µM). Kinetic studies indicate that block development for the inactivated state must be described with a fast (ms) and a slow (s) time constant. Even though the time constants differ by a factor of about 50, the resulting affinity constants were nearly identical (in the range of 0.5 µM). Besides this, aripirazole also interacts with the open state of the channel. Using an inactivation deficit mutant, an affinity of about 1 µM was estimated. In summary, aripiprazole inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels at low micromolar concentrations. This property might add to its possible anticancer and neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Josef Föhr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Rapp
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Zimmer
- Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Jungwirth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - David Alexander Christian Messerer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Fuchs E, Messerer DAC, Karpel-Massler G, Fauler M, Zimmer T, Jungwirth B, Föhr KJ. Block of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels as a Potential Novel Anti-cancer Mechanism of TIC10. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:737637. [PMID: 34744721 PMCID: PMC8567104 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.737637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor therapeutics are aimed to affect tumor cells selectively while sparing healthy ones. For this purpose, a huge variety of different drugs are in use. Recently, also blockers of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) have been recognized to possess potentially beneficial effects in tumor therapy. As these channels are a frequent target of numerous drugs, we hypothesized that currently used tumor therapeutics might have the potential to block VGSCs in addition to their classical anti-cancer activity. In the present work, we have analyzed the imipridone TIC10, which belongs to a novel class of anti-cancer compounds, for its potency to interact with VGSCs. Methods: Electrophysiological experiments were performed by means of the patch-clamp technique using heterologously expressed human heart muscle sodium channels (hNav1.5), which are among the most common subtypes of VGSCs occurring in tumor cells. Results: TIC10 angular inhibited the hNav1.5 channel in a state- but not use-dependent manner. The affinity for the resting state was weak with an extrapolated Kr of about 600 μM. TIC10 most probably did not interact with fast inactivation. In protocols for slow inactivation, a half-maximal inhibition occurred around 2 µM. This observation was confirmed by kinetic studies indicating that the interaction occurred with a slow time constant. Furthermore, TIC10 also interacted with the open channel with an affinity of approximately 4 µM. The binding site for local anesthetics or a closely related site is suggested as a possible target as the affinity for the well-characterized F1760K mutant was reduced more than 20-fold compared to wild type. Among the analyzed derivatives, ONC212 was similarly effective as TIC10 angular, while TIC10 linear more selectively interacted with the different states. Conclusion: The inhibition of VGSCs at low micromolar concentrations might add to the anti-tumor properties of TIC10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fuchs
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Zimmer
- Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Jungwirth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karl Josef Föhr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Föhr KJ, Nastos A, Fauler M, Zimmer T, Jungwirth B, Messerer DAC. Block of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels by Atomoxetine in a State- and Use-dependent Manner. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:622489. [PMID: 33732157 PMCID: PMC7959846 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.622489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomoxetine, a neuroactive drug, is approved for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is primarily known as a high affinity blocker of the noradrenaline transporter, whereby its application leads to an increased level of the corresponding neurotransmitter in different brain regions. However, the concentrations used to obtain clinical effects are much higher than those which are required to block the transporter system. Thus, off-target effects are likely to occur. In this way, we previously identified atomoxetine as blocker of NMDA receptors. As many psychotropic drugs give rise to sudden death of cardiac origin, we now tested the hypothesis whether atomoxetine also interacts with voltage-gated sodium channels of heart muscle type in clinically relevant concentrations. Electrophysiological experiments were performed by means of the patch-clamp technique at human heart muscle sodium channels (hNav1.5) heterogeneously expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. Atomoxetine inhibited sodium channels in a state- and use-dependent manner. Atomoxetine had only a weak affinity for the resting state of the hNav1.5 (Kr: ∼ 120 µM). The efficacy of atomoxetine strongly increased with membrane depolarization, indicating that the inactivated state is an important target. A hallmark of this drug was its slow interaction. By use of different experimental settings, we concluded that the interaction occurs with the slow inactivated state as well as by slow kinetics with the fast-inactivated state. Half-maximal effective concentrations (2–3 µM) were well within the concentration range found in plasma of treated patients. Atomoxetine also interacted with the open channel. However, the interaction was not fast enough to accelerate the time constant of fast inactivation. Nevertheless, when using the inactivation-deficient hNav1.5_I408W_L409C_A410W mutant, we found that the persistent late current was blocked half maximal at about 3 µM atomoxetine. The interaction most probably occurred via the local anesthetic binding site. Atomoxetine inhibited sodium channels at a similar concentration as it is used for the treatment of ADHD. Due to its slow interaction and by inhibiting the late current, it potentially exerts antiarrhythmic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Josef Föhr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ariadni Nastos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Fauler
- Department of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Zimmer
- Institute of Physiology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Jungwirth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Zhu W, Li T, Silva JR, Chen J. Conservation and divergence in NaChBac and Na V1.7 pharmacology reveals novel drug interaction mechanisms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10730. [PMID: 32612253 PMCID: PMC7329812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated Na+ (NaV) channels regulate homeostasis in bacteria and control membrane electrical excitability in mammals. Compared to their mammalian counterparts, bacterial NaV channels possess a simpler, fourfold symmetric structure and have facilitated studies of the structural basis of channel gating. However, the pharmacology of bacterial NaV remains largely unexplored. Here we systematically screened 39 NaV modulators on a bacterial channel (NaChBac) and characterized a selection of compounds on NaChBac and a mammalian channel (human NaV1.7). We found that while many compounds interact with both channels, they exhibit distinct functional effects. For example, the local anesthetics ambroxol and lidocaine block both NaV1.7 and NaChBac but affect activation and inactivation of the two channels to different extents. The voltage-sensing domain targeting toxin BDS-I increases NaV1.7 but decreases NaChBac peak currents. The pore binding toxins aconitine and veratridine block peak currents of NaV1.7 and shift activation (aconitine) and inactivation (veratridine) respectively. In NaChBac, they block the peak current by binding to the pore residue F224. Nonetheless, aconitine has no effect on activation or inactivation, while veratridine only modulates activation of NaChBac. The conservation and divergence in the pharmacology of bacterial and mammalian NaV channels provide insights into the molecular basis of channel gating and will facilitate organism-specific drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandi Zhu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 103 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Tianbo Li
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 103 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Silva
- Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 103 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Föhr KJ, Knippschild U, Herkommer A, Fauler M, Peifer C, Georgieff M, Adolph O. State-dependent block of voltage-gated sodium channels by the casein-kinase 1 inhibitor IC261. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:277-289. [PMID: 28164251 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose IC261 (3-[(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methylidenyl]-indolin-2-one) has previously been introduced as an isoform specific inhibitor of casein kinase 1 (CK1) causing cell cycle arrest or cell death of established tumor cell lines. However, it is reasonable to assume that not all antitumor activities of IC261 are mediated by the inhibition of CK1. Meanwhile there is growing evidence that functional voltage-gated sodium channels are also implicated in the progression of tumors as their blockage suppresses tumor migration and invasion of different tumor cell lines. Thus, we asked whether IC261 functionally inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels. Experimental Approach Electrophysiological experiments were performed using the patch-clamp technique at human heart muscle sodium channels heterologously expressed in human TsA cells. Key Results IC261 inhibits sodium channels in a state-dependent manner. IC261 does not interact with the open channel and has only a low affinity for the resting state of the hNav1.5 (human voltage-gated sodium channel; Kr: 120 μM). The efficacy of IC261 strongly increases with membrane depolarisation, indicating that the inactivated state is an important target. The results of different experimental approaches finally revealed an affinity of IC261 to the inactivated state between 1 and 2 μM. Conclusion and Implications IC261 inhibits sodium channels at a similar concentration necessary to reduce CK1δ/ε activity by 50% (IC50 value 1 μM). Thus, inhibition of sodium channels might contribute to the antitumor activity of IC261.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Föhr
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89075, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Herkommer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Georgieff
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Adolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89075, Ulm, Germany
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6
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Cerne R, Wakulchik M, Krambis MJ, Burris KD, Priest BT. IonWorks Barracuda Assay for Assessment of State-Dependent Sodium Channel Modulators. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:84-92. [PMID: 26844665 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels represent important drug targets. The implementation of higher throughput electrophysiology assays is necessary to characterize the interaction of test compounds with several conformational states of the channel, but has presented significant challenges. We describe a novel high throughput approach to assess the effects of test agents on voltage-gated sodium currents. The multiple protocol mode of the automated electrophysiology instrument IonWorks Barracuda was used to control the level of inactivation and monitor current stability. Good temporal stability of currents and spatial uniformity of inactivation were obtained by optimizing the experimental conditions. The resulting assay allowed for robust assessment of state-dependent effects of test agents and enabled direct comparison of compound potency across several sodium channel subtypes at equivalent levels of inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Cerne
- Eli Lilly & Company , Indianapolis, Indiana
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7
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Tang L, Wang Y, Leng T, Sun H, Zhou Y, Zhu W, Qiu P, Zhang J, Lu B, Yan M, Chen W, Su X, Yin W, Huang Y, Hu H, Yan G. Cholesterol metabolite cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol suppresses epileptic seizures by negative modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Steroids 2015; 98:166-72. [PMID: 25578735 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance of excitation and inhibition in neurons is implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Voltage-gated sodium channels, which play a vital role in regulating neuronal excitability, are one of the major targets for developing anti-epileptic drugs. Here we provide evidence that cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (triol), a major metabolic oxysterol of cholesterol, is an effective state-dependent negative sodium channels modulator. Triol reduced Na(+) current density in a concentration-dependent manner. 10 μM triol shifted steady-state/fast/slow inactivation curves of sodium channels toward the hyperpolarizing direction. Additionally, triol reduced voltage-gated sodium currents in a voltage- and frequency-dependent manner. In a kainic acid-induced seizures mouse model, triol (25 mg/kg) significantly increased the latency of seizure onset and attenuated seizure severity. Our findings provide novel insights for understanding the modulatory role of a small molecular oxysterol on voltage-gated sodium channels and suggest triol may represent a novel and promising candidate for epilepsy intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China
| | - Youqiong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China
| | - Tiandong Leng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China
| | - Yuehan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China; Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX 541004, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China
| | - Pengxin Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China
| | - Jingxia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510006, China
| | - Bingzheng Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China
| | - Xinwen Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China
| | - Yijun Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510006, China.
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, GD 510080, China.
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Carlin KP, Wu G, Patel A, Crumley G, Ilyin VI. Phenylarsine oxide as a redox modulator of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channel function. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:309-20. [PMID: 25250537 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels are capable of detecting and integrating noxious stimuli and play an important role in nociceptor activation and sensitization. It has been demonstrated that oxidizing agents are capable of positively modulating (sensitizing) the TRPV1 channel. The present study investigates the ability of the thiol-oxidizing agent phenylarsine oxide (PAO) to modulate TRPV1 currents under voltage-clamp conditions. We assessed the ability of PAO to modulate both proton- and capsaicin-activated currents mediated by recombinant human TRPV1 channels as well as native rat and human TRPV1 channels in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Experiments with other oxidizing and reducing agents having various membrane-permeating properties supported the intracellular oxidizing mechanism of PAO modulation. The PAO modulation of proton-activated currents was consistent across the cell types studied, with an increase in current across the proton concentrations studied. PAO modulation of the capsaicin-activated current in hTRPV1/Chinese hamster ovary cells consisted of potentiation of the current elicited with low capsaicin concentrations and inhibition of the current at higher concentrations. This same effect was seen with these recombinant cells in calcium imaging experiments and with native TRPV1 channels in rat DRG neurons. Contrary to this, currents in human DRG neurons were potentiated at all capsaicin concentrations tested after PAO treatment. These results could indicate important differences in the reduction-oxidation modulation of human TRPV1 channels in a native cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Carlin
- Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma LP, Cranbury, New Jersey
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9
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Cummins TR, Rush AM. Voltage-gated sodium channel blockers for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 7:1597-612. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.11.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Scutellarin Blocks Sodium Current in Freshly Isolated Mouse Hippocampal CA1 Neurons. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:947-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tyagarajan S, Chakravarty PK, Zhou B, Taylor B, Fisher MH, Wyvratt MJ, Lyons K, Klatt T, Li X, Kumar S, Williams B, Felix J, Priest BT, Brochu RM, Warren V, Smith M, Garcia M, Kaczorowski GJ, Martin WJ, Abbadie C, McGowan E, Jochnowitz N, Parsons WH. Substituted biaryl pyrazoles as sodium channel blockers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5480-3. [PMID: 20709545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels have been shown to play a critical role in neuropathic pain. A series of low molecular weight biaryl substituted pyrazole carboxamides were identified with good in-vitro potency and in-vivo efficacy. Compound 26, a Nav1.7 blocker has excellent efficacy in the Chung model of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Tyagarajan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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12
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Tyagarajan S, Chakravarty PK, Zhou B, Fisher MH, Wyvratt MJ, Lyons K, Klatt T, Li X, Kumar S, Williams B, Felix J, Priest BT, Brochu RM, Warren V, Smith M, Garcia M, Kaczorowski GJ, Martin WJ, Abbadie C, McGowan E, Jochnowitz N, Parsons WH. Substituted biaryl oxazoles, imidazoles, and thiazoles as sodium channel blockers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5536-40. [PMID: 20709552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels have been shown to play a critical role in neuropathic pain. With a goal to develop potent peripherally active sodium channel blockers, a series of low molecular weight biaryl substituted imidazoles, oxazoles, and thiazole carboxamides were identified with good in vitro and in vivo potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Tyagarajan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Zuliani V, Rivara M, Fantini M, Costantino G. Sodium channel blockers for neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:755-79. [DOI: 10.1517/13543771003774118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Pre-clinical pharmacokinetics evaluation of an anticonvulsant candidate benzaldehyde semicarbazone free and included in β-cyclodextrin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 39:355-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Browne LE, Clare JJ, Wray D. Functional and pharmacological properties of human and rat NaV1.8 channels. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56:905-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Carlin KP, Liu J, Jordan LM. Postnatal Changes in the Inactivation Properties of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Contribute to the Mature Firing Pattern of Spinal Motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 2008; 99:2864-76. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00059.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mammals are born with the necessary spinal circuitry to produce a locomotor-like pattern of neural activity. However, rodents seldom demonstrate weight-supported locomotor behavior until the second or third postnatal week, possibly due to the inability of the neuromuscular system to produce sufficient force during this early postnatal period. As spinal motoneurons mature they are seen to fire an increasing number of action potentials at an increasing rate, which is a necessary component of greater force production. The mechanisms responsible for this enhanced ability of motoneurons are not completely defined. In the present study we assessed the biophysical properties of the developing voltage-gated sodium current to determine their role in the maturing firing pattern. Using dissociated postnatal lumbar motoneurons in short-term culture (18–24 h) we demonstrate that currents recorded from the most mature postnatal age group (P10–P12) were significantly better able to maintain channels in an available state during repetitive stimulation than were the younger age groups (P1–P3, P4–P6, P7–P9). This ability correlated with the ability of channels to recover more quickly and more completely from an inactivated state. These age-related differences were seen in the absence of changes in the voltage dependence of channel gating. Differences in both closed-state inactivation and slow inactivation were also noted between the age groups. The results indicate that changes in the inactivation properties of voltage-gated sodium channels are important for the development of a mature firing pattern in spinal motoneurons.
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Bölcskei H, Tarnawa I, Kocsis P. Voltage-gated sodium channel blockers, 2001-2006: An overview. Med Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-007-9071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Kyle
- Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma L.P., 6 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, New Jersey 08512, USA.
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain remains a large unmet medical need. A number of therapeutic options exist, but efficacy and tolerability are less than satisfactory. Based on animal models and limited data from human patients, the pain and hypersensitivity that characterize neuropathic pain are associated with spontaneous discharges of normally quiescent nociceptors. Sodium channel blockers inhibit this spontaneous activity, reverse nerve injury-induced pain behavior in animals and alleviate neuropathic pain in humans. Several sodium channel subtypes are expressed primarily in sensory neurons and may contribute to the efficacy of sodium channel blockers. In this report, the authors review the current understanding of the role of sodium channels and of specific sodium channel subtypes in neuropathic pain signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit T Priest
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Ion Channels, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Rocha LTS, Costa KA, Oliveira ACP, Nascimento EB, Bertollo CM, Araújo F, Teixeira LR, Andrade SP, Beraldo H, Coelho MM. Antinociceptive, antiedematogenic and antiangiogenic effects of benzaldehyde semicarbazone. Life Sci 2006; 79:499-505. [PMID: 16600310 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Semicarbazones induce an anticonvulsant effect in different experimental models. As some anticonvulsant drugs also have anti-inflammatory activity, the effects of benzaldehyde semicarbazone (BS) on models of nociception, edema and angiogenesis were investigated. BS (10, 25 or 50 mg/kg, i.p.) markedly inhibited the second phase of nociceptive response induced by formaldehyde (0.34%, 20 microl) in mice, but only the highest dose inhibited the first phase of this response. The thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia induced by carrageenan (1%, 50 microl, i.pl.) in rats were also inhibited by BS (50 mg/kg, i.p.). However, treatment of mice with BS did not induce an antinociceptive effect in the hot-plate model. The paw edema induced by carrageenan (1%, 50 microl, i.pl.) in rats was inhibited by BS (25 or 50 mg/kg, i.p.). Treatment of mice with BS (0.25, 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg/day, i.p., 7 days) also inhibited angiogenesis induced by subcutaneous implantation of a sponge disc. It is unlikely that the antinociceptive effect induced by BS results from motor incoordination or a muscle relaxing effect, as the mice treated with this drug displayed no behavioral impairment in the rotarod apparatus. In conclusion, we demonstrated that BS presents antinociceptive, antiedematogenic and antiangiogenic activities. An extensive investigation of the pharmacological actions of BS and its derivatives is justified and may lead to the development of new clinically useful drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Tadeu S Rocha
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Ilyin VI, Pomonis JD, Whiteside GT, Harrison JE, Pearson MS, Mark L, Turchin PI, Gottshall S, Carter RB, Nguyen P, Hogenkamp DJ, Olanrewaju S, Benjamin E, Woodward RM. Pharmacology of 2-[4-(4-Chloro-2-fluorophenoxy)phenyl]-pyrimidine-4-carboxamide: A Potent, Broad-Spectrum State-Dependent Sodium Channel Blocker for Treating Pain States. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:1083-93. [PMID: 16728593 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated Na(+) channels may play important roles in establishing pathological neuronal hyperexcitability associated with chronic pain in humans. Na(+) channel blockers, such as carbamazepine (CBZ) and lamotrigine (LTG), are efficacious in treating neuropathic pain; however, their therapeutic utility is compromised by central nervous system side effects. We reasoned that it may be possible to gain superior control over pain states and, in particular, a better therapeutic index, by designing broad-spectrum Na(+) channel blockers with higher potency, faster onset kinetics, and greater levels of state dependence than existing drugs. 2-[4-(4-Chloro-2-fluorophenoxy)phenyl]-pyrimidine-4-carboxamide (PPPA) is a novel structural analog of the state-dependent Na(+) channel blocker V102862 [4-(4-fluorophenoxy)benzaldehyde semicarbazone]. Tested on recombinant rat Na(v)1.2 channels and native Na(+) currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, PPPA was approximately 1000 times more potent, had 2000-fold faster binding kinetics, and > or =10-fold higher levels of state dependence than CBZ and LTG. Tested in rat pain models against mechanical endpoints, PPPA had minimal effective doses of 1 to 3 mg/kg p.o. in partial sciatic nerve ligation, Freund's complete adjuvant, and postincisional pain. In all cases, efficacy was similar to clinically relevant comparators. Importantly, PPPA did not produce motor deficits in the accelerating Rotarod assay of ataxia at doses up to 30 mg/kg p.o., indicating a therapeutic index >10, which was superior to CBZ and LTG. Our experiments suggest that high-potency, broad-spectrum, state-dependent Na(+) channel blockers will have clinical utility for treating neuropathic, inflammatory, and postsurgical pain. Optimizing the biophysical parameters of broad-spectrum voltage-gated Na(+) channel blockers may lead to improved pain therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor I Ilyin
- Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma LP, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA.
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Novel Sodium Channel Blockers for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(06)41004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Gribkoff VK, Winquist RJ. Modulators of peripheral voltage-gated sodium channels for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.12.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Benjamin ER, Pruthi F, Olanrewaju S, Ilyin VI, Crumley G, Kutlina E, Valenzano KJ, Woodward RM. State-Dependent Compound Inhibition of Nav1.2 Sodium Channels Using the FLIPR VmDye: On-Target and Off-Target Effects of Diverse Pharmacological Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:29-39. [PMID: 16234337 DOI: 10.1177/1087057105280918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodiumchannels (NaChs) are relevant targets for pain, epilepsy, and a variety of neurological and cardiac disorders. Traditionally, it has been difficult to develop structure-activity relationships for NaCh inhibitors due to rapid channel kinetics and state-dependent compound interactions. Membrane potential (Vm)dyes in conjunctionwith a high-throughput fluorescence imaging plate reader (FLIPR) offer a satisfactory 1st-tier solution. Thus, the authors have developed a FLIPR Vmassay of rat Nav1.2NaCh. Channels were opened by addition of veratridine, and Vm dye responses were measured. The IC50 values from various structural classes of compounds were compared to the resting state binding constant (Kr)and inactivated state binding constant (Ki)obtained using patch-clamp electrophysiology (EP). The FLIPR values correlated with Ki but not Kr.FLIPRIC50 values fellwithin 0.1-to 1.5-fold of EPKi values, indicating that the assay generally reports use-dependent inhibition rather than resting state block. The Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC, Sigma) was screened. Confirmed hits arose from diverse classes such as dopamine receptor antagonists, serotonin transport inhibitors, and kinase inhibitors. These data suggest that NaCh inhibition is inherent in a diverse set of biologically active molecules and may warrant counterscreening NaChs to avoid unwanted secondary pharmacology.
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