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Nieto CT, Manchado A, Belda L, Diez D, Garrido NM. 2-Phenethylamines in Medicinal Chemistry: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020855. [PMID: 36677913 PMCID: PMC9864394 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A concise review covering updated presence and role of 2-phenethylamines in medicinal chemistry is presented. Open-chain, flexible alicyclic amine derivatives of this motif are enumerated in key therapeutic targets, listing medicinal chemistry hits and appealing screening compounds. Latest reports in discovering new bioactive 2-phenethylamines by research groups are covered too.
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Bernak-Oliveira Â, Guizoni DM, Chiavegatto S, Davel AP, Rossoni LV. The protective role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in endothelial vasodilation in chronic β-adrenoceptor overstimulation. Life Sci 2021; 285:119939. [PMID: 34506836 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are key enzymes regulating vascular function. Previously, we reported that β-adrenergic (β-AR) overstimulation, a common feature of cardiovascular diseases, did not impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation, although it resulted in endothelial NOS (eNOS) uncoupling and reduced NO bioavailability. In addition to NO, neuronal NOS (nNOS) produces H2O2, which contributes to vasodilation. However, there is limited information regarding vascular β-AR signaling and nNOS. In the present study, we assessed the possible role of nNOS-derived H2O2 and caveolins on endothelial vasodilation function following β-AR overstimulation. MAIN METHODS Male C57BL/6 wild-type and nNOS knockout mice (nNOS-/-) were treated with the β-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO, 15 mg·kg-1·day-1, s.c.) or vehicle (VHE) for seven days. Relaxation responses of aortic rings were evaluated using wire myograph and H2O2 by Amplex Red. KEY FINDINGS Acetylcholine- or calcium ionophore A23187-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was similar in aortic rings from VHE and ISO. However, this relaxation was significantly reduced in aortas from ISO compared to VHE when (1) caveolae were disrupted, (2) nNOS was pharmacologically inhibited or genetically suppressed and (3) H2O2 was scavenged. NOS-derived H2O2 production was higher in the aortas of ISO mice than in those of VHE mice. Aortas from ISO-treated mice showed increased expression of caveolin-1, nNOS and catalase, while caveolin-3 expression did not change. SIGNIFICANCE The results suggest a role of caveolin-1 and the nNOS/H2O2 vasodilatory pathway in endothelium-dependent relaxation following β-AR overstimulation and reinforce the protective role of nNOS in cardiovascular diseases associated with high adrenergic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângelo Bernak-Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Daniele M Guizoni
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Chiavegatto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry (IPq), University of Sao Paulo Medical School (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P Davel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luciana V Rossoni
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil.
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Li W, Lv J, Wu J, Zhou X, Jiang L, Zhu X, Tu Q, Tang J, Liu Y, He A, Zhong Y, Xu Z. Maternal high-salt diet altered PKC/MLC20 pathway and increased ANG II receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in adult male rat offspring. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1684-94. [PMID: 26991838 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weisheng Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juanxiu Lv
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jue Wu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Tu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Axin He
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Center for Prenatal Biology, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
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4
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Wu C, Li J, Bo L, Gao Q, Zhu Z, Li D, Li S, Sun M, Mao C, Xu Z. High-sucrose diets in pregnancy alter angiotensin II-mediated pressor response and microvessel tone via the PKC/Cav1.2 pathway in rat offspring. Hypertens Res 2014; 37:818-23. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Swärd K, Albinsson S, Rippe C. Arterial dysfunction but maintained systemic blood pressure in cavin-1-deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92428. [PMID: 24658465 PMCID: PMC3962402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are omega-shaped plasma membrane micro-domains that are abundant in cells of the vascular system. Formation of caveolae depends on caveolin-1 and cavin-1 and lack of either protein leads to loss of caveolae. Mice with caveolin-1 deficiency have dysfunctional blood vessels, but whether absence of cavin-1 similarly leads to vascular dysfunction is not known. Here we addressed this hypothesis using small mesenteric arteries from cavin-1-deficient mice. Cavin-1-reporter staining was intense in mesenteric arteries, brain arterioles and elsewhere in the vascular system, with positive staining of both endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Arterial expression of cavin-1, -2 and -3 was reduced in knockout (KO) arteries as was expression of caveolin-1, -2 and -3. Caveolae were absent in the endothelial and smooth muscle layers of small mesenteric arteries as determined by electron microscopy. Arginase, a negative regulator of nitric oxide production, was elevated in cavin-1 deficient arteries as was contraction in response to the α1-adrenergic agonist cirazoline. Detailed assessment of vascular dimensions revealed increased media thickness and reduced distensibility, arguing that enhanced contraction was due to increased muscle mass. Contrasting with increased α1-adrenergic contraction, myogenic tone was essentially absent and this appeared to be due in part to increased nitric oxide production. Vasomotion was less frequent in the knock-out vessels. In keeping with the opposing influences on arterial resistance of increased agonist-induced contractility and reduced myogenic tone, arterial blood pressure was unchanged in vivo. We conclude that deficiency of cavin-1 affects the function of small arteries, but that opposing influences on arterial resistance balance each other such that systemic blood pressure in unstressed mice is well maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Swärd
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Catarina Rippe
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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6
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Intake of high sucrose during pregnancy altered large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels and vessel tone in offspring’s mesenteric arteries. Hypertens Res 2012; 36:158-65. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Angelone T, Quintieri AM, Pasqua T, Gentile S, Tota B, Mahata SK, Cerra MC. Phosphodiesterase type-2 and NO-dependent S-nitrosylation mediate the cardioinhibition of the antihypertensive catestatin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 302:H431-42. [PMID: 22058158 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00491.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chromogranin A (CHGA)-derived peptide catestatin (CST: hCHGA(352-372)) is a noncompetitive catecholamine-release inhibitor that exerts vasodilator, antihypertensive, and cardiosuppressive actions. We have shown that CST directly influences the basal performance of the vertebrate heart where CST dose dependently induced a nitric oxide-cGMP-dependent cardiosuppression and counteracted the effects of adrenergic stimulation through a noncompetitive antagonism. Here, we sought to determine the specific intracardiac signaling activated by CST in the rat heart. Physiological analyses performed on isolated, Langendorff-perfused cardiac preparations revealed that CST-induced negative inotropism and lusitropism involve β(2)/β(3)-adrenergic receptors (β(2)/β(3)-AR), showing a higher affinity for β(2)-AR. Interaction with β(2)-AR activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increased cGMP levels, and induced activation of phosphodiesterases type 2 (PDE2), which was found to be involved in the antiadrenergic action of CST as evidenced by the decreased cAMP levels. CST-dependent negative cardiomodulation was abolished by functional denudation of the endothelium with Triton. CST also increased the eNOS expression in cardiac tissue and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. cells, confirming the involvement of the vascular endothelium. In ventricular extracts, CST increased S-nitrosylation of both phospholamban and β-arrestin, suggesting an additional mechanism for intracellular calcium modulation and β-adrenergic responsiveness. We conclude that PDE2 and S-nitrosylation play crucial roles in the CST regulation of cardiac function. Our results are of importance in relation to the putative application of CST as a cardioprotective agent against stress, including excessive sympathochromaffin overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Angelone
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
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Banquet S, Delannoy E, Agouni A, Dessy C, Lacomme S, Hubert F, Richard V, Muller B, Leblais V. Role of G(i/o)-Src kinase-PI3K/Akt pathway and caveolin-1 in β₂-adrenoceptor coupling to endothelial NO synthase in mouse pulmonary artery. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1136-43. [PMID: 21385608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the β₂-adrenoceptor (β₂-AR) elicits an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent relaxation in mouse pulmonary artery, which, contrary to the muscarinic receptor-dependent relaxation, is preserved in hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension. We therefore characterized the signaling pathways underlying the β₂-AR-mediated eNOS activation, with special focus on G(i/o) proteins, protein kinases and caveolae. Functional studies (for evaluation of vasorelaxant response), Western blotting (for assessment of eNOS and caveolin-1 phosphorylation) and transmission electron microscopy (for visualization of caveolae) were conducted in pulmonary arteries from wild-type or caveolin-1 knockout mice. In wild-type isolated arteries, relaxation to the selective β₂-AR agonist procaterol was reduced by inhibitors of G(i/o) proteins (pertussis toxin, PTX), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K; wortmannin or LY 294002), Akt (Akt inhibitor X) and Src-kinase (PP2) and by cholesterol depletion (using methyl-β-cyclodextrin). Procaterol induced eNOS phosphorylation at Ser(1177), which was prevented by PTX, PP2 or Akt inhibitor. Procaterol also promoted caveolin-1 phosphorylation at Tyr(14), which was decreased by PTX or PP2. Caveolin-1 gene deletion resulted in endothelial caveolae disruption in mouse pulmonary artery and in potentiation of procaterol-induced relaxation. Unlike procaterol, acetylcholine-induced relaxation was unaffected by PTX, methyl-β-cyclodextrin or caveolin-1 gene deletion. To conclude, the mouse pulmonary endothelial β₂-AR is coupled to a G(i/o)-Src kinase-PI3K/Akt pathway to promote eNOS phosphorylation at Ser(1177) leading to a NO-dependent vasorelaxation. Caveolin-1 exerts a negative control on this response that is abrogated by its phosphorylation at Tyr(14), through a G(i/o)-Src kinase pathway. Since pulmonary β₂-AR- and muscarinic receptor-mediated relaxations differentiate in their respective signaling pathways leading to eNOS activation and sensitivities during hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension, mechanisms underlying eNOS activation might be key determinants of pulmonary endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Banquet
- INSERM U1045, Centre de recherche cardiothoracique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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9
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Katsogiannou M, Boustany CE, Gackiere F, Delcourt P, Athias A, Mariot P, Dewailly E, Jouy N, Lamaze C, Bidaux G, Mauroy B, Prevarskaya N, Slomianny C. Caveolae contribute to the apoptosis resistance induced by the alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7068. [PMID: 19763272 PMCID: PMC2742726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During androgen ablation prostate cancer cells' growth and survival become independent of normal regulatory mechanisms. These androgen-independent cells acquire the remarkable ability to adapt to the surrounding microenvironment whose factors, such as neurotransmitters, influence their survival. Although findings are becoming evident about the expression of alpha(1A)-adrenoceptors in prostate cancer epithelial cells, their exact functional role in androgen-independent cells has yet to be established. Previous work has demonstrated that membrane lipid rafts associated with key signalling proteins mediate growth and survival signalling pathways in prostate cancer cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In order to analyze the membrane topology of the alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor we explored its presence by a biochemical approach in purified detergent resistant membrane fractions of the androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line DU145. Electron microscopy observations demonstrated the colocalization of the alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor with caveolin-1, the major protein component of caveolae. In addition, we showed that agonist stimulation of the alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor induced resistance to thapsigargin-induced apoptosis and that caveolin-1 was necessary for this process. Further, immunohistofluorescence revealed the relation between high levels of alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor and caveolin-1 expression with advanced stage prostate cancer. We also show by immunoblotting that the TG-induced apoptosis resistance described in DU145 cells is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, we propose that alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor stimulation in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells via caveolae constitutes one of the mechanisms contributing to their protection from TG-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsogiannou
- Inserm U800, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Charbel El Boustany
- Inserm U800, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Florian Gackiere
- Inserm U800, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Philippe Delcourt
- Inserm U800, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Anne Athias
- Lipidomique-IFR100, Hôpital du Bocage, Dijon, France
| | - Pascal Mariot
- Inserm U800, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Etienne Dewailly
- Inserm U800, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Nathalie Jouy
- IFR 114, IMPRT, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire Trafic, Signalisation et Ciblage Intracellulaires, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Bidaux
- Inserm U800, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Brigitte Mauroy
- Inserm U800, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Natalia Prevarskaya
- Inserm U800, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Christian Slomianny
- Inserm U800, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- * E-mail:
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Naghshin J, McGaffin KR, Witham WG, Mathier MA, Romano LC, Smith SH, Janczewski AM, Kirk JA, Shroff SG, O'Donnell CP. Chronic intermittent hypoxia increases left ventricular contractility in C57BL/6J mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:787-93. [PMID: 19589954 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91256.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) commonly occurs in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and can cause a wide range of pathology, including reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction in rats as determined by echocardiography, in rodent models. We utilized echocardiography and pressure-volume (PV) loop analyses to determine whether LV contractility was decreased in inbred C57BL/6J mice exposed to IH and whether blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors modified the response to hypoxia. Adult male 9- to 10-wk-old mice were exposed to 4 wk of IH (nadir inspired O(2) 5-6% at 60 cycles/h for 12 h during the light period) or intermittent air (IA) as control. A second group of animals were exposed to the same regimen of IH or IA, but in the presence of nonspecific beta-blockade with propranolol. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and PV loop analyses, and mRNA and protein expression in ventricular homogenates was determined. Contrary to our expectations, we found with PV loop analyses that LV ejection fraction (63.4 +/- 3.5 vs. 50.5 +/- 2.6%, P = 0.015) and other measures of LV contractility were increased in IH-exposed animals compared with IA controls. There were no changes in contractile proteins, atrial natriuretic peptide levels, LV posterior wall thickness, or heart weight with IH exposure. However, cAMP levels were elevated after IH, and propranolol administration attenuated the increase in LV contractility induced by IH exposure. We conclude that, contrary to our hypothesis, 4 wk of IH exposure in C57BL/6J mice causes an increase in LV contractility that occurs independent of ventricular hypertrophy and is, in part, mediated by activation of cardiac beta-adrenergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan Naghshin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Eichhorn B, Muller G, Leuner A, Sawamura T, Ravens U, Morawietz H. Impaired vascular function in small resistance arteries of LOX-1 overexpressing mice on high-fat diet. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82:493-502. [PMID: 19289377 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS LOX-1 is a major vascular receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). In this study, we analysed the impact of LOX-1 overexpression and high dietary fat intake on vascular function in small resistance arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS Relaxation of mesenteric arteries was measured using a wire myograph. Compared with the control group, mice overexpressing LOX-1 on a high-fat diet (FD) had preserved vascular smooth muscle relaxation, but impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation via NO. Vascular NO availability was decreased by exaggerated formation of reactive oxygen species and decreased endothelial NO synthase expression. Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-mediated relaxation via cytochrome P450 metabolites was increased in LOX-1 + FD animals, but did not completely compensate for the loss of NO. Currents of calcium-activated potassium channels with large conductance (BKCa channels) were measured by the voltage-clamp method. The BKCa current amplitudes were not altered in endothelial cells, but highly increased in vascular smooth muscle cells from resistance arteries of LOX-1-overexpressing mice on FD. BK(Ca) currents were activated by low-dose H2O2 and cytochrome P450 metabolites 11,12-EET and 14,15-EET as EDHF in control mice. CONCLUSION LOX-1 overexpression and FD caused functional changes in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells of small resistance arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Eichhorn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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12
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Abstract
Caveolae are omega-shaped membrane invaginations present in essentially all cell types in the cardiovascular system, and numerous functions have been ascribed to these structures. Caveolae formation depends on caveolins, cholesterol and polymerase I and transcript release factor-Cavin (PTRF-Cavin). The current review summarizes and critically discusses the cardiovascular phenotypes reported in caveolin-1-deficient mice. Major changes in the structure and function of heart, lung and blood vessels have been documented, suggesting that caveolae play a critical role at the interface between blood and surrounding tissue. According to an emerging paradigm, many of these changes are secondary to uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Thus, nitric oxide synthase not only synthesizes more nitric oxide in the absence of caveolin-1, but also more superoxide with potential pathogenic consequences. It is further argued that the vasodilating drive from increased nitric oxide production in caveolin-1-deficient mice is balanced by changes in the vascular media that favour increased dynamic resistance regulation. Harnessing the therapeutic opportunities buried in caveolae, while challenging, could expand the arsenal of treatment options in cancer, lung disease and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rahman
- Division of Vascular and Airway Research, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Lacolley P, Challande P, Osborne-Pellegrin M, Regnault V. Genetics and pathophysiology of arterial stiffness. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 81:637-48. [PMID: 19098299 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffness is a cardiovascular risk factor that is independent of arterial pressure. Clinically, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) is the gold-standard parameter of arterial stiffness. Recent genetic studies have revealed specific genes that contribute to arterial stiffening. Here we review the recent findings on genome-wide linkage analyses and candidate gene polymorphism association studies. We also focus on the latest advances in the identification of gene variants affecting PWV using high density array single nucleotide polymorphism technology in a recent genome-wide association (GWA) study. Linkage and polymorphism studies revealed a first group of genes affecting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, elastic fibre structural components, metalloproteinases, and the NO pathway. A second group of genes, identified by polymorphism association studies and possibly involved in the pathophysiology of arterial stiffness, includes beta-adrenergic receptors, endothelin receptors, and inflammatory molecules. The last group of genes, identified by GWA studies and unrelated to currently suspected mechanisms of arterial stiffness, may target transcriptional pathways controlling gene expression, differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells, apoptosis of endothelial cells, or the immune response within the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lacolley
- INSERM, U961, Faculté de Médecine, 9 avenue de la forêt de Haye, B.P. 184, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy cedex, France.
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14
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Shakirova Y, Hedlund P, Swärd K. Impaired nerve-mediated relaxation of penile tissue from caveolin-1 deficient mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 602:399-405. [PMID: 19068211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-1-deficient mice are characterised by a high vascular NO production. Because NO-dependent smooth muscle relaxation is considered to play an important role in penile erection, it was hypothesized that the erectile function would be affected by genetic ablation of caveolae. This study assessed penile erectile mechanisms in caveolin-1 knockout (KO) mice ex vivo. Immunofluorescence confirmed caveolin-1 expression primarily in the endothelium surrounding the sinusoids of the corpus cavernosum, but also in smooth muscle cells of the sinusoidal bundles. In KO mice, caveolin-1 was absent, and the expression of the caveola-associated protein PTRF-Cavin was reduced. Nitric oxide synthase (endothelial and neuronal) and caveolin-3 levels were not affected, and staining of the neuronal marker PGP 9.5 did not disclose any apparent change in the density or pattern of innervation. Moreover, no apparent morphological differences were noted. Functionally, the force response following stimulation of alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors, and the sensitivity to the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632, were unaltered, whereas relaxation of alpha(1)-precontracted corpus cavernosum in response to electrical field stimulation and the muscarinic agonist carbachol were impaired. The nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside produced less relaxation in KO as compared to wild type corpus cavernosum. We conclude that nerve-mediated dilatation of the corpus cavernosum is impaired in the absence of caveolin-1, and that this is due in part to reduced sensitivity of the target tissue to NO. All in all our data support an important role of caveolin-1 in penile erection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shakirova
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Biomedical Centre, BMC D12, Lund, Sweden.
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Wuest M, Eichhorn B, Grimm MO, Wirth MP, Ravens U, Kaumann AJ. Catecholamines relax detrusor through beta 2-adrenoceptors in mouse and beta 3-adrenoceptors in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 328:213-22. [PMID: 18820136 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.142562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Isoproterenol [4-[1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methylethyl)amino]ethyl]-1,2-benzene diol hydrochloride] relaxes murine detrusor through beta-adrenoceptors (ARs); however, the beta-AR subtypes involved are unknown. beta(2)-ARs have been associated with caveolae, plasma-lemmal scaffolding domains that are absent in caveolin-1 (cav-1) knockout (KO) mice. Here, we studied detrusor responses in the absence and presence of beta-AR subtype-selective antagonists in wild-type (WT) and cav-1 KO mice. To inquire whether the murine detrusor model is relevant to man, beta-AR subtypes that mediate (-)-isoproterenol-evoked human detrusor relaxation were investigated. In WT mice, (-)-isoproterenol concentration-dependently relaxed the KCl (40 mM)-precontracted detrusor (-logEC(50)M = 8.04, E(max) = 62%). The effects of (-)-isoproterenol were surmountably antagonized by the beta(2)-AR-selective antagonist ICI 118,551 [(+/-)-1-[2,3-(dihydro-7-methyl-1H-inden-4-yl)oxy]-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-2-butanol] (pK(B) = 9.28) but not affected by the beta(1)-AR-selective antagonist CGP 20712 [1-[2-((3-carbamoyl-4-hydroxy)phenoxy)ethylamino]-3-[4-(1-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl-2-imidazolyl)phenoxy]-2-propanol] and beta(3)-AR-selective L-748,337 [(S)-M-[4-[2-[3-[3-[acetamidomethyl)phenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl]-amino]-ethyl]-phenylbenzsulfonamide)], suggesting involvement of beta(2)-AR only. The cav-1 KO detrusor displayed significant contractile dysfunction. (-)-Isoproterenol was less potent and efficient in relaxing detrusor from cav-1 KO (-logEC(50)M, 7.76; E(max) = 44%), but ICI 118,551 caused similar antagonism (pK(B) = 9.15), suggesting that beta(2)-AR function persisted in cav-1 KO. The beta(3)-AR-selective antagonist L-748,337 in the presence of ICI 118,551 and CGP 20712 caused additional blockade of (-)-isoproterenol effects in cav-1 KO, consistent with a beta(3)-AR involvement during relaxation and suppression of this effect in WT. (-)-Isoproterenol relaxed human detrusor muscle precontracted with carbachol (-logEC(50)M = 6.39, E(max) = 52%). However, the effects of (-)-isoproterenol in human detrusor were not blocked by CGP 20712 or ICI 118,551 but antagonized by L-748,337 (pK(B) = 7.65). We conclude that murine detrusor relaxation occurs via beta(2)-AR, and loss of caveolae does not perturb beta(2)-AR function but unmasks an additional activation of beta(3)-AR. In contrast, detrusor relaxation in man is mediated exclusively via beta(3)-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Wuest
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscher-strasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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The rush to adrenaline: drugs in sport acting on the beta-adrenergic system. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:584-97. [PMID: 18500380 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletes attempt to improve performance with drugs that act on the beta-adrenergic system directly or indirectly. Of three beta-adrenoceptor (AR) subtypes, the beta(2)-AR is the main target in sport; they have bronchodilator and anabolic actions and enhance anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids. Although demonstrable in animal experiments and humans, there is little evidence that these properties can significantly improve performance in trained athletes. Their actions may also be compromised by receptor desensitization and by common, naturally occurring receptor mutations (polymorphisms) that can influence receptor signalling and desensitization properties in individuals. Indirectly acting agents affect release and reuptake of noradrenaline and adrenaline, thereby influencing all AR subtypes including the three beta-ARs. These agents can have potent psychostimulant effects that provide an illusion of better performance that does not usually translate into improvement in practice. Amphetamines and cocaine also have considerable potential for cardiac damage. beta-AR antagonists (beta-blockers) are used in sports that require steadiness and accuracy, such as archery and shooting, where their ability to reduce heart rate and muscle tremor may improve performance. They have a deleterious effect in endurance sports because they reduce physical performance and maximum exercise load. Recent studies have identified that many beta-AR antagonists not only block the actions of agonists but also activate other (mitogen-activated PK) signalling pathways influencing cell growth and fate. The concept that many compounds previously regarded as 'blockers' may express their own spectrum of pharmacological properties has potentially far-reaching consequences for the use of drugs both therapeutically and illicitly.
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Angelone T, Filice E, Quintieri AM, Imbrogno S, Recchia A, Pulerà E, Mannarino C, Pellegrino D, Cerra MC. Beta3-adrenoceptors modulate left ventricular relaxation in the rat heart via the NO-cGMP-PKG pathway. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 193:229-39. [PMID: 18208582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Using a model of isolated and Langendorff-perfused rat heart we analysed whether activation of beta3-adrenergic receptors (beta3-ARs) influences ventricular lusitropic performance. We also focused on the NOS/NO/cGMP/PKG cascade as the signal transduction mechanism. METHODS Hearts were treated with increasing concentrations (from 10(-12) to 10(-6) m) of BRL(37344), a selective beta3-AR agonist, and cardiac performance was evaluated by analysing both lusitropic parameters and coronary motility. Cardiac preparations were also perfused with BRL(37344) in the presence of either isoproterenol (ISO) or nadolol, or pertussis toxin (PTx), or selective inhibitors of the NOS/NO/cGMP/PKG pathway. RESULTS BRL(37344) caused a significant concentration-dependent reduction in (LVdP/dt)(min), a decrease in half time relaxation significant starting from 10(-12) m, and an increase in (LVdP/dt)(max)/(LVdP/dt)(min) ratio (T/-t). BRL(37344) abolished the ISO-mediated positive lusitropism. beta3-AR-dependent effects on relaxation were insensitive to beta(1)/beta2-AR inhibition by nadolol (100 nm), and were abolished by G(i/o) protein inhibition by PTx (0.01 nm). NO scavenging by haemoglobin (10 microm), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition by NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (10 microm) revealed the involvement of NO signalling in BRL(37344) response. Pre-treatment with inhibitors of either soluble guanylate cyclase (ODQ; 10 microm) or PKG (KT(5823); 100 nm) abolished beta3-AR-dependent negative lusitropism. In contrast, anantin (10 nm), an inhibitor of particulate guanylate cyclase, did not modify the effect of BRL(37344) on relaxation. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings provide functional evidence for beta3-AR modulation of ventricular relaxation in the rat heart which involves PTx-sensitive inhibitory Gi protein and occurs via an NO-cGMP-PKG cascade. Whether the effects of beta3-AR stimulation on lusitropism are beneficial or detrimental remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Angelone
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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Albinsson S, Shakirova Y, Rippe A, Baumgarten M, Rosengren BI, Rippe C, Hallmann R, Hellstrand P, Rippe B, Swärd K. Arterial remodeling and plasma volume expansion in caveolin-1-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R1222-31. [PMID: 17626133 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00092.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is essential for the morphology of membrane caveolae and exerts a negative influence on a number of signaling systems, including nitric oxide (NO) production and activity of the MAP kinase cascade. In the vascular system, ablation of caveolin-1 may thus be expected to cause arterial dilatation and increased vessel wall mass (remodeling). This was tested in Cav-1 knockout (KO) mice by a detailed morphometric and functional analysis of mesenteric resistance arteries, shown to lack caveolae. Quantitative morphometry revealed increased media thickness and media-to-lumen ratio in KO. Pressure-induced myogenic tone and flow-induced dilatation were decreased in KO arteries, but both were increased toward wild-type (WT) levels following NO synthase (NOS) inhibition. Isometric force recordings following NOS inhibition showed rightward shifts of passive and active length-force relationships in KO, and the force response to alpha(1)-adrenergic stimulation was increased. In contrast, media thickness and force response of the aorta were unaltered in KO vs. WT, whereas lumen diameter was increased. Mean arterial blood pressure during isoflurane anesthesia was not different in KO vs. WT, but greater fluctuation in blood pressure over time was noted. Following NOS inhibition, fluctuations disappeared and pressure increased twice as much in KO (38 +/- 6%) compared with WT (17 +/- 3%). Tracer-dilution experiments showed increased plasma volume in KO. We conclude that NO affects blood pressure more in Cav-1 KO than in WT mice and that restructuring of resistance vessels and an increased responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation compensate for a decreased tone in Cav-1 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Albinsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Insel PA, Patel HH. Do studies in caveolin-knockouts teach us about physiology and pharmacology or instead, the ways mice compensate for 'lost proteins'? Br J Pharmacol 2006; 150:251-4. [PMID: 17179949 PMCID: PMC2013904 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide array of phenotypic changes have been reported in mice with knockout of expression of caveolin-1. Neidhold et al. (2007) describe results in this issue that continue this trend by showing that saphenous arteries from adult caveolin-1 knockout mice lack caveolae, lose beta1-adrenoceptor-promoted relaxation, gain beta3-adrenoceptor-promoted relaxation but show no change in vasomotor response to beta2-adrenoceptor activation. Neither the physiological importance for wild-type animals nor the mechanistic basis for these changes is clear. Although the caveolin-1 knockout and wild-type mice express similar levels of the receptor mRNAs, the protein expression of the receptors is not specified and represents, in our view, an important limitation of the study. We also question the physiological relevance of the findings and ask: Do studies in total body/lifespan caveolin-knockout mice further understanding of physiology and pharmacology or do they primarily characterize secondary consequences? We propose that alternative approaches that decrease caveolin expression in a temporally and spatially discrete manner are more likely to facilitate definitive conclusions regarding caveolin-1 and its role in regulation of beta-adrenoceptors and other pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.
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