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Milgrom SA, van Luijk P, Pino R, Ronckers CM, Kremer LC, Gidley PW, Grosshans DR, Laskar S, Okcu MF, Constine LS, Paulino AC. Salivary and Dental Complications in Childhood Cancer Survivors Treated With Radiation Therapy to the Head and Neck: A PENTEC Comprehensive Review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 119:467-481. [PMID: 34074567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation therapy (RT) to the head and neck (H&N) region is critical in the management of various pediatric malignancies; however, it may result in late toxicity. This comprehensive review from the Pediatric Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (PENTEC) initiative focused on salivary dysfunction and dental abnormalities in survivors who received RT to the H&N region as children. MATERIALS & METHODS This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. RESULTS Of the 2,164 articles identified through a literature search, 40 were included in a qualitative synthesis and 3 were included in a quantitative synthesis. The dose-toxicity data regarding salivary function demonstrate that a mean parotid dose of 35 to 40 Gy is associated with a risk of acute and chronic grade ≥2 xerostomia of approximately 32% and 13% to 32%, respectively, in patients treated with chemo-radiation therapy. This risk increases with parotid dose; however, rates of xerostomia after lower dose exposure have not been reported. Dental developmental abnormalities are common after RT to the oral cavity. Risk factors include higher radiation dose to the developing teeth and younger age at RT. CONCLUSIONS This PENTEC task force considers adoption of salivary gland dose constraints from the adult experience to be a reasonable strategy until more data specific to children become available; thus, we recommend limiting the parotid mean dose to ≤26 Gy. The minimum toxic dose for dental developmental abnormalities is unknown, suggesting that the dose to the teeth should be kept as low as possible particularly in younger patients, with special effort to keep doses <20 Gy in patients <4 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Milgrom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter van Luijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ramiro Pino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Cecile M Ronckers
- Princess Máxima Centrum for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute of Biostatistics and Registry Research, Brandenburg Medical School-Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Leontien C Kremer
- Institute of Biostatistics and Registry Research, Brandenburg Medical School-Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany; UMC Amsterdam, Location AMC, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul W Gidley
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David R Grosshans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Siddhartha Laskar
- Department of Radiation Oncgqtology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - M Fatih Okcu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Louis S Constine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Arnold C Paulino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Stolze J, Teepen JC, Raber-Durlacher JE, Loonen JJ, Kok JL, Tissing WJE, de Vries ACH, Neggers SJCMM, van Dulmen-den Broeder E, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, van der Pal HJH, Versluys AB, van der Heiden-van der Loo M, Louwerens M, Kremer LCM, Brand HS, Bresters D. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hyposalivation and Xerostomia in Childhood Cancer Survivors Following Different Treatment Modalities-A Dutch Childhood Cancer Survivor Study Late Effects 2 Clinical Study (DCCSS LATER 2). Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143379. [PMID: 35884440 PMCID: PMC9320024 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Limited data are available on the risk factors of salivary gland dysfunction in long-term childhood cancer survivors (CCS). The objective of this cross-sectional study, part of the multidisciplinary multicenter Dutch CCS Study Late Effects 2 (DCCSS LATER 2), was to assess the prevalence of and risk factors for hyposalivation and xerostomia in CCS. Methods: From February 2016 until March 2020, 292 CCS were included. Data with regard to gender, age at study, diagnosis, age at diagnosis, and treatment characteristics were collected, as well as the unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated whole salivary flow rate (SWS). Xerostomia was assessed with the Xerostomia Inventory (XI) questionnaire. Multivariable Poisson regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between potential risk factors and the occurrence of hyposalivation. Results: The minimum time between diagnosis and study enrollment was 15 years. The prevalence of hyposalivation was 32% and the prevalence of xerostomia was 9.4%. Hyposalivation and xerostomia were not significantly correlated. Risk factors for hyposalivation were female gender and a higher dose of radiotherapy (>12 Gy) to the salivary gland region. Conclusion: Considering the importance of saliva for oral health, screening for hyposalivation in CCS is suggested in order to provide optimal oral supportive care aimed to improve oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Stolze
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Oral Medicine, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)88 9725192
| | - Jop C. Teepen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Judith E. Raber-Durlacher
- Department of Oral Medicine, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Judith L. Kok
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Wim J. E. Tissing
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Beatrix Children’s Clinic, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrica C. H. de Vries
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marry M. van den Heuvel-Eibrink
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Helena J. H. van der Pal
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - A. Birgitta Versluys
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Margriet van der Heiden-van der Loo
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Marloes Louwerens
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Leontien C. M. Kremer
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
- Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk S. Brand
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dorine Bresters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
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Expérience française de l’irradiation corporelle totale en pédiatrie : étude du comité de radiothérapie de la Société française des cancers de l’enfant (SFCE). Cancer Radiother 2016; 20:304-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Elad S, Raber-Durlacher JE, Brennan MT, Saunders DP, Mank AP, Zadik Y, Quinn B, Epstein JB, Blijlevens NMA, Waltimo T, Passweg JR, Correa MEP, Dahllöf G, Garming-Legert KUE, Logan RM, Potting CMJ, Shapira MY, Soga Y, Stringer J, Stokman MA, Vokurka S, Wallhult E, Yarom N, Jensen SB. Basic oral care for hematology-oncology patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: a position paper from the joint task force of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Support Care Cancer 2015; 23:223-36. [PMID: 25189149 PMCID: PMC4328129 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-014-2378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hematology-oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients are at risk for oral complications which may cause significant morbidity and a potential risk of mortality. This emphasizes the importance of basic oral care prior to, during and following chemotherapy/HSCT. While scientific evidence is available to support some of the clinical practices used to manage the oral complications, expert opinion is needed to shape the current optimal protocols. METHODS This position paper was developed by members of the Oral Care Study Group, Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) and the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) in attempt to provide guidance to the health care providers managing these patient populations. RESULTS The protocol on basic oral care outlined in this position paper is presented based on the following principles: prevention of infections, pain control, maintaining oral function, the interplay with managing oral complications of cancer treatment and improving quality of life. CONCLUSION Using these fundamental elements, we developed a protocol to assist the health care provider and present a practical approach for basic oral care. Research is warranted to provide robust scientific evidence and to enhance this clinical protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Elad
- Division of Oral Medicine, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, 625 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY, 14620, USA,
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Late Effects in Survivors After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Childhood. PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-39920-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Jensen SB, Pedersen AML, Vissink A, Andersen E, Brown CG, Davies AN, Dutilh J, Fulton JS, Jankovic L, Lopes NNF, Mello ALS, Muniz LV, Murdoch-Kinch CA, Nair RG, Napeñas JJ, Nogueira-Rodrigues A, Saunders D, Stirling B, von Bültzingslöwen I, Weikel DS, Elting LS, Spijkervet FKL, Brennan MT. A systematic review of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies: prevalence, severity and impact on quality of life. Support Care Cancer 2010; 18:1039-60. [PMID: 20237805 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-010-0827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review aimed to assess the literature for prevalence, severity, and impact on quality of life of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies. METHODS The electronic databases of MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE were searched for articles published in English since the 1989 NIH Development Consensus Conference on the Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies until 2008 inclusive. Two independent reviewers extracted information regarding study design, study population, interventions, outcome measures, results and conclusions for each article. RESULTS The inclusion criteria were met by 184 articles covering salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by conventional, 3D conformal radiotherapy or intensity-modulated radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients, cancer chemotherapy, total body irradiation/hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, radioactive iodine treatment, and immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia are induced by radiotherapy in the head and neck region depending on the cumulative radiation dose to the gland tissue. Treatment focus should be on optimized/new approaches to further reduce the dose to the parotids, and particularly submandibular and minor salivary glands, as these glands are major contributors to moistening of oral tissues. Other cancer treatments also induce salivary gland hypofunction, although to a lesser severity, and in the case of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, the adverse effect is temporary. Fields of sparse literature included pediatric cancer populations, cancer chemotherapy, radioactive iodine treatment, total body irradiation/hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Jensen
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Bågesund M, Richter S, Ringdén O, Dahllöf G. Longitudinal scintigraphic study of parotid and submandibular gland function after total body irradiation in children and adolescents. Int J Paediatr Dent 2007; 17:34-40. [PMID: 17181577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263x.2006.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Total body irradiation (TBI) and cyclophosphamide (CY) during allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) cause salivary gland dysfunction in children. The aim of this investigation was to study the scintigraphic functional changes over time of the parotid and submandibular glands in children and young adults one year after treatment with CY and TBI at ASCT. METHODS Salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS) was performed before ASCT, and 3-6 months and 12 months after ASCT. The three male patients who fulfilled the scintigraphic study had a mean age (+/- SD) of 17.3 +/- 9.8 years at ASCT. RESULTS The parotid secretion capacity (SPar) was 83.5 +/- 3.2% before ASCT and 48.5 +/- 25.8% during the next 3-6 months (P < 0.05). The SPar did not increase (48.1 +/- 12.4%) during the rest of the first year after ASCT. The submandibular emptying capacity (SSub) was 91.3 +/- 12.9% before ASCT and 35.4 +/- 2.3% after 3-6 months (P < 0.05). The SSub was 87.9 +/- 17.9% one year after ASCT. CONCLUSIONS The parotid glands were more sensitive to irradiation since they did not recover lost capacity to secrete saliva, while the submandibular glands recovered the secretion capacity at the one-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bågesund
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Coracin FL, Pizzigatti Correa ME, Camargo EE, Peterson DE, de Oliveira Santos A, Vigorito AC, Borba Oliveira G, de Brito Eid KA, Zulli R, De Souza CA. Major salivary gland damage in allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation assessed by scintigraphic methods. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 37:955-9. [PMID: 16565740 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Salivary gland dysfunction is a common sequela of hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation (HPCT). The investigation of major salivary gland dysfunction with sodium pertechnetate scintigraphy is a non-invasive method that provides images of the parotid and submandibular glands. In this prospective trial, 20 HPCT patients were submitted to scintigraphic study with 99mTc-pertechenate and 67Ga in order to evaluate the major salivary glands early involvement following HPCT. Major salivary glands were evaluated prior to HCPT as well as at Days +30, +60 and +100 post transplant. Major salivary glands uptake and clearance of 99mTc-pertechenate results did not demonstrate any functional differences between pre- versus post transplant periods. Results of the 67Ga scan revealed inflammatory infiltration following HPCT, primarily in submandibular glands, suggest a persistent involvement of major salivary glands up to Day +100 after HPCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Coracin
- BMT Unit, Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center (Hemocentro), State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Thula TT, Schultz G, Tran-Son-Tay R, Batich C. Effects of EGF and bFGF on Irradiated Parotid Glands. Ann Biomed Eng 2005; 33:685-95. [PMID: 15981868 DOI: 10.1007/s10956-005-1853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is common treatment for head-and-neck cancer, during which the salivary glands are often included within the radiation field. The most common side effect of this treatment is the development of oral dryness (xerostomia). This study considers the administration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF2) at physiological concentrations before and after irradiation in order to repair radiation-induced damage in salivary gland cells. As a preliminary examination of the efficacy of this approach we have characterized the effects of EGF and bFGF on the apoptotic response of 15-Gy irradiated rat salivary glands in vitro. Also, we have developed a controlled-release delivery system to effectively administer the growth factor to the gland since local delivery is essential to avoid unwanted protection of cancer cells. In vitro administration of bFGF prior to and immediately after irradiation partially protected (44%) the rat parotid gland. EGF did not show any significant radioprotective effect on parotid glands after a single 15-Gy irradiation dose. Encapsulation, storage and release of bFGF from biodegradable 50/50 PLGA microspheres did not affect the functionality of the growth factor in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taili T Thula
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Lucas V, Roberts G. Commentary. Eur J Cancer 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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