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Heinsbroek JA, De Vries TJ, Peters J. Glutamatergic Systems and Memory Mechanisms Underlying Opioid Addiction. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a039602. [PMID: 32341068 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is of critical importance for the synaptic and circuit mechanisms that underlie opioid addiction. Opioid memories formed over the course of repeated drug use and withdrawal can become powerful stimuli that trigger craving and relapse, and glutamatergic neurotransmission is essential for the formation and maintenance of these memories. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which glutamate, dopamine, and opioid signaling interact to mediate the primary rewarding effects of opioids, and cover the glutamatergic systems and circuits that mediate the expression, extinction, and reinstatement of opioid seeking over the course of opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper A Heinsbroek
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Taco J De Vries
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie Peters
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Kupnicka P, Kojder K, Metryka E, Kapczuk P, Jeżewski D, Gutowska I, Goschorska M, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Morphine-element interactions - The influence of selected chemical elements on neural pathways associated with addiction. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 60:126495. [PMID: 32179426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is a pressing social problem worldwide and opioid dependence can be considered the strongest and most difficult addiction to treat. Mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic pathways play an important role in modulation of cognitive processes and decision making and, therefore, changes in dopamine metabolism are considered the central basis for the development of dependence. Disturbances caused by excesses or deficiency of certain elements have a significant impact on the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) both in physiological conditions and in pathology and can affect the cerebral reward system and therefore, may modulate processes associated with the development of addiction. In this paper we review the mechanisms of interactions between morphine and zinc, manganese, chromium, cadmium, lead, fluoride, their impact on neural pathways associated with addiction, and on antinociception and morphine tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Kojder
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Emilia Metryka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kapczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jeżewski
- Department of Applied Neurocognitive Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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Baidoo N, Wolter M, Leri F. Opioid withdrawal and memory consolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:16-24. [PMID: 32294487 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that learning and memory are central to substance dependence. This paper specifically reviews the effect of opioid withdrawal on memory consolidation. Although there is evidence that opioid withdrawal can interfere with initial acquisition and retrieval of older memories, there are several reasons to postulate a facilitatory action on the consolidation of newly acquired memories. In fact, there is substantial evidence that memory consolidation is facilitated by the release of stress hormones, that it requires the activation of the amygdala, of central noradrenergic and cholinergic pathways, and that it involves long-term potentiation. This review highlights evidence that very similar neurobiological processes are involved in opioid withdrawal, and summarizes recent results indicating that naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal enhanced consolidation in rats. From this neurocognitive perspective, therefore, opioid use may escalate during the addiction cycle in part because memories of stimuli and actions experienced during withdrawal are strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Baidoo
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Wolter
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Fluyau D, Revadigar N, Pierre CG. Clinical benefits and risks of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists to treat severe opioid use disorder: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 208:107845. [PMID: 31978670 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demand for treatments for severe opioid use disorder is increasing worldwide. The current pharmacotherapy is mainly focused on opioid and adrenergic receptors. The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is among other receptors that can also be targeted to treat the disease. Findings from randomized controlled trials (RTCs) on NMDAR antagonists to treat severe opioid use disorder amply varied. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical benefits and assess the potential risks for adverse events or side effects of NMDAR antagonists that were investigated for the treatment of severe opioid use disorder. METHODS Articles were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Proquest. Cochrane Review Database, Medline Ovid, and EMBASE from their inception to March 2019. RTCs on NMDAR antagonists for the treatment of severe opioid use disorder were independently screened and assessed by two authors. The results were synthesized qualitatively. RESULTS Nineteen RTCs of 1459 participants met the inclusion criteria. There is moderate evidence suggesting that ketamine, memantine, amantadine, and dextromethorphan may be able to manage opioid withdrawal symptoms. There is little evidence suggesting that memantine may be able to reduce methadone maintenance dose in participants on methadone, reduce opioid use, and reduce craving. Dropout is noticeable among dextromethorphan's participants. Safety concerns are more likely associated with dextromethorphan and ketamine. CONCLUSIONS NMDAR antagonists have the potentiality to treat severe opioid use disorder. There is insufficient evidence to recommend them for the treatment of severe opioid use disorder due to several limitations inherent to the RCTs reviewed. Further exploration is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimy Fluyau
- Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States.
| | - Neelambika Revadigar
- Columbia University School of Medicine, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, United States.
| | - Christopher G Pierre
- Grady Memorial Hospital, 80 Jesse Hill Jr Dr SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States.
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AY O, OI O, FO Y, AM A, IO A, OJ O. Oral Monosodium Glutamate Differentially Affects Open-Field Behaviours, Behavioural Despair and Place Preference in Male and Female Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2211556008666181213160527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavour enhancer which induces
behavioural changes in animals. However the influence of sex on the behavioural response
to MSG has not been investigated.
Objective:
The sex-differential effects of MSG on open-field behaviours, anxiety-related
behaviour, behavioural despair, place-preference, and plasma/brain glutamate levels in
adult mice were assessed.
Methods:
Mice were assigned to three groups (1-3), based on the models used to assess
behaviours. Animals in group 1 were for the elevated-plus maze and tail-suspension paradigms,
group 2 for the open-field and forced-swim paradigms, while mice in group 3 were
for observation in the conditioned place preference paradigm. Mice in all groups were further
assigned into five subgroups (10 males and 10 females), and administered vehicle (distilled
water at 10 ml/kg) or one of four doses of MSG (20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg) daily for
6 weeks, following which they were exposed to the behavioural paradigms. At the end of
the behavioural tests, the animals were sacrificed, and blood was taken for estimation of
glutamate levels. The brains were also homogenised for estimation of glutamate levels.
Results:
MSG was associated with a reduction in locomotion in males and females (except
at 160 mg/kg, male), an anxiolytic response in females, an anxiogenic response in males,
and decreased behavioural despair in both sexes (females more responsive). Postconditioning
MSG-associated place-preference was significantly higher in females. Plasma/
brain glutamate was not significantly different between sexes.
Conclusion:
Repeated MSG administration alters a range of behaviours in a sex-dependent
manner in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onaolapo AY
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olawore OI
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf FO
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adeyemo AM
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adewole IO
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Onaolapo OJ
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
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Onaolapo A, Onaolapo O. Food additives, food and the concept of ‘food addiction’: Is stimulation of the brain reward circuit by food sufficient to trigger addiction? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2018; 25:263-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Monosodium glutamate-associated alterations in open field, anxiety-related and conditioned place preference behaviours in mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 390:677-689. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Doronina EP, Pevzner LM, Polukeev VA, Petrov ML. Synthesis of trifluoromethyl derivatives of alkyl 2-nitromethylphosphonopropionates and -phosphonobutyrates. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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García R, Zafra MA, Puerto A. Rewarding effects of electrical stimulation of the insular cortex: Decayed effectiveness after repeated tests and subsequent increase in vertical behavioral activity and conditioned place aversion after naloxone administration. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 118:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Conditioned place preference induced by electrical stimulation of the insular cortex: effects of naloxone. Exp Brain Res 2013; 226:165-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Actin polymerization-dependent increase in synaptic Arc/Arg3.1 expression in the amygdala is crucial for the expression of aversive memory associated with drug withdrawal. J Neurosci 2012; 32:12005-17. [PMID: 22933785 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0871-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aversive memories associated with drug withdrawal may contribute to persistent drug seeking. Molecular mechanisms that are critical for aversive memory formation have yet to be elucidated. Recently, we showed in a rat conditioned place aversion (CPA) model that synaptic actin polymerization in the amygdala were required for aversive memory information. Here, we demonstrated that actin polymerization within the amygdala triggered transportation of activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc/Arg3.1) into amygdalar synapses. Increased synaptic Arc/Arg3.1 expression contributed to aversive memory formation by regulating synaptic AMPA receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis, as in vivo knockdown of amygdalar Arc/Arg3.1 with Arc/Arg3.1-shRNA prevented both AMPAR endocytosis and CPA formation. We also demonstrated that conditioned morphine withdrawal led to induction of LTD in the amygdala through AMPAR endocytosis. We further demonstrated that Arc/Arg3.1-regulated AMPAR endocytosis was GluR2 dependent, as intra-amygdala injection of Tat-GluR2(3Y), a GluR2-derived peptide that has been shown to specifically block regulated, but not constitutive, AMPAR endocytosis, prevented AMPAR endocytosis, LTD induction, and aversive memory formation. Therefore, this study extends previous studies on the role of actin polymerization in synaptic plasticity and memory formation by revealing the critical molecular events involved in aversive memory formation as well as LTD induction, and by showing that Arc/Arg3.1 is a crucial mediator for actin polymerization functions, and, thus, underscores the unknown details of how actin polymerization mediates synaptic plasticity and memory.
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Abstract
As the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, glutamate plays an undisputable integral role in opiate addiction. This relates, in part, to the fact that addiction is a disorder of learning and memory, and glutamate is required for most types of memory formation. As opiate addiction develops, the addict becomes conditioned to engage in addictive behaviors, and these behaviors can be triggered by opiate-associated cues during abstinence, resulting in relapse. Some medications for opiate addiction exert their therapeutic effects at glutamate receptors, especially the NMDA receptor. Understanding the neural circuits controlling opiate addiction, and the locus of glutamate's actions within these circuits, will help guide the development of targeted pharmacotherapeutics for relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Peters
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kawasaki Y, Ishida S, Jin C, Kitamura Y, Kawasaki H, Gomita Y, Sendo T, Araki H. Effect of glutamate receptor antagonists microinjected into the nucleus accumbens on place aversion induced by naloxone in single-dose, morphine-treated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 666:131-4. [PMID: 21635886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that acute morphine withdrawal can be observed following opioid receptor antagonism in rodents. Glutamate receptor antagonists can attenuate the conditioning place aversion (CPA) induced by naloxone in single-dose, morphine-treated rats. Anatomically, the nucleus accumbens appears to be involved in opiate dependence. In the present study, we examined the effects of various glutamate receptor antagonists in the nucleus accumbens on naloxone-induced CPA in rats. MK-801 (an NMDA receptor antagonist), GYKI52466 (an AMPA receptor antagonist), and MCPG (a metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist) significantly attenuated naloxone-induced CPA following microinjection into the accumbens. In contrast, none of the agents showed place conditioning ability on their own in either morphine-exposed or naïve rats. The present study suggests that glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens play a key role in the motivational component of withdrawal during acute morphine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Kawasaki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Kawasaki Y, Araki H, Suemaru K, Kitamura Y, Gomita Y, Sendo T. Involvement of Dopaminergic Receptor Signaling in the Effects of Glutamatergic Receptor Antagonists on Conditioned Place Aversion Induced by Naloxone in Single-Dose Morphine-Treated Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 117:27-33. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10230fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Beckerman MA, Glass MJ. Ultrastructural relationship between the AMPA-GluR2 receptor subunit and the mu-opioid receptor in the mouse central nucleus of the amygdala. Exp Neurol 2010; 227:149-58. [PMID: 20970421 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of GluR2-expressing non-calcium-permeable AMPA-type glutamate receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) may play an important role in integrating emotion and memory with goal-directed behaviors involved in opioid addiction. The location of non-calcium-permeable AMPA receptors within distinct neuronal compartments (i.e., soma, dendrite, or axon) is an important functional feature of these proteins; however, their ultrastructural location and subcellular relationship with mu-opioid receptors (μOR) in the CeA are unknown. Immunocytochemical electron microscopy was used to characterize the ultrastructural distribution of GluR2 and its association with μOR in the mouse CeA. A single-labeling analysis of GluR2 distribution employing immunoperoxidase or immunogold markers revealed that this protein was frequently affiliated with intracellular vesicular organelles, as well as the plasma membrane of CeA neuronal profiles. Among all GluR2-labeled neuronal structures, over 85% were dendrites or somata. Unlabeled axon terminals frequently formed asymmetric excitatory-type synaptic junctions with GluR2-labeled dendritic profiles. Dual-labeling immunocytochemical analysis showed that GluR2 and μOR were co-localized in neuronal compartments. Among all dual-labeled structures, approximately 80% were dendritic. Synaptic inputs to these dual-labeled dendrites were frequently from unlabeled axon terminals forming asymmetric excitatory-type synapses. The presence of GluR2 in dendritic profiles receiving asymmetric synapses suggests that activation of the non-calcium-permeable AMPA receptor plays a role in the postsynaptic modulation of excitatory signaling involving CeA neuronal circuits that coordinate sensory, affective, and behavioral processes involved in drug addiction. Given the critical role of non-calcium-permeable AMPA receptor function in neural and behavioral adaptability, their dendritic association with μOR in CeA dendrites provides a neuronal substrate for opioid-mediated plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Beckerman
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, 407 E. 61st St., Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, NY 10065, USA
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Bishop SF, Lauzon NM, Bechard M, Gholizadeh S, Laviolette SR. NMDA receptor hypofunction in the prelimbic cortex increases sensitivity to the rewarding properties of opiates via dopaminergic and amygdalar substrates. Cereb Cortex 2010; 21:68-80. [PMID: 20392811 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a significant role in associative learning and memory formation during the opiate addiction process. Various lines of evidence demonstrate that glutamatergic (GLUT) transmission through the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor can modulate neuronal network activity within the mPFC and influence dopaminergic signaling within the mesocorticolimbic pathway. However, little is known about how modulation of NMDA receptor signaling within the mPFC may regulate associative opiate reward learning and memory formation. Using a conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure, we examined the effects of selective NMDA receptor blockade directly within the prelimbic cortex (PLC) during the acquisition of associative opiate reward learning. NMDA receptor blockade specifically within the PLC caused a strong potentiation in the rewarding effects of either systemic or intra-ventral tegmental area (intra-VTA) morphine administration. This reward potentiation was dose dependently blocked by coadministration of dopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonists and by blockade of presynaptic GLUT release. In addition, pharmacological inactivation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) also prevented intra-PLC NMDA receptor blockade-induced potentiation of opiate reward signals, demonstrating a functional interaction between inputs from the VTA and BLA within the PLC, during the encoding and modulation of associative opiate reward information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie F Bishop
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Glass MJ. The role of functional postsynaptic NMDA receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala in opioid dependence. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2010; 82:145-66. [PMID: 20472137 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(10)82008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors in limbic system nuclei, such as the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), plays an essential role in autonomic, behavioral, and affective processes that are profoundly impacted by exposure to opioids. However, the heterogeneous ultrastructural distribution of the NMDA receptor, its complex pharmacology, and the paucity of genetic models have hampered the development of linkages between functional amygdala NMDA receptors and opioid dependence. To overcome these shortcomings, high-resolution imaging and molecular pharmacology were used to (1) Identify the ultrastructural localization of the essential NMDA-NR1 receptor (NR1) subunit and its relationship to the mu-opioid receptor (microOR), the major cellular target of abused opioids like morphine, in the CeA and (2) Determine the effect of CeA NR1 deletion on the physical, and particularly, psychological aspects of opioid dependence. Combined immunogold and immuoperoxidase electron microscopic analysis showed that NR1 was prominently expressed in postsynaptic (i.e., somata, dendrites) locations of CeA neurons, where they were also frequently colocalized with the microOR. A spatial-temporal deletion of NR1 in postsynaptic sites of CeA neurons was produced by local microinjection of a neurotropic recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV), expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter and Cre recombinase (rAAV-GFP-Cre), in adult "floxed" NR1 (fNR1) mice. Mice with deletion of NR1 in the CeA showed no obvious impairments in sensory, motor, or nociceptive function. In addition, when administered chronic morphine, these mice also displayed an acute physical withdrawal syndrome precipitated by naloxone. However, opioid-dependent CeA NR1 knockout mice failed to exhibit a conditioned place aversion induced by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. These results indicate that postsynaptic NMDA receptor activity in central amygdala neurons is required for the expression of a learned affective behavior associated with opioid withdrawal. The neurogenetic dissociation of physical and psychological properties of opioid dependence demonstrates the value of combined ultrastructural analysis and molecular pharmacology in clarifying the neurobiological mechanisms subserving opioid-mediated plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Glass
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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Hou YY, Liu Y, Kang S, Yu C, Chi ZQ, Liu JG. Glutamate receptors in the dorsal hippocampus mediate the acquisition, but not the expression, of conditioned place aversion induced by acute morphine withdrawal in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1385-91. [PMID: 19767765 PMCID: PMC4007332 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the role of glutamate receptors in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) in the motivational component of morphine withdrawal. METHODS NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5 (5 microg/0.5 microL per side) or AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX (2 microg/0.5 microL per side) was microinjected into DH of rats. Conditioned place aversion (CPA) induced by naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal were assessed. RESULTS Preconditioning microinjection of D-AP5 or NBQX into the DH impaired the acquisition of CPA in acute morphine-dependent rats. However, intra-DH microinjection of D-AP5 or NBQX after conditioning but before the testing session had no effect on the expression of CPA. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that NMDA and AMPA receptors in the dorsal hippocampus are involved in the acquisition, but not in the expression, of the negative motivational components of acute morphine withdrawal in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-yuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuo Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhi-qiang Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing-gen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Abstract
The negative motivational aspects of withdrawal include symptoms of both anxiety and depression, and emerge after termination of chronic drug use as well as after acute drug exposure. States of acute withdrawal are an inherent part of intermittent drug use in humans, but the contribution of acute withdrawal to the development of addiction has received limited systematic investigation, because of a lack of preclinical models for withdrawal states that emerge spontaneously after acute drug exposure. Here, we have characterized a spontaneous increase in the magnitude of the acoustic startle reflex (ie, spontaneous withdrawal-potentiated startle) that emerges after acute morphine administration in rats, and compared the time course of startle potentiation and place conditioning. We find that startle potentiation seems to be related to a decrease in opiate receptor occupancy and reflects an anxiety-like state with a pharmacological profile similar to other signs of opiate withdrawal. Spontaneous startle potentiation emerges before the rewarding effects of morphine have subsided, even though naloxone administration after a single morphine exposure causes both startle potentiation and conditioned place aversion (CPA). These results show that negative emotional signs of withdrawal develop after just one exposure to morphine, and are likely a recurrent aspect of intermittent drug use that may contribute to the earliest adaptations underlying the development of addiction. Furthermore, the dissociation between spontaneous startle potentiation and CPA suggests anxiogenic and dysphoric manifestations of opiate withdrawal may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms that are progressively engaged as withdrawal unfolds.
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Ishida S, Shimosaka R, Kawasaki Y, Jin C, Kitamura Y, Araki H, Sendo T, Gomita Y. [Involvement of the amygdala on place aversion induced by naloxone in single-dose morphine-treated rats]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:395-403. [PMID: 18311059 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Signs characteristic of opiate withdrawal symptoms can be precipitated by an opiate antagonist after short-term infusion or even a single dose of an opiate both in humans and in animals. This phenomenon has been referred to as acute dependence. In contrast to extensive studies on chronic dependence, less is known about the neural mechanisms mediating acute dependence. It will benefit the development of appropriate therapies to facilitate opiate abstinence and reduced craving to better understand the mechanisms underlying acute opiate dependence and to determine whether there are dissociation and similarity between the early and fully developed stages of dependence. In the present study, we examined the influence of c-Fos expression in the amygdala in acquisition of conditioned place aversion (CPA) induced by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from a single morphine exposure 24 h earlier. The effect of microinjection into the central amygdaloid nucleus (CeA) of various kinds of glutamatergic neurotransmission inhibitors was also investigated. Findings showed that CeA displayed significant increase in c-Fos expression in the acquisition of CPA. Furthermore, CPA was attenuated significantly and dose-dependently by microinjection into CeA of all glutamatergic neurotransmission inhibitors (NMDA receptor antagonist (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclo-hepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801), AMPA receptor antagonist 1-(4-aminophenyl)4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine hydrochloride (GYKI52466), metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist (+/-)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG), and glutamate release inhibitor riluzole). These findings suggest that CeA involves the acquisition of CPA induced by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from a single morphine exposure, and the function of the glutamatergic system projected from the amygdala to nucleus accumbens plays a facilitative role in formation of morphine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Ishida
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama City, Japan
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Effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine on the expression and development of acute opiate dependence as assessed by withdrawal-potentiated startle and hyperalgesia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 196:649-60. [PMID: 18026718 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE While the N-methyl-D: -aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor has been strongly implicated in chronic opiate dependence, relatively few studies have examined the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on withdrawal from acute opiate exposure. OBJECTIVES The current study examined the effects of memantine, a well-tolerated NMDA receptor antagonist, on acute opiate dependence as assessed by elevations in rodent startle responding (i.e., "withdrawal-potentiated startle") and increased pain sensitivity (i.e., hyperalgesia). RESULTS Administration of memantine either attenuated (5 mg/kg) or blocked (10 mg/kg) the expression of withdrawal-potentiated startle during naloxone (2.5 mg/kg)-precipitated withdrawal from a single dose of morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg). Pre-treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist also inhibited the exacerbation of withdrawal-potentiated startle across repeated acute opiate exposures. Memantine blocked the expression of acute dependence, but was less effective in inhibiting its escalation, when hyperalgesia was used as a measure of withdrawal. These doses of memantine did not affect startle responding or nociception in otherwise drug-free animals. Data from additional control groups indicated that the effects of memantine on the expression of withdrawal were not influenced by nonspecific interactions between the NMDA antagonist and either morphine or naloxone. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the NMDA receptor may play a key role in the earliest stages of opiate dependence and provide further evidence that memantine may be useful for the treatment of opiate withdrawal.
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23
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Gass JT, Olive MF. Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:218-65. [PMID: 17706608 PMCID: PMC2239014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic accumulation of evidence indicating that the excitatory amino acid glutamate plays an important role in drug addiction and alcoholism. The purpose of this review is to summarize findings on glutamatergic substrates of addiction, surveying data from both human and animal studies. The effects of various drugs of abuse on glutamatergic neurotransmission are discussed, as are the effects of pharmacological or genetic manipulation of various components of glutamate transmission on drug reinforcement, conditioned reward, extinction, and relapse-like behavior. In addition, glutamatergic agents that are currently in use or are undergoing testing in clinical trials for the treatment of addiction are discussed, including acamprosate, N-acetylcysteine, modafinil, topiramate, lamotrigine, gabapentin and memantine. All drugs of abuse appear to modulate glutamatergic transmission, albeit by different mechanisms, and this modulation of glutamate transmission is believed to result in long-lasting neuroplastic changes in the brain that may contribute to the perseveration of drug-seeking behavior and drug-associated memories. In general, attenuation of glutamatergic transmission reduces drug reward, reinforcement, and relapse-like behavior. On the other hand, potentiation of glutamatergic transmission appears to facilitate the extinction of drug-seeking behavior. However, attempts at identifying genetic polymorphisms in components of glutamate transmission in humans have yielded only a limited number of candidate genes that may serve as risk factors for the development of addiction. Nonetheless, manipulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission appears to be a promising avenue of research in developing improved therapeutic agents for the treatment of drug addiction and alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Gass
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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24
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Tzschentke TM. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm: update of the last decade. Addict Biol 2007; 12:227-462. [PMID: 17678505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1000] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to study the motivational effects of drugs and non-drug treatments in experimental animals. This is obvious from a steady year-to-year increase in the number of publications reporting the use this model. Since the compilation of the preceding review in 1998, more than 1000 new studies using place conditioning have been published, and the aim of the present review is to provide an overview of these recent publications. There are a number of trends and developments that are obvious in the literature of the last decade. First, as more and more knockout and transgenic animals become available, place conditioning is increasingly used to assess the motivational effects of drugs or non-drug rewards in genetically modified animals. Second, there is a still small but growing literature on the use of place conditioning to study the motivational aspects of pain, a field of pre-clinical research that has so far received little attention, because of the lack of appropriate animal models. Third, place conditioning continues to be widely used to study tolerance and sensitization to the rewarding effects of drugs induced by pre-treatment regimens. Fourth, extinction/reinstatement procedures in place conditioning are becoming increasingly popular. This interesting approach is thought to model certain aspects of relapse to addictive behavior and has previously almost exclusively been studied in drug self-administration paradigms. It has now also become established in the place conditioning literature and provides an additional and technically easy approach to this important phenomenon. The enormous number of studies to be covered in this review prevented in-depth discussion of many methodological, pharmacological or neurobiological aspects; to a large extent, the presentation of data had to be limited to a short and condensed summary of the most relevant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Tzschentke
- Grünenthal GmbH, Preclinical Research and Development, Department of Pharmacology, Aachen, Germany.
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25
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Abstract
This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2005 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity, neurophysiology and transmitter release (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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26
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Wei J, Dong M, Xiao C, Jiang F, Castellino FJ, Prorok M, Dai Q. Conantokins and variants derived from cone snail venom inhibit naloxone-induced withdrawal jumping in morphine-dependent mice. Neurosci Lett 2006; 405:137-41. [PMID: 16859831 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical processes underlying opiate addiction are complex, but n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction appears to be one contributing factor. NMDAR antagonists, including MK-801 and memantine, have previously been shown to assuage symptoms stemming from opiate withdrawal. The conantokins are a small family of naturally occurring peptide toxins known to specifically antagonize the NMDAR. In the present study, the effects of wild-type and variant conantokins on the suppression of naloxone-induced jumping in morphine-dependent mice were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that NR2B-selective conantokins, viz., con-G, con-G[S(16)Y] and con-G[gamma(7)K], are potent inhibitors of naloxone-induced jumping at low doses (2-15 nmol/kg) compared with con-T, con-R[1-17], and small-molecule antagonists of the NMDAR, including the NR2B-selective agent, ifenprodil. We conclude that the NR2B-selective conantokins may find utility as neuropharmacological tools for probing NMDAR-related mechanisms of opiate dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wei
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
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27
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Fox MA, Stevenson GW, Rice KC, Riley AL. Naloxone, not proglumide or MK-801, alters effects of morphine preexposure on morphine-induced taste aversions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006; 84:169-77. [PMID: 16777201 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both cholecystokinin (CCK) antagonists and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists block or reduce the development of morphine tolerance in several analgesic assays. The present experiments were performed to assess the ability of the CCK antagonist proglumide and the NMDA antagonist MK-801 to affect tolerance to the aversive properties of morphine as indexed by conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning. Specifically, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to either vehicle or morphine (5 mg/kg) in combination with either proglumide (5 mg/kg; Experiment 1), MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg; Experiment 2) or naloxone (1, 3.2 mg/kg; Experiment 3). Saccharin was then presented and was followed by an injection of either vehicle or morphine (10 mg/kg). Animals preexposed to and conditioned with morphine acquired an attenuated morphine-induced aversion to saccharin. While neither proglumide nor MK-801 had an effect on this attenuation, naloxone blocked the effects of morphine preexposure, suggesting that neither CCK nor NMDA may be involved in the aversive effects of morphine (or their modulation by drug exposure). That the attenuating effects of morphine preexposure on a morphine-induced CTA can be blocked suggests that the weakening of the aversive effects of morphine with chronic use can be prevented, an effect that may have implications for overall drug acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Fox
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, Building 10, Room 3D41 National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Jin C, Araki H, Kawasaki Y, Nagata M, Suemaru K, Shibata K, Hamamura T, Kawasaki H, Gomita Y. The glutamate release inhibitor riluzole attenuates the formation of conditioned place aversion induced by naloxone in rats undergoing a single morphine exposure. Brain Res 2006; 1069:120-6. [PMID: 16360647 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute morphine exposure has been hypothesized to produce long-lasting central changes that contribute to the withdrawal aversion. We have most recently demonstrated that those changes may involve the glutamatergic system, including multiple classes of receptors. The present study was undertaken to further determine the involvement of the glutamatergic system by examining the effect of riluzole, a glutamate release inhibitor, on the motivational component of withdrawal from acute morphine dependence. The role of the amygdala in the action of riluzole was also assessed. We investigated the effects of riluzole on the conditioned place aversion (CPA) induced by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from a single morphine exposure 24 h before, and on c-Fos expression within the amygdala during the withdrawal period in rats. Riluzole (2, 4, 8 mg/kg) dose-dependently attenuated the CPA without producing place conditioning itself. This result provided further evidence that glutamatergic mechanisms may be recruited in adaptational changes following acute morphine exposure and play a role in withdrawal aversion. In addition, riluzole appeared to produce nonspecific effects on c-Fos expression by itself, without specifically modifying c-Fos expression following naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in any region of the amygdala examined, suggesting that the amygdala may not serve as a specific site of action for riluzole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Jin
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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