1
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Höger B, Peifer C, Beitz E. Cell-free production of fluorescent proteins for the discovery of novel ribosome-targeting antibiotics. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 213:106814. [PMID: 37652138 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Various issues including the overuse of antibiotics has led to the development of threatening multidrug-resistant bacterial strains urging development of novel anti-infectives. One quarter of current clinical phase III antibiotic drug candidates address ribosomal protein translation as a target. Here, we describe an effective cell-free in vitro screening system for inhibitors of bacterial ribosome activity with direct fluorescence read-out. Using ribosomal S30 extracts from Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas putida, the validity of this system is demonstrated by concentration-dependent inhibition of translation by a set of different classes of translation-targeting drugs. The single-compartment cell-free translation reaction is compatible with multi-well formats. Fluorophore formation of green fluorescent protein or monomeric NeonGreen occurs in an hour time frame without the need of adding reagents for secondary enzymatic detection saving handling time, and prohibiting false positives. As label-free readout, the dose response further allows for IC50 determination in the same setup. Together, we show that cell-free production of fluorescent proteins for the discovery of ribosome-targeting antibiotics is feasible and amenable to high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Höger
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eric Beitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel, Germany.
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2
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Meier L, Gahr BM, Roth A, Gihring A, Kirschner S, Woitaske-Proske C, Baier J, Peifer C, Just S, Knippschild U. Zebrafish as model system for the biological characterization of CK1 inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1245246. [PMID: 37753113 PMCID: PMC10518421 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1245246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The CK1 family is involved in a variety of physiological processes by regulating different signaling pathways, including the Wnt/β-catenin, the Hedgehog and the p53 signaling pathways. Mutations or dysregulation of kinases in general and of CK1 in particular are known to promote the development of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammation. There is increasing evidence that CK1 isoform specific small molecule inhibitors, including CK1δ- and CK1ε-specific inhibitors of Wnt production (IWP)-based small molecules with structural similarity to benzimidazole compounds, have promising therapeutic potential. Methods: In this study, we investigated the suitability of the zebrafish model system for the evaluation of such CK1 inhibitors. To this end, the kinetic parameters of human CK1 isoforms were compared with those of zebrafish orthologues. Furthermore, the effects of selective CK1δ inhibition during zebrafish embryonic development were analyzed in vivo. Results: The results revealed that zebrafish CK1δA and CK1δB were inhibited as effectively as human CK1δ by compounds G2-2 with IC50 values of 345 and 270 nM for CK1δA and CK1δB versus 503 nM for human CK1δ and G2-3 exhibiting IC50 values of 514 and 561 nM for zebrafish CK1δA and B, and 562 nM for human CK1δ. Furthermore, the effects of selective CK1δ inhibition on zebrafish embryonic development in vivo revealed phenotypic abnormalities indicative of downregulation of CK1δ. Treatment of zebrafish embryos with selected inhibitors resulted in marked phenotypic changes including blood stasis, heart failure, and tail malformations. Conclusion: The results suggest that the zebrafish is a suitable in vivo assay model system for initial studies of the biological relevance of CK1δ inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Meier
- Surgery Center, Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Martin Gahr
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aileen Roth
- Surgery Center, Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adrian Gihring
- Surgery Center, Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Kirschner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Joana Baier
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steffen Just
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Surgery Center, Department of General- and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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3
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Riege D, Herschel S, Heintze L, Fenkl T, Wesseler F, Sievers S, Peifer C, Schade D. Identification of Maleimide-Fused Carbazoles as Novel Noncanonical Bone Morphogenetic Protein Synergizers. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1207-1220. [PMID: 37588754 PMCID: PMC10426274 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenic signaling pathways govern embryonic development and tissue homeostasis on the cellular level. Precise control of such signaling events paves the way for innovative therapeutic approaches in the field of regenerative medicine. In line with these notions, bone morphogenic protein (BMP) is a major osteogenic driver and pharmacological stimulation of BMP signaling holds supreme potential for diseases and defects of the skeleton. Efforts to identify small-molecule modalities that activate or potentiate the BMP pathway have primarily been focused on the canonical signaling cascade. Here, we describe the phenotypic identification and development of specific carbazolomaleimides 2 as novel noncanonical BMP synergizers with submicromolar osteogenic cellular potency. The devised chemical tools are characterized to specifically regulate Id gene expression in a SMAD-independent, yet highly BMP-dependent fashion. Mechanistic studies revealed that GSK3 inhibition and increased β-catenin levels are partly responsible for this activity. The utility of the new BMP synergizer profile was further exemplified by showing how the synergistic action of canonical and noncanonical BMP enhancers additively amplifies BMP-dependent osteogenic outputs. Carbazolomaleimide 2b serves as a new and unique pharmacological tool for the modulation and study of the BMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Riege
- Department of Pharmaceutical &
Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of
Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel,
Germany
| | - Sven Herschel
- Department of Pharmaceutical &
Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of
Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel,
Germany
| | - Linda Heintze
- Department of Pharmaceutical &
Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of
Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel,
Germany
| | - Teresa Fenkl
- Department of Pharmaceutical &
Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of
Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel,
Germany
| | - Fabian Wesseler
- Department of Pharmaceutical &
Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of
Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel,
Germany
- Compound Management and
Screening Center, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227
Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Compound Management and
Screening Center, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227
Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Department of Pharmaceutical &
Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of
Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel,
Germany
| | - Dennis Schade
- Department of Pharmaceutical &
Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of
Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel,
Germany
- Partner Site Kiel, DZHK,
German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 24105
Kiel, Germany
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4
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Wesseler F, Lohmann S, Riege D, Halver J, Roth A, Pichlo C, Weber S, Takamiya M, Müller E, Ketzel J, Flegel J, Gihring A, Rastegar S, Bertrand J, Baumann U, Knippschild U, Peifer C, Sievers S, Waldmann H, Schade D. Phenotypic Discovery of Triazolo[1,5- c]quinazolines as a First-In-Class Bone Morphogenetic Protein Amplifier Chemotype. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15263-15281. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wesseler
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Compound Management and Screening Center COMAS, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology (MPI), 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Lohmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel Riege
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas Halver
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Aileen Roth
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Pichlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabrina Weber
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Müller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jana Ketzel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jana Flegel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Adrian Gihring
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sonja Sievers
- Compound Management and Screening Center COMAS, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology (MPI), 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dennis Schade
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Partner Site Kiel, DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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5
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Ewert J, Heintze L, Jordà-Redondo M, von Glasenapp JS, Nonell S, Bucher G, Peifer C, Herges R. Photoswitchable Diazocine-Based Estrogen Receptor Agonists: Stabilization of the Active Form inside the Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15059-15071. [PMID: 35952371 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photopharmacology is an emerging approach in drug design and pharmacological therapy. Light is used to switch a pharmacophore between a biologically inactive and an active isomer with high spatiotemporal resolution at the site of illness, thus potentially avoiding side effects in neighboring healthy tissue. The most frequently used strategy to design a photoswitchable drug is to replace a suitable functional group in a known bioactive molecule with azobenzene. Our strategy is different in that the photoswitch moiety is closer to the drug's scaffold. Docking studies reveal a very high structural similarity of natural 17β-estradiol and the E isomers of dihydroxy diazocines, but not their Z isomers, respectively. Seven dihydroxy diazocines were synthesized and subjected to a biological estrogen reporter gene assay. Four derivatives exhibit distinct estrogenic activity after irradiation with violet light, which can be shut off with green light. Most remarkably, the photogenerated, active E form of one of the active compounds isomerizes back to the inactive Z form with a half-life of merely several milliseconds in water, but nevertheless is active for more than 3 h in the presence of the estrogen receptor. The results suggest a significant local impact of the ligand-receptor complex toward back-isomerization. Thus, drugs that are active when bound but lose their activity immediately after leaving the receptor could be of great pharmacological value because they strongly increase target specificity. Moreover, the drugs are released into the environment in their inactive form. The latter argument is particularly important for drugs that act as endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ewert
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Linda Heintze
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jan-Simon von Glasenapp
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Götz Bucher
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U. K
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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6
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von Drathen T, Ure EM, Kirschner S, Roth A, Meier L, Woolhouse AD, Cameron SA, Knippschild U, Peifer C, Luxenburger A. C5-Iminosugar modification of casein kinase 1δ lead 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)isoxazole promotes enhanced inhibitor affinity and selectivity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100497. [PMID: 35174898 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The quest for isoform-selective and specific ATP-competitive protein kinase inhibitors is of great interest, as inhibitors with these qualities will come with reduced toxicity and improved efficacy. However, creating such inhibitors is very challenging due to the high molecular similarity of kinases ATP active sites. To achieve selectivity for our casein kinase (CK) 1 inhibitor series, we elected to endow our previous CK1δ-hit, 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-isopropyl-4-(pyridin-4-yl)isoxazole (1), with chiral iminosugar scaffolds. These scaffolds were attached to C5 of the isoxazole ring, a position deemed favorable to facilitate binding interactions with the ribose pocket/solvent-open area of the ATP binding pocket of CK1δ. Here, we describe the synthesis of analogs of 1 ((-)-/(+)-34, (-)-/(+)-48), which were prepared in 13 steps from enantiomerically pure ethyl (3R,4S)- and ethyl (3S,4R)-1-benzyl-4-[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxylate ((-)-11 and (+)-11), respectively. The synthesis involved the coupling of Weinreb amide-activated chiral pyrrolidine scaffolds with 4- and 2-fluoro-4-picoline and reaction of the resulting 4-picolyl ketone intermediates ((-)-/(+)-40 and (-)-/(+)-44) with 4-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzenecarboximidoyl chloride to form the desired isoxazole ring. The activity of the compounds against human CK1δ, -ε, and -α was assessed in recently optimized in vitro assays. Compound (-)-34 was the most active compound with IC50 values (CK1δ/ε) of 1/8 µM and displayed enhanced selectivity toward CK1δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten von Drathen
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.,Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elizabeth M Ure
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Stefan Kirschner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Aileen Roth
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Meier
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anthony D Woolhouse
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Scott A Cameron
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Luxenburger
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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7
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Wages F, Lentes P, Griebenow T, Herges R, Peifer C, Maser E. Reduction of photoswitched, nitrogen bridged N-acetyl diazocines limits inhibition of 17βHSD3 activity in transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 354:109822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Roth A, Gihring A, Göser F, Peifer C, Knippschild U, Bischof J. Assessing the Inhibitory Potential of Kinase Inhibitors In Vitro: Major Pitfalls and Suggestions for Improving Comparability of Data Using CK1 Inhibitors as an Example. Molecules 2021; 26:4898. [PMID: 34443486 PMCID: PMC8401859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation events catalyzed by protein kinases represent one of the most prevalent as well as important regulatory posttranslational modifications, and dysregulation of protein kinases is associated with the pathogenesis of different diseases. Therefore, interest in developing potent small molecule kinase inhibitors has increased enormously within the last two decades. A critical step in the development of new inhibitors is cell-free in vitro testing with the intention to determine comparable parameters like the commonly used IC50 value. However, values described in the literature are often biased as experimental setups used for determination of kinase activity lack comparability due to different readout parameters, insufficient normalization or the sheer number of experimental approaches. Here, we would like to hold a brief for highly sensitive, radioactive-based in vitro kinase assays especially suitable for kinases exhibiting autophosphorylation activity. Therefore, we demonstrate a systematic workflow for complementing and validating results from high-throughput screening as well as increasing the comparability of enzyme-specific inhibitor parameters for radiometric as well as non-radiometric assays. Using members of the CK1 family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases and established CK1-specific inhibitors as examples, we clearly demonstrate the power of our proposed workflow, which has the potential to support the generation of more comparable data for biological characterization of kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Roth
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.R.); (A.G.); (F.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Adrian Gihring
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.R.); (A.G.); (F.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Florian Göser
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.R.); (A.G.); (F.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.R.); (A.G.); (F.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (A.R.); (A.G.); (F.G.); (J.B.)
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9
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Kolarski D, Sugiyama A, Rodat T, Schulte A, Peifer C, Itami K, Hirota T, Feringa BL, Szymanski W. Reductive stability evaluation of 6-azopurine photoswitches for the regulation of CKIα activity and circadian rhythms. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2312-2321. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
6-Azopurines were evaluated for their reductive stability, and the ability to modulate CKIα activity and cellular circadian rhythms, revealing key challenges for long-term activity modulation utilizing chronophotopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Kolarski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Akiko Sugiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Theo Rodat
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel
- 24118 Kiel
- Germany
| | - Albert Schulte
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Christian Peifer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel
- 24118 Kiel
- Germany
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirota
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8601
- Japan
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
- Medical Imaging Center
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10
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Rodat T, Krebs M, Döbber A, Jansen B, Steffen-Heins A, Schwarz K, Peifer C. Restricted suitability of BODIPY for caging in biological applications based on singlet oxygen generation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1319-1325. [PMID: 32820789 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00097c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies report the boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) moiety to be interesting for caging applications in photopharmacology based on its response to irradiation with wavelengths in the biooptical window. Thus, in a model study, we investigated the meso-methyl-BODIPY caged CDK2 inhibitor AZD5438 and aimed to assess the usability of BODIPY as a photoremovable protecting group in photoresponsive kinase inhibitor applications. Photochemical analysis and biological characterisation in vitro revealed significant limitations of the BODIPY-caged inhibitor concept regarding solubility and uncaging in aqueous solution. Notably, we provide evidence for BODIPY-caged compounds generating singlet oxygen/radicals upon irradiation, followed by photodegradation of the caged compound system. Consequently, instead of caging, a non-specific induction of necrosis in cells suggests the potential usage of BODIPY derivatives for photodynamic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Rodat
- Institute of Pharmacy, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Institute of Pharmacy, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Alexander Döbber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Björn Jansen
- Institute of Pharmacy, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anja Steffen-Heins
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Technology, Kiel University, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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11
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Kirschner S, Döbber A, Krebs M, Witt C, Hartke B, Peifer C. The Impact of Electronic Effects on Photolysis: A Model Study on the 4,5‐Dimethoxy‐2‐nitrobenzyl Caged
N
‐Phenylpyrimidine‐2‐amine Scaffold. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kirschner
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University of Kiel Gutenbergstraße 76 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Alexander Döbber
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University of Kiel Gutenbergstraße 76 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University of Kiel Gutenbergstraße 76 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Christopher Witt
- Institute for Physical ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University of Kiel Max-Eyth-Str. 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Bernd Hartke
- Institute for Physical ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University of Kiel Max-Eyth-Str. 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University of Kiel Gutenbergstraße 76 24118 Kiel Germany
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12
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Schuster B, Ziehfreund S, Albrecht H, Spinner CD, Biedermann T, Peifer C, Zink A. Happiness in dermatology: a holistic evaluation of the mental burden of skin diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:1331-1339. [PMID: 31838769 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the World Health Organization, mental health is a state of well-being and not merely the absence of disease. However, studies exploring subjective well-being in patients with skin diseases are very rare. OBJECTIVES To assess subjective well-being, i.e. 'happiness', in patients with different skin diseases and to compare them to other patient groups and healthy controls. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from 12/2017 to 04/2019. Patients receiving in- or outpatient care for psoriasis, atopic eczema, nummular eczema, mastocytosis, skin cancer (malignant melanoma and keratinocyte carcinoma), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) were recruited at two hospitals in Bavaria, Germany. Healthy individuals living in or near Munich served as a control group. All participants filled in a questionnaire assessing happiness, measured as positive affect (PA), negative affect and satisfaction with life (SWL; together representing subjective well-being) and a heuristic evaluation of one's own happiness. RESULTS Data from 229 dermatologic patients (53.3 ± 18.5 years, 48% women), 49 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (48.9 ± 18.7 years, 43% women), 49 patients with HIV (46 ± 10.1 years, 10% women) and 106 healthy controls (38.4 ± 13.4 years, 49% women) were analysed. Compared to the controls, dermatologic patients reported lower heuristic happiness (P = 0.023) and PA (P = 0.001) but higher SWL (P = 0.043). Patients with psoriasis and atopic eczema reported the lowest happiness, as they reported significantly lower PA (P = 0.032 and P < 0.001) and heuristic happiness (P = 0.002 and P = 0.015) than the control group. Patients with skin cancer reported higher SWL than the control group (P = 0.003). Dermatologic patients reported lower happiness than patients with HIV but reported greater happiness than patients with IBD. CONCLUSIONS Dermatologic patients experience lower levels of happiness, especially PA, compared to healthy controls. As PA is linked to desirable health outcomes, targeting PA could be a promising holistic approach for the treatment of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schuster
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Ziehfreund
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - H Albrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hospital Neumarkt i.d.Opf., Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, Germany
| | - C D Spinner
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Peifer
- Unit Applied Psychology in Work, Health, and Development, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Zink
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Schehr M, Ianes C, Weisner J, Heintze L, Müller MP, Pichlo C, Charl J, Brunstein E, Ewert J, Lehr M, Baumann U, Rauh D, Knippschild U, Peifer C, Herges R. 2-Azo-, 2-diazocine-thiazols and 2-azo-imidazoles as photoswitchable kinase inhibitors: limitations and pitfalls of the photoswitchable inhibitor approach. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1398-1407. [PMID: 30924488 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00010k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In photopharmacology, photoswitchable compounds including azobenzene or other diarylazo moieties exhibit bioactivity against a target protein typically in the slender E-configuration, whereas the rather bulky Z-configuration usually is pharmacologically less potent. Herein we report the design, synthesis and photochemical/inhibitory characterization of new photoswitchable kinase inhibitors targeting p38α MAPK and CK1δ. A well characterized inhibitor scaffold was used to attach arylazo- and diazocine moieties. When the isolated isomers, or the photostationary state (PSS) of isomers, were tested in commonly used in vitro kinase assays, however, only small differences in activity were observed. X-ray analyses of ligand-bound p38α MAPK and CK1δ complexes revealed dynamic conformational adaptations of the protein with respect to both isomers. More importantly, irreversible reduction of the azo group to the corresponding hydrazine was observed. Independent experiments revealed that reducing agents such as DTT (dithiothreitol) and GSH (glutathione) that are typically used for protein stabilization in biological assays were responsible. Two further sources of error are the concentration dependence of the E-Z-switching efficiency and artefacts due to incomplete exclusion of light during testing. Our findings may also apply to a number of previously investigated azobenzene-based photoswitchable inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schehr
- Otto Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Li F, Peifer C, Janussen D, Tasdemir D. New Discorhabdin Alkaloids from the Antarctic Deep-Sea Sponge Latrunculia biformis. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17080439. [PMID: 31349703 PMCID: PMC6722921 DOI: 10.3390/md17080439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sponge genus Latrunculia is a prolific source of discorhabdin type pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids. In the continuation of our research interest into this genus, we studied the Antarctic deep-sea sponge Latrunculia biformis that showed potent in vitro anticancer activity. A targeted isolation process guided by bioactivity and molecular networking-based metabolomics yielded three known discorhabdins, (-)-discorhabdin L (1), (+)-discorhabdin A (2), (+)-discorhabdin Q (3), and three new discorhabdin analogs (-)-2-bromo-discorhabdin D (4), (-)-1-acetyl-discorhabdin L (5), and (+)-1-octacosatrienoyl-discorhabdin L (6) from the MeOH-soluble portion of the organic extract. The chemical structures of 1-6 were elucidated by extensive NMR, HR-ESIMS, FT-IR, [α]D, and ECD (Electronic Circular Dichroism) spectroscopy analyses. Compounds 1, 5, and 6 showed promising anticancer activity with IC50 values of 0.94, 2.71, and 34.0 µM, respectively. Compounds 1-6 and the enantiomer of 1 ((+)-discorhabdin L, 1e) were docked to the active sites of two anticancer targets, topoisomerase I-II and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), to reveal, for the first time, the binding potential of discorhabdins to these proteins. Compounds 5 and 6 are the first discorhabdin analogs with an ester function at C-1 and 6 is the first discorhabdin bearing a long-chain fatty acid at this position. This study confirms Latrunculia sponges to be excellent sources of chemically diverse discorhabdin alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Li
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, Kiel 24106, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Dorte Janussen
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt D-60325, Germany
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, Kiel 24106, Germany.
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, Kiel 24118, Germany.
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15
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Hoorens MWH, Ourailidou ME, Rodat T, van der Wouden PE, Kobauri P, Kriegs M, Peifer C, Feringa BL, Dekker FJ, Szymanski W. Light-controlled inhibition of BRAFV600E kinase. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:133-146. [PMID: 31252305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is amongst the most difficult types of cancer to treat, with current therapies mainly relying on the inhibition of the BRAFV600E mutant kinase. However, systemic inhibition of BRAF by small molecule drugs in cancer patients results - paradoxically - in increased wild-type BRAF activity in healthy tissue, causing side-effects and even the formation of new tumors. Here we show the development of BRAFV600E kinase inhibitors of which the activity can be switched on and off reversibly with light, offering the possibility to overcome problems of systemic drug activity by selectively activating the drug at the desired site of action. Based on a known inhibitor, eight photoswitchable effectors containing an azobenzene photoswitch were designed, synthesized and evaluated. The most promising inhibitor showed an approximately 10-fold increase in activity upon light-activation. This research offers inspiration for the development of therapies for metastatic melanoma in which tumor tissue is treated with an active BRAFV600E inhibitor with high spatial and temporal resolution, thus limiting the damage to other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W H Hoorens
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria E Ourailidou
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rodat
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Petra E van der Wouden
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Piermichele Kobauri
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology and UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
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16
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Pfeifer Barbosa AL, Wenzel-Storjohann A, Barbosa JD, Zidorn C, Peifer C, Tasdemir D, Çiçek SS. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of the Copaifera reticulata oleoresin and its main diterpene acids. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 233:94-100. [PMID: 30472403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The oleoresin of Brazilian Copaifera reticulata is a traditional remedy used for the treatment of skin and urinary tract infections, respiratory diseases, rheumatism, ulcer and tumours; thus, playing an important role in the primary health care of the indigenous population. AIM As most previous pharmacological tests used the crude oleoresin and only a few studies so far dealt with enriched fractions or pure chemically defined compounds, the aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of the Copaifera reticulata oleoresin and to assign traditional uses to specific secondary metabolites. MATERIALS AND METHODS The oleoresin, as well as its neutral and acidic fractions were tested for their activity against six cancer cell lines, two clinically relevant bacterial strains, and two dermatophytes. Both fractions were analysed by GC-MS and UHPLC-ELSD, respectively. The antibacterial acidic phase was further fractionated by preparative chromatography to purify and characterize the compounds responsible for the observed pharmacological effect. RESULTS Whereas no cytotoxic activity was detected, the crude oleoresin and its acidic fraction showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecium (IC50 values 4.2 and 4.8 µg/mL, respectively) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, IC50 values 5.3 and 7.2 µg/mL, respectively). Purification of the acidic fraction of the C. reticulata oleoresin yielded two dicarboxylic diterpene acids and the four main diterpene acids, comprising three different diterpene scaffolds. Interestingly, the activity was not restricted to a particular diterpene-type but rather depended on the compounds' lipophilicity, with the most active constituent showing IC50 values of 1.6 (E. faecium) and 2.5 µg/mL (MRSA), respectively. Furthermore, ent-polyalthic acid, the major diterpenoid, was significantly active against dermatophytes with IC50 values of 6.8 µg/mL (Trichophyton rubrum) and 4.3 µg/mL against (T. mentagrophytes). CONCLUSION The present study proved the antimicrobial effects of the C. reticulata oleoresin and its diterpenoid constituents, confirming its wide use in folk medicine for the treatment of skin and urinary tract infections. The inhibitory activity of copaiba diterpenoids against dermatophytic fungi as well as the gram-positive bacteria E. faecium and MRSA is being reported for the first time, providing potential lead structures for the treatment of these clinically relevant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laís Pfeifer Barbosa
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany; Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arlette Wenzel-Storjohann
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany.
| | - José Diomedes Barbosa
- Central de Diagnóstico Veterinário, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Castanhal, Rua Maximino Porpino da Silva, 1000, 68710-080 Castanhal, PA, Brazil.
| | - Christian Zidorn
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christian Peifer
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Serhat Sezai Çiçek
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Schmidt D, Rodat T, Heintze L, Weber J, Horbert R, Girreser U, Raeker T, Bußmann L, Kriegs M, Hartke B, Peifer C. Axitinib: A Photoswitchable Approved Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2415-2426. [PMID: 30199151 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of photopharmacology is to develop photoswitchable enzyme modulators as tunable (pro-)drugs that can be spatially and temporally controlled by light. In this context, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor axitinib, which contains a photosensitive stilbene-like moiety that allows for E/Z isomerization, is of interest. Axitinib is an approved drug that targets the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and is licensed for second-line therapy of renal cell carcinoma. The photoinduced E/Z isomerization of axitinib has been investigated to explore if its inhibitory effect can be turned "on" and "off", as triggered by light. Under controlled light conditions, (Z)-axitinib is 43 times less active than that of the E isomer in an VEGFR2 assay. Furthermore, it was proven that kinase activity in human umbilical vein cells (HUVECs) was decreased by (E)-axitinib, but only weakly affected by (Z)-axitinib. By irradiating (Z)-axitinib in vitro with UV light (λ=385 nm), it is possible to switch it almost quantitatively into the E isomer and to completely restore the biological activity of (E)-axitinib. However, switching the biological activity off from (E)- to (Z)-axitinib was not possible in aqueous solution due to a competing irreversible [2+2]-photocycloaddition, which yielded a biologically inactive axitinib dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Theo Rodat
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Linda Heintze
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jantje Weber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rebecca Horbert
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Girreser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Raeker
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lara Bußmann
- University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology and UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology and UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Hartke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse 1, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24116, Kiel, Germany
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Li F, Janussen D, Peifer C, Pérez-Victoria I, Tasdemir D. Targeted Isolation of Tsitsikammamines from the Antarctic Deep-Sea Sponge Latrunculia biformis by Molecular Networking and Anticancer Activity. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16080268. [PMID: 30072656 PMCID: PMC6117724 DOI: 10.3390/md16080268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic deep-sea sponge Latrunculia (Latrunculia) biformis Kirkpatrick, 1908 (Class Demospongiae Sollas, Order Poecilosclerida Topsent, Latrunculiidae Topsent) was selected for chemical analyses due to its potent anticancer activity. Metabolomic analysis of its crude extract by HRMS/MS-based molecular networking showed the presence of several clusters of pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids, i.e., discorhabdin and epinardin-type brominated pyridopyrroloquinolines and tsitsikammamines, the non-brominated bis-pyrroloiminoquinones. Molecular networking approach combined with a bioactivity-guided isolation led to the targeted isolation of the known pyrroloiminoquinone tsitsikammamine A (1) and its new analog 16,17-dehydrotsitsikammamine A (2). The chemical structures of the compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis (one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR, HR-ESIMS). Due to minute amounts, molecular modeling and docking was used to assess potential affinities to potential targets of the isolated compounds, including DNA intercalation, topoisomerase I-II, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzymes. Tsitsikammamines represent a small class of pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids that have only previously been reported from the South African sponge genus Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly and an Australian species of the sponge genus Zyzzya de Laubenfels. This is the first report of tsitsikammamines from the genus Latrunculia du Bocage and the successful application of molecular networking in the identification of comprehensive chemical inventory of L.biformis followed by targeted isolation of new molecules. This study highlights the high productivity of secondary metabolites of Latrunculia sponges and may shed new light on their biosynthetic origin and chemotaxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Li
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Marine Natural Products Research Unit Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Dorte Janussen
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Christian Peifer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Victoria
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Av. Conocimiento 18016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Marine Natural Products Research Unit Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany.
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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García-Reyes B, Witt L, Jansen B, Karasu E, Gehring T, Leban J, Henne-Bruns D, Pichlo C, Brunstein E, Baumann U, Wesseler F, Rathmer B, Schade D, Peifer C, Knippschild U. Discovery of Inhibitor of Wnt Production 2 (IWP-2) and Related Compounds As Selective ATP-Competitive Inhibitors of Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) δ/ε. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4087-4102. [PMID: 29630366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of Wnt production (IWPs) are known antagonists of the Wnt pathway, targeting the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase porcupine (Porcn) and thus preventing a crucial Wnt ligand palmitoylation. Since IWPs show structural similarities to benzimidazole-based CK1 inhibitors, we hypothesized that IWPs could also inhibit CK1 isoforms. Molecular modeling revealed a plausible binding mode of IWP-2 in the ATP binding pocket of CK1δ which was confirmed by X-ray analysis. In vitro kinase assays demonstrated IWPs to be ATP-competitive inhibitors of wtCK1δ. IWPs also strongly inhibited the gatekeeper mutant M82FCK1δ. When profiled in a panel of 320 kinases, IWP-2 specifically inhibited CK1δ. IWP-2 and IWP-4 also inhibited the viability of various cancer cell lines. By a medicinal chemistry approach, we developed improved IWP-derived CK1 inhibitors. Our results suggest that the effects of IWPs are not limited to Porcn, but also might influence CK1δ/ε-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbina García-Reyes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery , Ulm University Hospital , Albert-Einstein-Allee 23 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Lydia Witt
- Institute of Pharmacy , Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Gutenbergstraße 76 , D-24116 Kiel , Germany
| | - Björn Jansen
- Institute of Pharmacy , Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Gutenbergstraße 76 , D-24116 Kiel , Germany
| | - Ebru Karasu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery , Ulm University Hospital , Albert-Einstein-Allee 23 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Tanja Gehring
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery , Ulm University Hospital , Albert-Einstein-Allee 23 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Johann Leban
- Oncotyrol GmbH , Karl-Kapferer-Straße 5 , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Doris Henne-Bruns
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery , Ulm University Hospital , Albert-Einstein-Allee 23 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Christian Pichlo
- Department for Chemistry , University of Cologne , Zülpicher Str. 47B , D-50674 Cologne , Germany
| | - Elena Brunstein
- Department for Chemistry , University of Cologne , Zülpicher Str. 47B , D-50674 Cologne , Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Department for Chemistry , University of Cologne , Zülpicher Str. 47B , D-50674 Cologne , Germany
| | - Fabian Wesseler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 , D-44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Bernd Rathmer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 , D-44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Dennis Schade
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 , D-44227 Dortmund , Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy , Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1 , D-17489 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy , Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Gutenbergstraße 76 , D-24116 Kiel , Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery , Ulm University Hospital , Albert-Einstein-Allee 23 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany
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Dolde C, Bischof J, Grüter S, Montada A, Halekotte J, Peifer C, Kalbacher H, Baumann U, Knippschild U, Suter B. A CK1 FRET biosensor reveals that DDX3X is an essential activator of CK1ε. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.207316. [PMID: 29222110 PMCID: PMC5818060 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase 1 (CK1) plays central roles in various signal transduction pathways and performs many cellular activities. For many years CK1 was thought to act independently of modulatory subunits and in a constitutive manner. Recently, DEAD box RNA helicases, in particular DEAD box RNA helicase 3 X-linked (DDX3X), were found to stimulate CK1 activity in vitro. In order to observe CK1 activity in living cells and to study its interaction with DDX3X, we developed a CK1-specific FRET biosensor. This tool revealed that DDX3X is indeed required for full CK1 activity in living cells. Two counteracting mechanisms control the activity of these enzymes. Phosphorylation by CK1 impairs the ATPase activity of DDX3X and RNA destabilizes the DDX3X–CK1 complex. We identified possible sites of interaction between DDX3X and CK1. While mutations identified in the DDX3X genes of human medulloblastoma patients can enhance CK1 activity in living cells, the mechanism of CK1 activation by DDX3X points to a possible therapeutic approach in CK1-related diseases such as those caused by tumors driven by aberrant Wnt/β-catenin and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) activation. Indeed, CK1 peptides can reduce CK1 activity. Highlighted Article: A FRET biosensor reveals DDX3X as an essential activator of the CK1 kinase in living cells. Its CK1-activating function is counteracted by its ATPase activity and also by CK1 peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dolde
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Grüter
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Montada
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Otto-Fischer-Str. 12-14, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakob Halekotte
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Ob dem Himmelreich 7, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Otto-Fischer-Str. 12-14, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Beat Suter
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Rupakova NA, Bakulev VA, Knippschild U, García-Reyes B, Eltsov OS, Slesarev GP, Beliaev N, Slepukhin PA, Witt L, Peifer C, Beryozkina TV. Design and synthesis of N-benzimidazol-2-yl-N'-sulfonyl acetamidines. ARKIVOC 2017. [DOI: 10.24820/ark.5550190.p010.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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22
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Döbber A, Phoa AF, Abbassi RH, Stringer BW, Day BW, Johns TG, Abadleh M, Peifer C, Munoz L. Development and Biological Evaluation of a Photoactivatable Small Molecule Microtubule-Targeting Agent. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:395-400. [PMID: 28435525 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoremovable protecting groups added to bioactive molecules provide spatial and temporal control of the biological effects. We present synthesis and characterization of the first photoactivatable small-molecule tubulin inhibitor. By blocking the pharmacophoric OH group on compound 1 with photoremovable 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl moiety we developed the photocaged prodrug 2 that had no effect in biological assays. Short UV light exposure of the derivative 2 or UV-irradiation of cells treated with 2 resulted in fast and potent inhibition of tubulin polymerization, attenuation of cell viability, and apoptotic cell death, implicating release of the parent active compound. This study validates for the first time the photoactivatable prodrug concept in the field of small molecule tubulin inhibitors. The caged derivative 2 represents a novel tool in antitubulin approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Döbber
- School of Medical
Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße
76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Athena F. Phoa
- School of Medical
Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ramzi H. Abbassi
- School of Medical
Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Brett W. Stringer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Bryan W. Day
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Terrance G. Johns
- Oncogenic Signalling Laboratory and Brain
Cancer Discovery Collaborative, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mohammed Abadleh
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße
76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße
76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lenka Munoz
- School of Medical
Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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23
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Halekotte J, Witt L, Ianes C, Krüger M, Bührmann M, Rauh D, Pichlo C, Brunstein E, Luxenburger A, Baumann U, Knippschild U, Bischof J, Peifer C. Optimized 4,5-Diarylimidazoles as Potent/Selective Inhibitors of Protein Kinase CK1δ and Their Structural Relation to p38α MAPK. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040522. [PMID: 28338621 PMCID: PMC6154583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of protein kinase CK1δ in the pathogenesis of severe disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, familial advanced sleep phase syndrome, and cancer has dramatically increased interest in the development of effective small molecule inhibitors for both therapeutic application and basic research. Unfortunately, the design of CK1 isoform-specific compounds has proved to be highly complicated due to the existence of six evolutionarily conserved human CK1 members that possess similar, different, or even opposite physiological and pathophysiological implications. Consequently, only few potent and selective CK1δ inhibitors have been reported so far and structurally divergent approaches are urgently needed in order to establish SAR that might enable complete discrimination of CK1 isoforms and related p38α MAPK. In this study we report on design and characterization of optimized 4,5-diarylimidazoles as highly effective ATP-competitive inhibitors of CK1δ with compounds 11b (IC50 CK1δ = 4 nM, IC50 CK1ε = 25 nM), 12a (IC50 CK1δ = 19 nM, IC50 CK1ε = 227 nM), and 16b (IC50 CK1δ = 8 nM, IC50 CK1ε = 81 nM) being among the most potent CK1δ-targeting agents published to date. Inhibitor compound 11b, displaying potential as a pharmacological tool, has further been profiled over a panel of 321 protein kinases exhibiting high selectivity. Cellular efficacy has been evaluated in human pancreatic cancer cell lines Colo357 (EC50 = 3.5 µM) and Panc89 (EC50 = 1.5 µM). SAR is substantiated by X-ray crystallographic analysis of 16b in CK1δ and 11b in p38α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Halekotte
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Lydia Witt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Chiara Ianes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Marc Krüger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Mike Bührmann
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Daniel Rauh
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Christian Pichlo
- Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Otto-Fischer-Straße 12-14, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Elena Brunstein
- Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Otto-Fischer-Straße 12-14, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Andreas Luxenburger
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Gracefield Research Centre, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt P.O. Box 33-436, New Zealand.
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Otto-Fischer-Straße 12-14, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Föhr KJ, Knippschild U, Herkommer A, Fauler M, Peifer C, Georgieff M, Adolph O. State-dependent block of voltage-gated sodium channels by the casein-kinase 1 inhibitor IC261. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:277-289. [PMID: 28164251 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose IC261 (3-[(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)methylidenyl]-indolin-2-one) has previously been introduced as an isoform specific inhibitor of casein kinase 1 (CK1) causing cell cycle arrest or cell death of established tumor cell lines. However, it is reasonable to assume that not all antitumor activities of IC261 are mediated by the inhibition of CK1. Meanwhile there is growing evidence that functional voltage-gated sodium channels are also implicated in the progression of tumors as their blockage suppresses tumor migration and invasion of different tumor cell lines. Thus, we asked whether IC261 functionally inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels. Experimental Approach Electrophysiological experiments were performed using the patch-clamp technique at human heart muscle sodium channels heterologously expressed in human TsA cells. Key Results IC261 inhibits sodium channels in a state-dependent manner. IC261 does not interact with the open channel and has only a low affinity for the resting state of the hNav1.5 (human voltage-gated sodium channel; Kr: 120 μM). The efficacy of IC261 strongly increases with membrane depolarisation, indicating that the inactivated state is an important target. The results of different experimental approaches finally revealed an affinity of IC261 to the inactivated state between 1 and 2 μM. Conclusion and Implications IC261 inhibits sodium channels at a similar concentration necessary to reduce CK1δ/ε activity by 50% (IC50 value 1 μM). Thus, inhibition of sodium channels might contribute to the antitumor activity of IC261.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Föhr
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89075, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna Herkommer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Georgieff
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Adolph
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89075, Ulm, Germany
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25
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Bethke E, Pinchuk B, Renn C, Witt L, Schlosser J, Peifer C. From Type I to Type II: Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Potent Pyrazin-2-ones as DFG-Out Inhibitors of PDGFRβ. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2664-2674. [PMID: 27885822 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reversible protein kinase inhibitors that bind in the ATP cleft can be classified as type I or type II binders. Of these, type I inhibitors address the active form, whereas type II inhibitors typically lock the kinase in an inactive form. At the molecular level, the conformation of the flexible activation loop holding the key DFG motif controls access to the ATP site, thereby determining an active or inactive kinase state. Accordingly, type I and type II kinase inhibitors bind to so-called DFG-in or DFG-out conformations, respectively. Based on our former study on highly selective platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) pyrazin-2-one type I inhibitors, we expanded this scaffold toward the deep pocket, yielding the highly potent and effective type II inhibitor 5 (4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-N-[3-[[6-oxo-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazin-3-yl]methyl]phenyl]benzamide). In vitro characterization, including selectivity panel data from activity-based assays (300 kinases) and affinity-based assays (97 kinases) of these PDGFRβ type I (1; 5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazin-2-one) and II (5) inhibitors showing the same pyrazin-2-one chemotype are compared. Implications are discussed regarding the data for selectivity and efficacy of type I and type II ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Bethke
- Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Institute of Pharmacy, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Boris Pinchuk
- Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Institute of Pharmacy, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Renn
- Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Institute of Pharmacy, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lydia Witt
- Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Institute of Pharmacy, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Schlosser
- Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Institute of Pharmacy, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Institute of Pharmacy, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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26
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Pinchuk B, von Drathen T, Opel V, Peifer C. Photoinduced Conversion of Antimelanoma Agent Dabrafenib to a Novel Fluorescent BRAF V600E Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:962-966. [PMID: 27774137 PMCID: PMC5066145 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dabrafenib (Tafinlar) was approved in 2013 by the FDA as a selective single agent treatment for patients with BRAFV600E mutation-positive advanced melanoma. One year later, a combination of dabrafenib and trametinib was used for treatment of BRAFV600E/K mutant metastatic melanoma. In the present study, we report on hitherto not described photosensitivity of dabrafenib both in organic and aqueous media. The half-lives for dabrafenib degradation were determined. Moreover, we revealed photoinduced chemical conversion of dabrafenib to its planar fluorescent derivative dabrafenib_photo 2. This novel compound could be isolated and biologically characterized in vitro. Both enzymatic and cellular assays proved that 2 is still a potent BRAFV600E inhibitor. The intracellular formation of 2 from dabrafenib upon ultraviolet irradiation is shown. The herein presented findings should be taken in account when handling dabrafenib both in preclinical research and in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Pinchuk
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thorsten von Drathen
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Viktoria Opel
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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27
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Phoa AF, Browne S, Gurgis FMS, Åkerfeldt MC, Döbber A, Renn C, Peifer C, Stringer BW, Day BW, Wong C, Chircop M, Johns TG, Kassiou M, Munoz L. Pharmacology of novel small-molecule tubulin inhibitors in glioblastoma cells with enhanced EGFR signalling. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:587-601. [PMID: 26519552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that CMPD1, originally developed as an inhibitor of MK2 activation, primarily inhibits tubulin polymerisation and induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. In the present study we provide detailed pharmacological investigation of CMPD1 analogues with improved molecular properties. We determined their anti-cancer efficacy in glioblastoma cells with enhanced EGFR signalling, as deregulated EGFR often leads to chemoresistance. Eight analogues of CMPD1 with varying lipophilicity and basicity were synthesised and tested for efficacy in the cell viability assay using established glioblastoma cell lines and patient-derived primary glioblastoma cells. The mechanism of action for the most potent analogue 15 was determined using MK2 activation and tubulin polymerisation assays, together with the immunofluorescence analysis of the mitotic spindle formation. Apoptosis was analysed by Annexin V staining, immunoblotting analysis of bcl-2 proteins and PARP cleavage. The apoptotic activity of CMPD1 and analogue 15 was comparable across glioblastoma cell lines regardless of the EGFR status. Primary glioblastoma cells of the classical subtype that are characterized by enhanced EGFR activity were most sensitive to the treatment with CMPD1 and 15. In summary, we present mechanism of action for a novel small molecule tubulin inhibitor, compound 15 that inhibits tubulin polymerisation and mitotic spindle formation, induces degradation of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 proteins and leads to apoptosis of glioblastoma cells. We also demonstrate that the enhanced EGFR activity does not decrease the efficacy of tubulin inhibitors developed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena F Phoa
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen Browne
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fadi M S Gurgis
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mia C Åkerfeldt
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alexander Döbber
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Renn
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Brett W Stringer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Bryan W Day
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Chin Wong
- Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2154, Australia
| | - Megan Chircop
- Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2154, Australia
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Oncogenic Signalling Laboratory and Brain Cancer Discovery Collaborative, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry and Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lenka Munoz
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Abstract
In this study, we report on novel photoactivatable caged prodrugs of vemurafenib. This kinase inhibitor was the first approved drug for the personalized treatment of BRAF-mutated melanoma and showed impressive results in clinical studies. However, the occurrence of severe side effects and drug resistance illustrates the urgent need for innovative therapeutic approaches. To conquer these limitations, we implemented photoremovable protecting groups into vemurafenib. In general, this caging concept provides spatial and temporal control over the activation of molecules triggered by ultraviolet light. Thus, higher inhibitor concentrations in tumor tissues might be reached with less systemic effects. Our study describes the first development of caged vemurafenib prodrugs useful as pharmacological tools. We investigated their photochemical characteristics and photoactivation. In vitro evaluation proved the intended loss-of-function and the light-dependent recovery of efficacy in kinase and cellular assays. The reported vemurafenib photo prodrugs represent a powerful biological tool for novel pharmacological approaches in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Horbert
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Boris Pinchuk
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Davies
- MRC
Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, U.K
| | - Dario Alessi
- MRC
Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, U.K
| | - Christian Peifer
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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29
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Zindler M, Pinchuk B, Renn C, Horbert R, Döbber A, Peifer C. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of a Photoactivatable Caged Prodrug of Imatinib. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1335-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Richter J, Ullah K, Xu P, Alscher V, Blatz A, Peifer C, Halekotte J, Leban J, Vitt D, Holzmann K, Bakulev V, Pinna LA, Henne-Bruns D, Hillenbrand A, Kornmann M, Leithäuser F, Bischof J, Knippschild U. Effects of altered expression and activity levels of CK1δ and ɛ on tumor growth and survival of colorectal cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2799-810. [PMID: 25404202 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer related death worldwide due to high apoptotic resistance and metastatic potential. Because mutations as well as deregulation of CK1 isoforms contribute to tumor development and tumor progression, CK1 has become an interesting drug target. In this study we show that CK1 isoforms are differently expressed in colon tumor cell lines and that growth of these cell lines can be inhibited by CK1-specific inhibitors. Furthermore, expression of CK1δ and ɛ is changed in colorectal tumors compared to normal bowel epithelium, and high CK1ɛ expression levels significantly correlate with prolonged patients' survival. In addition to changes in CK1δ and ɛ expression, mutations within exon 3 of CK1δ were detected in colorectal tumors. These mutations influence ATP binding resulting in changes in kinetic parameters of CK1δ. Overexpression of these mutants in HT29 cells alters their ability to grow anchorage independently. Consistent with these results, these CK1δ mutants lead to differences in proliferation rate and tumor size in xenografts due to changes in gene expression, especially in genes involved in regulation of cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. In summary, our results provide evidence that changes in the expression levels of CK1 isoforms in colorectal tumors correlate with patients' survival. Furthermore, CK1 mutants affect growth and proliferation of tumor cells and induce tumor growth in xenografts, leading to the assumption that CK1 isoforms provide interesting targets for the development of novel effective therapeutic concepts to treat colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Richter
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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31
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Horbert R, Pinchuk B, Johannes E, Schlosser J, Schmidt D, Cappel D, Totzke F, Schächtele C, Peifer C. Optimization of potent DFG-in inhibitors of platelet derived growth factor receptorβ (PDGF-Rβ) guided by water thermodynamics. J Med Chem 2014; 58:170-82. [PMID: 25007344 DOI: 10.1021/jm500373x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report on the hit optimization of substituted 3,5-diaryl-pyrazin-2(1H)-ones toward potent and effective platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R) β-inhibitors. Originally, the 3,5-diaryl-pyrazin-2-one core was derived from the marine sponge alkaloid family of hamacanthins. In our first series compound 2 was discovered as a promising hit showing strong activity against PDGF-Rβ in the kinase assay (IC50 = 0.5 μM). Furthermore, 2 was shown to be selective for PDGF-Rβ in a panel of 24 therapeutically relevant protein kinases. Molecular modeling studies on a PDGF-Rβ homology model using prediction of water thermodynamics suggested an optimization strategy for the 3,5-diaryl-pyrazin-2-ones as DFG-in binders by using a phenolic OH function to replace a structural water molecule in the ATP binding site. Indeed, we identified compound 38 as a highly potent inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.02 μM in a PDGF-Rβ enzymatic assay also showing activity against PDGF-R dependent cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Horbert
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24116 Kiel, Germany
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Knippschild U, Krüger M, Richter J, Xu P, García-Reyes B, Peifer C, Halekotte J, Bakulev V, Bischof J. The CK1 Family: Contribution to Cellular Stress Response and Its Role in Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:96. [PMID: 24904820 PMCID: PMC4032983 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed pleiotropic CK1 family play major regulatory roles in many cellular processes including DNA-processing and repair, proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicular trafficking, apoptosis, and cell differentiation. As a consequence of cellular stress conditions, interaction of CK1 with the mitotic spindle is manifold increased pointing to regulatory functions at the mitotic checkpoint. Furthermore, CK1 is able to alter the activity of key proteins in signal transduction and signal integration molecules. In line with this notion, CK1 is tightly connected to the regulation and degradation of β-catenin, p53, and MDM2. Considering the importance of CK1 for accurate cell division and regulation of tumor suppressor functions, it is not surprising that mutations and alterations in the expression and/or activity of CK1 isoforms are often detected in various tumor entities including cancer of the kidney, choriocarcinomas, breast carcinomas, oral cancer, adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, and ovarian cancer. Therefore, scientific effort has enormously increased (i) to understand the regulation of CK1 and its involvement in tumorigenesis- and tumor progression-related signal transduction pathways and (ii) to develop CK1-specific inhibitors for the use in personalized therapy concepts. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding CK1 regulation, function, and interaction with cellular proteins playing central roles in cellular stress-responses and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Marc Krüger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Julia Richter
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Balbina García-Reyes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Jakob Halekotte
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Vasiliy Bakulev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University , Ekaterinburg , Russia
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
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33
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Pinchuk B, Johannes E, Gul S, Schlosser J, Schaechtele C, Totzke F, Peifer C. Marine derived hamacanthins as lead for the development of novel PDGFRβ protein kinase inhibitors. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3209-23. [PMID: 24065162 PMCID: PMC3806475 DOI: 10.3390/md11093209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report on pyrazin-2(1H)-ones as lead for the development of potent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) competitive protein kinase inhibitors with implications as anti-cancer drugs. Initially, we identified the pyrazin-2(1H)-one scaffold from hamacanthins (deep sea marine sponge alkaloids) by Molecular Modeling studies as core binding motif in the ATP pocket of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), which are validated drug targets for the treatment of various neoplastic diseases. Structure-based design studies on a human RTK member PDGFR (platelet-derived growth factor receptor) suggested a straight forward lead optimization strategy. Accordingly, we focused on a Medicinal Chemistry project to develop pyrazin-2(1H)-ones as optimized PDGFR binders. In order to reveal Structure-Activity-Relationships (SAR), we established a flexible synthetic route via microwave mediated ring closure to asymmetric 3,5-substituted pyrazin-2(1H)-ones and produced a set of novel compounds. Herein, we identified highly potent PDGFR binders with IC50 values in an enzymatic assay below µM range, and possessing significant activity against PDGFR dependent cancer cells. Thus, marine hamacanthin-derived pyrazin-2(1H)-ones showing interesting properties as lead for their further development towards potent PDGFR-inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Pinchuk
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel D-24118, Germany; E-Mails: (B.P.); (E.J.); (J.S.)
- European ScreeningPort GmbH, Schnackenburgallee 114, Hamburg D-22525, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Eugen Johannes
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel D-24118, Germany; E-Mails: (B.P.); (E.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Sheraz Gul
- European ScreeningPort GmbH, Schnackenburgallee 114, Hamburg D-22525, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Joachim Schlosser
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel D-24118, Germany; E-Mails: (B.P.); (E.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Christoph Schaechtele
- ProQinase GmbH, Breisacherstraße 117, Freiburg D-79106, Germany; E-Mails: (C.S.); (F.T.)
| | - Frank Totzke
- ProQinase GmbH, Breisacherstraße 117, Freiburg D-79106, Germany; E-Mails: (C.S.); (F.T.)
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel D-24118, Germany; E-Mails: (B.P.); (E.J.); (J.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-431-880-1137; Fax +49-431-880-1352
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34
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Johannes E, Horbert R, Schlosser J, Schmidt D, Peifer C. Effective synthesis of 3,5-diaryl-(1H)-pyrazin-2-ones via microwave mediated ring closure. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Peifer C, Sharma S, Watzinger P, Lamberth S, Kötter P, Entian KD. Yeast Rrp8p, a novel methyltransferase responsible for m1A 645 base modification of 25S rRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2012. [PMID: 23180764 PMCID: PMC3553958 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal RNA undergoes various modifications to optimize ribosomal structure and expand the topological potential of RNA. The most common nucleotide modifications in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are pseudouridylations and 2′-O methylations (Nm), performed by H/ACA box snoRNAs and C/D box snoRNAs, respectively. Furthermore, rRNAs of both ribosomal subunits also contain various base modifications, which are catalysed by specific enzymes. These modifications cluster in highly conserved areas of the ribosome. Although most enzymes catalysing 18S rRNA base modifications have been identified, little is known about the 25S rRNA base modifications. The m1A modification at position 645 in Helix 25.1 is highly conserved in eukaryotes. Helix formation in this region of the 25S rRNA might be a prerequisite for a correct topological framework for 5.8S rRNA to interact with 25S rRNA. Surprisingly, we have identified ribosomal RNA processing protein 8 (Rrp8), a nucleolar Rossman-fold like methyltransferase, to carry out the m1A base modification at position 645, although Rrp8 was previously shown to be involved in A2 cleavage and 40S biogenesis. In addition, we were able to identify specific point mutations in Rrp8, which show that a reduced S-adenosyl-methionine binding influences the quality of the 60S subunit. This highlights the dual functionality of Rrp8 in the biogenesis of both subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt/M, Germany
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36
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Hirner H, Günes C, Bischof J, Wolff S, Grothey A, Kühl M, Oswald F, Wegwitz F, Bösl MR, Trauzold A, Henne-Bruns D, Peifer C, Leithäuser F, Deppert W, Knippschild U. Impaired CK1 delta activity attenuates SV40-induced cellular transformation in vitro and mouse mammary carcinogenesis in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29709. [PMID: 22235331 PMCID: PMC3250488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a powerful tool to study cellular transformation in vitro, as well as tumor development and progression in vivo. Various cellular kinases, among them members of the CK1 family, play an important role in modulating the transforming activity of SV40, including the transforming activity of T-Ag, the major transforming protein of SV40, itself. Here we characterized the effects of mutant CK1δ variants with impaired kinase activity on SV40-induced cell transformation in vitro, and on SV40-induced mammary carcinogenesis in vivo in a transgenic/bi-transgenic mouse model. CK1δ mutants exhibited a reduced kinase activity compared to wtCK1δ in in vitro kinase assays. Molecular modeling studies suggested that mutation N172D, located within the substrate binding region, is mainly responsible for impaired mutCK1δ activity. When stably over-expressed in maximal transformed SV-52 cells, CK1δ mutants induced reversion to a minimal transformed phenotype by dominant-negative interference with endogenous wtCK1δ. To characterize the effects of CK1δ on SV40-induced mammary carcinogenesis, we generated transgenic mice expressing mutant CK1δ under the control of the whey acidic protein (WAP) gene promoter, and crossed them with SV40 transgenic WAP-T-antigen (WAP-T) mice. Both WAP-T mice as well as WAP-mutCK1δ/WAP-T bi-transgenic mice developed breast cancer. However, tumor incidence was lower and life span was significantly longer in WAP-mutCK1δ/WAP-T bi-transgenic animals. The reduced CK1δ activity did not affect early lesion formation during tumorigenesis, suggesting that impaired CK1δ activity reduces the probability for outgrowth of in situ carcinomas to invasive carcinomas. The different tumorigenic potential of SV40 in WAP-T and WAP-mutCK1δ/WAP-T tumors was also reflected by a significantly different expression of various genes known to be involved in tumor progression, specifically of those involved in wnt-signaling and DNA repair. Our data show that inactivating mutations in CK1δ impair SV40-induced cellular transformation in vitro and mouse mammary carcinogenesis in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/immunology
- Casein Kinase Idelta/chemistry
- Casein Kinase Idelta/genetics
- Casein Kinase Idelta/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Male
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/virology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Milk Proteins/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Simian virus 40/immunology
- Simian virus 40/physiology
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Hirner
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cagatay Günes
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Max-Planck-Research Group on Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sonja Wolff
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Arnhild Grothey
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marion Kühl
- Department of Tumor Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Center for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz Oswald
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Wegwitz
- Department of Tumor Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Center for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael R. Bösl
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology Transgenic Mouse Models, Max Planck Institute, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, CCCNorth, UK S-H, Kiel, Germany
| | - Doris Henne-Bruns
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Deppert
- Department of Tumor Virology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Center for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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37
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Munoz L, Ramsay EE, Manetsch M, Ge Q, Peifer C, Laufer S, Ammit AJ. Novel p38 MAPK inhibitor ML3403 has potent anti-inflammatory activity in airway smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 635:212-8. [PMID: 20226180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
SB203580 is the prototypical p38 MAPK inhibitor; however it cannot be used clinically due to liver toxicity. We developed a structural analogue of SB203580 - ML3403 - with equal in vitro and ex vivo p38alpha MAPK inhibition as SB203580, but with reduced activity towards liver cytochrome P450 enzymes. In addition, we developed a selective p38alpha MAPK inhibitor - CP41. The aim of this study is to compare the anti-inflammatory activity of ML3403 and CP41, with SB203580. We compare and contrast the ability of the p38 MAPK inhibitors to repress tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-induced interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) mRNA expression and protein secretion from airway smooth muscle cells. We also examined and compared the binding affinities of ML3403 and SB203580 to the active and inactive p38alpha MAPK. We demonstrate that ML3403 binds to both active and inactive p38 MAPK with high affinity and that it inhibits p38 MAPK-mediated airway smooth muscle synthetic function to an equivalent degree with SB203580. CP41 was not able to reduce IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in airway smooth muscle cells; a function of its higher IC(50) against p38alpha MAPK when compared to SB203580 and ML3403. We show that p38 MAPK-mediated pro-inflammatory pathways in airway smooth muscle cells can be inhibited by ML3403. The anti-inflammatory activity is equivalent to the prototypical p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Our results implicate a future pharmacotherapeutic strategy towards reducing inflammation in asthma and airway remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Munoz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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38
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Peifer C, Abadleh M, Bischof J, Hauser D, Schattel V, Hirner H, Knippschild U, Laufer S. 3,4-Diaryl-isoxazoles and -imidazoles as potent dual inhibitors of p38alpha mitogen activated protein kinase and casein kinase 1delta. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7618-30. [PMID: 19591487 DOI: 10.1021/jm9005127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the discovery of isoxazole 1 as a potent dual inhibitor of p38alpha (IC(50) = 0.45 microM) and CK1delta (IC(50) = 0.23 microM). Because only a few effective small molecule inhibitors of CK1 have been described so far, we aimed to develop this structural class toward specific agents. Molecular modeling studies comparing p38alpha/CK1delta suggested an optimization strategy leading to design, synthesis, biological characterization, and SAR of highly potent compounds including 9 (IC(50) p38alpha = 0.006 microM; IC(50) CK1delta = 1.6 microM), 13 (IC(50) p38alpha = 2.52 microM; IC(50) CK1delta = 0.033 microM), 17 (IC(50) p38alpha = 0.019 microM; IC(50) CK1delta = 0.004 microM; IC(50) CK1epsilon = 0.073 microM), and 18 (CKP138) (IC(50) p38alpha = 0.041 microM; IC(50) CK1delta = 0.005 microM; IC(50) CK1epsilon = 0.447 microM) possessing differentiated specificity. Selected compounds were profiled over 76 kinases and evaluation of their cellular efficacy showed 18 (CKP138) to be a highly potent and dual-specific inhibitor of CK1delta and p38alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- Department of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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39
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Schlosser J, Schollmeyer D, Laufer S, Peifer C. 2-[(1-Methyl-1 H-pyrrol-2-yl)carbonylmethyl]isoindoline-1,3-dione. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o2375. [PMID: 21577840 PMCID: PMC2970463 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809034515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C15H12N2O3, contains two almost identical molecules forming an nearly C2-symmetric dimeric pattern. The dihedral angles between the pyrrole ring and the phthalimide unit are 82.95 (8) and 86.57 (8)° for the two molecules. Within such a dimer, the phthalimide units of the two molecules form a dihedral angle of 1.5 (5)°.
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40
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Abstract
Signal transduction of many growth factors and oncogenes is mediated by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), a master regulator of a number of downstream signal protein kinase cascades. Hence, PDK1 represents a convergence point for receptor tyrosine kinase and cytokine-mediated pathways for the regulation of vital cell processes such as cell survival and proliferation. Pathological upregulation of PDK1 signalling due to constitutive growth factor receptor activation and/or PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue) mutations significantly triggers downstream signalling, e.g. PKB/Akt, which subsequently promote proliferative events such as tumour invasiveness, angiogenesis, and progression. Consistent with this, a mouse model expressing low levels of PDK1 is protected from tumourigenesis resulting from loss of PTEN. Because more than 50 % of all human cancers possess significant overstimulation of the PDK1 signalling pathway, inhibition of this protein kinase by small molecules is predicted to result in effective inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and thus be therapeutically beneficial. Various classes of small-molecule PDK1 inhibitors have been published in patents and papers. Herein we present for the first time a comprehensive collection of small molecules reported to interact with PDK1, and we refer to their biological characterisation in terms of activity and selectivity for PDK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, MSI/WTB Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street Dundee DD15EH, Scotland, UK.
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41
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Peifer C, Selig R, Kinkel K, Ott D, Totzke F, Schächtele C, Heidenreich R, Röcken M, Schollmeyer D, Laufer S. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 3-Aryl-4-(1H-indole-3yl)-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-ones as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGF-R) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3814-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Peifer C, Bühler S, Hauser D, Kinkel K, Totzke F, Schächtele C, Laufer S. Design, synthesis and characterization of N9/N7-substituted 6-aminopurines as VEGF-R and EGF-R inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 44:1788-93. [PMID: 18524423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report on the design, synthesis and biological characterization of novel N(9) or N(7) arylethanone-substituted 6-aminopurines and 6-methoxypurines, respectively, as EGF-R and VEGF-R inhibitors. The compounds were initially profiled in a panel of 24 cancer-relevant protein kinases. Dependent on the regio-substitution of the purine core we found inhibition activity for EGF-R and VEGF-R with IC(50) values in the microM range. The two novel N(9)/N(7) 2-(6-amino-purine)-1-(1H-indole-3-yl)ethanone derivatives were characterized in an enhanced panel of 78 kinases showing the N(9) derivative to also inhibit MNK1 and IRR while the N(7) isomer was found to be specific for VEGF-R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- Department of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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43
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Peifer C, Urich R, Schattel V, Abadleh M, Röttig M, Kohlbacher O, Laufer S. Implications for selectivity of 3,4-diarylquinolinones as p38alphaMAP kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1431-5. [PMID: 18207396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study we report on the specificity profiling of the MAP kinase inhibitors 1, 2, and 3 in a panel of 78 protein kinases including the MAPK isoforms p38(alpha,beta,gamma,delta), JNK1/2/3, and ERK1/2/8 showing 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-pyridin-4-ylquinolin-2(1H)-one (1) to be highly selective for p38alphaMAPK with an IC(50) of 1.8 microM. In contrast, besides p38alpha the isoxazoles 2 and 3 significantly inhibited JNK2/3 and further kinases beyond the MAPK family such as PKA, PKD, Lck, and CK1. By using sequence alignment and homology models of different members of the MAPK family the binding mode determining selectivity of 1 for the p38alpha isoform was investigated. For lead optimization of 1 a straightforward tandem-Buchwald-aldol synthetic approach toward the flexible decoration of the quinolin-2(1H)-one scaffold was employed. SAR for derivatives of 1 at the isolated p38alphaMAPK are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- Department of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University, Auf derMorgenstelle 8B, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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44
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Peifer C, Kinkel K, Abadleh M, Schollmeyer D, Laufer S. From five- to six-membered rings: 3,4-diarylquinolinone as lead for novel p38MAP kinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1213-21. [PMID: 17323937 DOI: 10.1021/jm061097o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-pyridin-4-ylquinoline-2(1H)-one (5) as a new inhibitor of MAPK with a p38alphaMAPK IC50 of 1.8 muM. By keeping the common vicinal pyridine/4-F-phenyl pharmacophore, such as in prototypical imidazole 20 or isoxazole 13 but in 5 connected to the six-membered quinoline core, we were particularly interested in comparing biological activity, details of molecular geometry, and different binding modes of these compounds. Compounds 20 and 13 were active both in the p38alpha- and JNK3-assay, whereas 5 was selective for p38alpha, with no JNK3 inhibition. By comparing the X-ray structures of the compounds, we found a significantly larger distance between the pyridine and the 4-F-phenyl moiety in five-membered core structures relevant for ligand-protein interactions. Molecular modeling studies support the results based on differences in the ATP pockets of p38alpha and JNK3. Because most five-membered core based p38alpha inhibitors show also activity for JNK3, compound 5 is an interesting lead for selective p38alpha inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8/B, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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45
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Buchhaupt M, Peifer C, Entian KD. Analysis of 2′-O-methylated nucleosides and pseudouridines in ribosomal RNAs using DNAzymes. Anal Biochem 2007; 361:102-8. [PMID: 17181990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 10/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) contain a large number of posttranscriptionally modified nucleosides, the physiological function of which is still unclear. The great majority of modifications in eukaryotes and archaea are 2'-O-ribose methylated nucleosides and pseudouridines. The current methods to identify rRNA modifications are difficult to perform and need expensive reagents. Here we report an easy method to detect 2'-O-ribose methylations using RNA-cleaving deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes) and demonstrate its application using rRNA of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using DNAzymes of the 10-23 type, we could show that cleavage at A(973) in the 18S rRNA or at G(1450) in the 25S rRNA from S. cerevisiae occurs only if the 2'-O-ribose methylations at these positions were missing. We also designed 8-17-DNAzymes for the detection of 2'-O-ribose methylations. This makes all 2'-O-ribose methylations accessible to the DNAzyme technique as variants of the 8-17-DNAzyme that together have the ability to cleave nearly any dinucleotide junction are known. Furthermore, we found that pseudouridine also decreases the DNAzyme cleavage efficiency at the adjacent phosphodiester bond and thus can also be identified with DNAzymes. The analysis using DNAzymes provides a new tool to easily identify ribose methylations in rRNAs and will help to unravel the physiological function of nucleotide modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Buchhaupt
- Center of Excellence, Macromolecular Complexes, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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46
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Abstract
In light of emerging interest in the relevance of c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase 3 (JNK3) as a promising drug target, we describe here an advanced non-radioactive immunosorbent JNK3 activity assay that is applicable for routine screening of small molecule ATP-competitive enzyme inhibitors. We modified and established a JNK3/ATF-2 protocol based on our previously described p38 MAPK method [1] for a substrate-bound non-radioactive procedure that represents a convenient alternative to conventional radioactive protein kinase assays. The objective of the present study was to validate these conditions by using the reference compounds SP600125 and SB203580 to achieve comparable IC(50) results to published data. Furthermore, an IC(50) for staurosporine was determined. The protocol we describe here represents an accessible and robust screening assay for JNK3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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47
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Peifer C, Krasowski A, Hämmerle N, Kohlbacher O, Dannhardt G, Totzke F, Schächtele C, Laufer S. Profile and Molecular Modeling of 3-(Indole-3-yl)-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5dione (1) as a Highly Selective VEGF-R2/3 Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2006; 49:7549-53. [PMID: 17149885 DOI: 10.1021/jm0609871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on selectivity profiling of 1 in a panel of 20 protein kinases and molecular modeling indicating 1 to be highly active and selective for VEGF-R2/3. Sequence alignment analysis and detailed insights into the ATP binding pockets of targeted protein kinases from the panel result in a unique structural architecture of VEGF-R2 mainly caused by the hydrophobic pocket I, determining the molecular basis for activity and selectivity of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- Department of Pharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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48
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Peifer C, Stoiber T, Unger E, Totzke F, Schächtele C, Marmé D, Brenk R, Klebe G, Schollmeyer D, Dannhardt G. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 3,4-diarylmaleimides as angiogenesis inhibitors. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1271-81. [PMID: 16480264 DOI: 10.1021/jm0580297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The new analogue 2 of combretastatin A-4 was discovered to be an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization with an IC50 of 7.6 microM and reduced angiogenesis in the in vivo chick embryo model. Interestingly, in a series of 2,3-diarylmaleimides closely related to this lead, no other compound was found to be active in the tubulin polymerization assay. However, by screening in the in vivo chick embryo assay 10 was identified as a potent angiogenesis inhibitor indicating an alternative target. Indeed, molecular modeling studies suggest a reasonable binding mode of 10 at the ATP-binding site of the model kinase CDK2. Motivated by these results, analogues of 10 were screened for inhibitory activity in a panel of 12 selected protein kinases and a high affinity of 10 to VEGF-R2 was found showing an IC50 of 2.5 nM. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) for this compound series with the isolated enzyme and equivalent antiangiogenic activity in the chick embryo assay are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- Department of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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49
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Abstract
The therapy of chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has recently been enriched by the successful launch of the anti-cytokine biologicals Etanercept (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-p75 Fc fusion protein), Infliximab (chimeric anti-human TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody), Adalimumab (recombinant human anti-human TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody) and Anakinra (recombinant form of human interleukin 1beta (IL-1) receptor antagonist). The success of these novel treatments has impressively demonstrated the clinical benefit that can be gained from therapeutic intervention in cytokine signalling, highlighting the central role of proinflammatory cytokine systems like IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha to be validated targets. However, all of the anti-cytokine biologicals available to date are proteins, and therefore suffering to a varying degree from the general disadvantages associated with protein drugs. Therefore, small molecular, orally active anti-cytokine agents, which target specific pathways of proinflammatory cytokines, would offer an attractive alternative to anti-cytokine biologicals. A number of molecular targets have been identified for the development of such small molecular agents but p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase occupies a central role in the regulation of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha signalling network at both the transcriptional and translational level. Since the mid-1990s, an immense number of inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase has been characterised in vitro, and to date several compounds have been advanced into clinical trials. This review will highlight the correlation between effective inhibition of p38 MAP kinase at the molecular target and cellular activity in functional assays of cytokine, particularly TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production. SAR will be discussed regarding activity at the enzyme target, but also with regard to properties required for efficient in vitro and in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peifer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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50
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Laufer S, Thuma S, Peifer C, Greim C, Herweh Y, Albrecht A, Dehner F. An immunosorbent, nonradioactive p38 MAP kinase assay comparable to standard radioactive liquid-phase assays. Anal Biochem 2005; 344:135-7. [PMID: 16038870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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