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Rodriguez-Fernandez IA, Qi Y, Jasper H. Loss of a proteostatic checkpoint in intestinal stem cells contributes to age-related epithelial dysfunction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1050. [PMID: 30837466 PMCID: PMC6401111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08982-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A decline in protein homeostasis (proteostasis) has been proposed as a hallmark of aging. Somatic stem cells (SCs) uniquely maintain their proteostatic capacity through mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. Here, we describe and characterize a ‘proteostatic checkpoint’ in Drosophila intestinal SCs (ISCs). Following a breakdown of proteostasis, ISCs coordinate cell cycle arrest with protein aggregate clearance by Atg8-mediated activation of the Nrf2-like transcription factor cap-n-collar C (CncC). CncC induces the cell cycle inhibitor Dacapo and proteolytic genes. The capacity to engage this checkpoint is lost in ISCs from aging flies, and we show that it can be restored by treating flies with an Nrf2 activator, or by over-expression of CncC or Atg8a. This limits age-related intestinal barrier dysfunction and can result in lifespan extension. Our findings identify a new mechanism by which somatic SCs preserve proteostasis, and highlight potential intervention strategies to maintain regenerative homeostasis. Protein homeostasis maintenance (proteostasis) is critical for cell function, but declines during aging. Here the authors detail a proteostatic checkpoint in Drosophila intestinal stem cells coordinating cell cycle arrest with protein aggregate clearance, along with its role in aging related intestinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imilce A Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945-1400, USA.,Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945-1400, USA
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, 94945-1400, USA. .,Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA. .,Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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Cloer EW, Goldfarb D, Schrank TP, Weissman BE, Major MB. NRF2 Activation in Cancer: From DNA to Protein. Cancer Res 2019; 79:889-898. [PMID: 30760522 PMCID: PMC6397706 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cancer Genome Atlas catalogued alterations in the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway in 6.3% of patient samples across 226 studies, with significant enrichment in lung and upper airway cancers. These alterations constitutively activate NRF2-dependent gene transcription to promote many of the cancer hallmarks, including cellular resistance to oxidative stress, xenobiotic efflux, proliferation, and metabolic reprogramming. Almost universally, NRF2 activity strongly associates with poor patient prognosis and chemo- and radioresistance. Yet to date, FDA-approved drugs targeting NRF2 activity in cancer have not been realized. Here, we review various mechanisms that contribute to NRF2 activation in cancer, organized around the central dogma of molecular biology (i) at the DNA level with genomic and epigenetic alterations, (ii) at the RNA level including differential mRNA splicing and stability, and (iii) at the protein level comprising altered posttranslational modifications and protein-protein interactions. Ultimately, defining and understanding the mechanisms responsible for NRF2 activation in cancer may lead to novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica W Cloer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dennis Goldfarb
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Travis P Schrank
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael B Major
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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3
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that coordinates the basal and stress-inducible activation of a vast array of cytoprotective genes. Understanding the regulation of Nrf2 activity and downstream pathways has major implications for human health. Recent Advances: Nrf2 regulates the transcription of components of the glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems, as well as enzymes involved in phase I and phase II detoxification of exogenous and endogenous products, NADPH regeneration, and heme metabolism. It therefore represents a crucial regulator of the cellular defense mechanisms against xenobiotic and oxidative stress. In addition to antioxidant responses, Nrf2 is involved in other cellular processes, such as autophagy, intermediary metabolism, stem cell quiescence, and unfolded protein response. Given the wide range of processes that Nrf2 controls, its activity is tightly regulated at multiple levels. Here, we review the different modes of regulation of Nrf2 activity and the current knowledge of Nrf2-mediated transcriptional control. CRITICAL ISSUES It is now clear that Nrf2 lies at the center of a complex regulatory network. A full comprehension of the Nrf2 program will require an integrated consideration of all the different factors determining Nrf2 activity. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Additional computational and experimental studies are needed to obtain a more dynamic global view of Nrf2-mediated gene regulation. In particular, studies comparing how the Nrf2-dependent network changes from a physiological to a pathological condition can provide insight into mechanisms of disease and instruct new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tonelli
- 1 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | | | - David A Tuveson
- 1 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , Cold Spring Harbor, New York.,2 Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory , Cold Spring Harbor, New York
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Jana S, Patra K, Jana J, Mandal DP, Bhattacharjee S. Nrf-2 transcriptionally activates P21 Cip/WAF1 and promotes A549 cell survival against oxidative stress induced by H 2O 2. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 285:59-68. [PMID: 29486183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells possess elevated ROS coupled with increased levels of antioxidant enzymes which render them resistant against cytotoxic chemotherapies. Therefore, an understanding of the interaction between key molecules involved in stress adaptive mechanisms is important to innovate strategies against cancer cell chemoresistance. Here, the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 with constitutively expressed Nrf2 was found to be more tolerant to H2O2 (0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mM) than normal lung cell line L132 or p53 null lung cancer cell line H1299. Maximum cytoprotection was observed at 0.2 mM H2O2 accompanied by a significant increase in p21, Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes in A549 cells. The increased p21 expression was independent of p53 but dependent on Nrf2 as evident from qPCR, Western blotting and dual luciferase assays after silencing Nrf-2 and p53 genes. Highly conserved Nrf-2 binding sites were identified in p21 promoter by bioinformatics and homology modeling which was further confirmed by ChIP and reporter assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarjit Jana
- Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Berunanpukuria, Malikapur, North-24 Parganas, Barasat, Kolkata 700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Kartick Patra
- Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Berunanpukuria, Malikapur, North-24 Parganas, Barasat, Kolkata 700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Jagannath Jana
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus P 1/12, C. I. T. Road, Scheme - VII (M) Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Deba Prasad Mandal
- Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Berunanpukuria, Malikapur, North-24 Parganas, Barasat, Kolkata 700126, West Bengal, India.
| | - Shamee Bhattacharjee
- Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Berunanpukuria, Malikapur, North-24 Parganas, Barasat, Kolkata 700126, West Bengal, India.
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Jana S, Patra K, Sarkar S, Jana J, Mukherjee G, Bhattacharjee S, Mandal DP. Antitumorigenic potential of linalool is accompanied by modulation of oxidative stress: an in vivo study in sarcoma-180 solid tumor model. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:835-48. [PMID: 24779766 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.904906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coriander, used as a common food seasoning, contains linalool as the main constituent of its essential oil. In this study, we tested the effect of linalool vis-à-vis that of a conventional chemotherapeutic drug, cyclophosphamide, against solid S-180 tumor-bearing Swiss albino mice. Tumor volume, cell count, cell cycle phase distribution, apoptosis, and proliferation markers indicate that linalool has potent antitumor activity. In vitro and in vivo data suggest that induction of oxidative stress might be responsible for the anticancer effect of linalool. However, interestingly, unlike cyclophosphamide, linalool did not induce myelosuppression or hepatotoxicity in mice as evident from bone marrow cell count, status of hepatic oxidative stress/antioxidant enzymes, and histopathology. Thus, linalool exerted prooxidant effect in tumor tissue and an antioxidant effect in liver. This is also supported by the expression of Nrf-2 and p21, which are considered to be important players in response to oxidative stress. Moreover, administration of linalool modulated the proliferation of spleen cells in tumor-bearing mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Finally, the detection of linalool in sera and tumor tissues by HPLC confirmed its bioavailability. In conclusion, linalool showed differential cytotoxicity towards tumor and normal cells in contrast to cyclophosphamide, which is uniformly toxic to both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarjit Jana
- a Department of Zoology , West Bengal State University , West Bengal , India
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Baird L, Dinkova-Kostova AT. The cytoprotective role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:241-72. [PMID: 21365312 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 723] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An elaborate network of highly inducible proteins protects aerobic cells against the cumulative damaging effects of reactive oxygen intermediates and toxic electrophiles, which are the major causes of neoplastic and chronic degenerative diseases. These cytoprotective proteins share common transcriptional regulation, through the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, which can be activated by various exogenous and endogenous small molecules (inducers). Inducers chemically react with critical cysteine residues of the sensor protein Keap1, leading to stabilisation and nuclear translocation of transcription factor Nrf2, and ultimately to coordinate enhanced expression of genes coding for cytoprotective proteins. In addition, inducers inhibit pro-inflammatory responses, and there is a linear correlation spanning more than six orders of magnitude of concentrations between inducer and anti-inflammatory activity. Genetic deletion of transcription factor Nrf2 renders cells and animals much more sensitive to the damaging effects of electrophiles, oxidants and inflammatory agents in comparison with their wild-type counterparts. Conversely, activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway allows survival and adaptation under various conditions of stress and has protective effects in many animal models. Cross-talks with other signalling pathways broadens the role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in determining the fate of the cell, impacting fundamental biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Baird
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
Activation of the KEAP1-NRF2 signaling pathway is an adaptive response to environmental and endogenous stresses and serves to render animals resistant to chemical carcinogenesis and other forms of toxicity, whereas disruption of the pathway exacerbates these outcomes. This pathway, which can be activated by sulfhydryl-reactive, small-molecule pharmacologic agents, regulates the inducible expression of an extended battery of cytoprotective genes, often by direct binding of the transcription factor to antioxidant response elements in the promoter regions of target genes. However, it is becoming evident that some of the protective effects may be mediated indirectly through cross talk with additional pathways affecting cell survival and other aspects of cell fate. These interactions provide a multi-tiered, integrated response to chemical stresses. This review highlights recent observations on the molecular interactions and their functional consequences between NRF2 and the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR), NF-κB, p53, and Notch1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobunao Wakabayashi
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Sathishkumar K, Raghavamenon AC, Ganeshkumar K, Telaprolu R, Parinandi NL, Uppu RM. Simultaneous analysis of expression of multiple redox-sensitive and apoptotic genes in hypothalamic neurons exposed to cholesterol secoaldehyde. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 610:263-284. [PMID: 20013184 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-029-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death are two important processes that occur under several disease states and in conditions of toxicant insult. Traditionally, investigators have chosen a variety of analytical methods to detect and/or quantify oxidative stress and apoptosis. The approach has proven less satisfying, however, when applied to complex systems with many unknown influences. Such areas of study could benefit from the development and application of new and more powerful analytical tools. Microarray-based approach has been developed for analyzing various cellular phenomena at the level of gene expression. These gene arrays are hybridization chips that are capable of simultaneous analysis of the expression of thousands of genes. Often, this approach warrants examining a multitude of unrelated genes which can greatly impede the interpretation of results. The real-time RT-PCR-based methodology presented here allows simultaneous detection and analysis of as many as 84 well-characterized genes associated with either oxidative stress or apoptosis in hypothalamic neuronal cells exposed to cholesterol secoaldehyde, an "ozone-/singlet oxygen-specific" oxidation product of cholesterol that has been shown to be present at the inflammatory sites including the arterial plaque and the brain specimens of patients with Alzheimer's disease. This pathway-specific analysis of the expression of the well-defined chosen set of genes offers ways of convenient and reliable interpretation of results that often corroborate well with the results obtained from other standard biochemical analytical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sathishkumar
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and the Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Chen W, Sun Z, Wang XJ, Jiang T, Huang Z, Fang D, Zhang DD. Direct interaction between Nrf2 and p21(Cip1/WAF1) upregulates the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. Mol Cell 2009; 34:663-73. [PMID: 19560419 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In response to oxidative stress, Nrf2 and p21(Cip1/WAF1) are both upregulated to protect cells from oxidative damage. Nrf2 is constantly ubiquitinated by a Keap1 dimer that interacts with a weak-binding (29)DLG motif and a strong-binding (79)ETGE motif in Nrf2, resulting in degradation of Nrf2. Modification of the redox-sensitive cysteine residues on Keap1 disrupts the Keap1-(29)DLG binding, leading to diminished Nrf2 ubiquitination and activation of the antioxidant response. However, the underlying mechanism by which p21 protects cells from oxidative damage remains unclear. Here we present molecular and genetic evidence suggesting that the antioxidant function of p21 is mediated through activation of Nrf2 by stabilizing the Nrf2 protein. The (154)KRR motif in p21 directly interacts with the (29)DLG and (79)ETGE motifs in Nrf2 and thus competes with Keap1 for Nrf2 binding, compromising ubiquitination of Nrf2. Furthermore, the physiological significance of our findings was demonstrated in vivo using p21-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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10
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Montesano Gesualdi N, Chirico G, Catanese MT, Pirozzi G, Esposito F. AROS-29 is involved in adaptive response to oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2009; 40:467-76. [PMID: 16551573 DOI: 10.1080/10715760600570547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Transient adaptation to mild oxidative stress was induced in human osteosarcoma cells chronically grown in sub-toxic concentrations of diethylmaleate (DEM), a glutathione (GSH) depleting agent. The adapted cells, compared to untreated cells, contain increased concentrations of GSH (4-6 fold) which, upon DEM withdrawal from the culture medium, return to normal values and are more resistant to subsequent oxidizing stress induced either by toxic concentrations of the same agent or by (H(2)O(2)) treatment. To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the adaptive response to oxidative stress, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of DEM-adapted cells by differential display. The expression of adaptive response to oxidative stress (AROS)-29 gene, coding for a transmembrane protein of unknown function, as well as of some known genes involved in energy metabolism, protein folding and membrane traffic is up-regulated in adapted cells. The increased resistance to both DNA damage and apoptosis, in cells stably overexpressing AROS-29, demonstrated its functional role in the protection against oxidative stress.
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Blundell R, Harrison DJ, O'Dea S. p21Waf1/Cip1REGULATES PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS IN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS AND ALTERNATIVE FORMS HAVE ALTERED BINDING ACTIVITIES. Exp Lung Res 2009; 30:447-64. [PMID: 15524404 DOI: 10.1080/01902140490476373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
p21(Waf1/Cip1) plays central roles in proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Alterations in the expression and subcellular localisation of p21 occur during several lung diseases but the roles of p21 in the lung epithelium are unknown. The effects of p21 on proliferation and apoptosis in mouse airway epithelial cells (AECs) were examined using p21-null mice. AECs isolated from p21-null mice had increased proliferation and apoptotic rates compared to AECs from wild-type mice. Alterations in the subcellular localization of the cell cycle regulatory proteins p27, PCNA, and p53 were also evident in p21(-/-) cells. The nuclear and cytoplasmic forms of p21 present in AECs were also examined. Full-length p21 (20 kDa) was detected in nuclear fractions but a C-terminal truncated form (17 kDa) of p21 was present in cytoplasmic fractions. The binding activities of truncated p21 were altered compared to full-length p21. Although the latter was complexed with PCNA, Cdk2, Cdk4, Cdk6, cyclin D3, and cyclin E, truncated p21 was bound only to Cdk4 and cyclin D3. In conclusion, p21 regulates proliferation and protects against apoptosis in AECs. In addition, different forms of p21 are present in AECs and the subcellular localization of these forms reflects differences in p21 activity.
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Mizuno S, Bogaard HJ, Voelkel NF, Umeda Y, Kadowaki M, Ameshima S, Miyamori I, Ishizaki T. Hypoxia regulates human lung fibroblast proliferation via p53-dependent and -independent pathways. Respir Res 2009; 10:17. [PMID: 19267931 PMCID: PMC2663549 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxia induces the proliferation of lung fibroblasts in vivo and in vitro. However, the subcellular interactions between hypoxia and expression of tumor suppressor p53 and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 remain unclear. Methods Normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) were cultured in a hypoxic chamber or exposed to desferroxamine (DFX). DNA synthesis was measured using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and expression of p53, p21 and p27 was measured using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Results DNA synthesis was increased by moderate hypoxia (2% oxygen) but was decreased by severe hypoxia (0.1% oxygen) and DFX. Moderate hypoxia decreased p21 synthesis without affecting p53 synthesis, whereas severe hypoxia and DFX increased synthesis of both p21 and p53. p27 protein expression was decreased by severe hypoxia and DFX. Gene silencing of p21 and p27 promoted DNA synthesis at ambient oxygen concentrations. p21 and p53 gene silencing lessened the decrease in DNA synthesis due to severe hypoxia or DFX exposure. p21 gene silencing prevented increased DNA synthesis in moderate hypoxia. p27 protein expression was significantly increased by p53 gene silencing, and was decreased by wild-type p53 gene transfection. Conclusion These results indicate that in NHLF, severe hypoxia leads to cell cycle arrest via the p53-p21 pathway, but that moderate hypoxia enhances cell proliferation via the p21 pathway in a p53-independent manner. In addition, our results suggest that p27 may be involved in compensating for p53 in cultured NHLF proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Mizuno
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, Japan.
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Pagano G, Degan P, d'Ischia M, Kelly FJ, Nobili B, Pallardó FV, Youssoufian H, Zatterale A. Oxidative stress as a multiple effector in Fanconi anaemia clinical phenotype. Eur J Haematol 2005; 75:93-100. [PMID: 16000125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a genetic disease characterised by bone marrow failure with excess risk of myelogenous leukaemia and solid tumours. A widely accepted notion in FA research invokes a deficiency of response to DNA damage as the fundamental basis of the 'crosslinker sensitivity' observed in this disorder. However, such an isolated defect cannot readily account for the full cellular and clinical phenotype, which includes a number of other abnormalities, such as malformations, endocrinopathies, and typical skin spots. An extensive body of evidence pointing toward an involvement of oxidative stress in the FA phenotype includes the following: (i) In vitro and ex vivo abnormalities in a number of redox status endpoints; (ii) the functions of several FA proteins in protecting cells from oxidative stress; (iii) redox-related toxicity mechanisms of the xenobiotics evoking excess toxicity in FA cells. The clinical features in FA and the in vivo abnormalities of redox parameters are here reconsidered in view of the pleiotropic clinical phenotype and known biochemical and molecular links to an in vivo prooxidant state, which causes oxidative damage to biomolecules, resulting in an excessive number of acquired abnormalities that may overwhelm the cellular repair capacity rather than a primary deficiency in DNA repair. FA may thus represent a unique model disease in testing the integration between the acquisition of macromolecular damage as a result of oxidative stress and the ability of the mammalian cell to respond effectively to such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pagano
- Centre for Research, Innovation and Technological Transfer in Oncology and Life Sciences, Mercogliano (AV), Italy.
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Pagano G, Zatterale A, Degan P, d'Ischia M, Kelly FJ, Pallardó FV, Kodama S. Multiple Involvement of Oxidative Stress in Werner Syndrome Phenotype. Biogerontology 2005; 6:233-43. [PMID: 16333757 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-005-2624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Werner syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by early ageing, excess cancer risk, high incidence of type II diabetes mellitus, early atherosclerosis, ocular cataracts, and osteoporosis. The protein encoded by the defective gene, WRN (WRNp) associates with three activities, that is, a RecQ DNA helicase, 3'-5'-exonuclease and ATPase activities. By highlighting the DNA helicase activity, a widespread consensus in WS-associated defect(s) has been established, pointing toward a deficiency in maintaining DNA integrity. However, a possible involvement of redox pathways in WS may be suggested by several lines of evidence that include: (i) the multiple functions and interactions of WRNp with oxidative stress-related activities and factors; (ii) the pleiotropic WS clinical phenotype encompassing a number of oxidative stress-related pathologies; (iii) redox-related toxicity mechanisms of several xenobiotics exerting excess toxicity in WS cells; (iv) recent in vivo and in vitro findings of redox abnormalities in WS patients and in WS cells. The working hypothesis is raised that a deficiency in WRNp, and the pleiotropic clinical phenotype in WS patients may provide the basis to envision an underlying in vivo prooxidant state, which causes oxidative damage to biomolecules, with multiple oxidative stress-related alterations, resulting in multi-faceted clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pagano
- Italian National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
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Boonstra J, Post JA. Molecular events associated with reactive oxygen species and cell cycle progression in mammalian cells. Gene 2004; 337:1-13. [PMID: 15276197 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2003] [Revised: 04/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression is regulated by a wide variety of external factors, amongst them are growth factors and extracellular matrix factors. During the last decades evidence has been obtained that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may also play an important role in cell cycle progression. ROS may be generated by external and internal factors. In this overview we describe briefly the generation of ROS and their effects on processes that have been demonstrated to play an essential role in cell cycle progression, including such systems as signal transduction cascades, protein ubiquitination and degradation, and the cytoskeleton. These different effects of ROS influence cell cycle progression dependent upon the amount and duration of ROS exposure. Activation of growth factor stimulated signaling cascades by low levels of ROS result in increased cell cycle progression, or, in case of prolonged exposure, to a differentiation like growth arrest. From many studies it seems clear that the cyclin kinase inhibitor protein p21 plays a prominent role, leading to cell cycle arrest at higher but not directly lethal levels of ROS. Dependent upon the nature of p21 induction, the cell cycle arrest may be transient, coupled to repair processes, or permanent. At high concentrations of ROS all of the above processes are activated, in combination with enhanced damage to the building blocks of the cell, leading to apoptosis or even necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Boonstra
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Pagano G, Youssoufian H. Fanconi anaemia proteins: major roles in cell protection against oxidative damage. Bioessays 2003; 25:589-95. [PMID: 12766948 DOI: 10.1002/bies.10283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a cancer-prone genetic disorder that is characterised by cytogenetic instability and redox abnormalities. Although rare subtypes of FA (B, D1 and D2) have been implicated in DNA repair through links with BRCA1 and BRCA2, such a role has yet to be demonstrated for gene products of the common subtypes. Instead, these products have been strongly implicated in xenobiotic metabolism and redox homeostasis through interactions of FANCC with cytochrome P-450 reductase and with glutathione S-transferase, and of FANCG with cytochrome P-450 2E1, as well as redox-dependent signalling through an interaction between FANCA and Akt kinase. We hypothesise that FA proteins act directly (via FANCC and FANCG) and indirectly (via FANCA, BRCA2 and FANCD2) with the machinery of cellular defence to modulate oxidative stress. The latter interactions may co-ordinate the link between the response to DNA damage and oxidative stress parameters (3, 6-12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pagano
- Italian National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale Foundation, Paediatric Oncology Research Centre, via M. Semmola, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
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Yu J, Wang Z, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Zhang L. PUMA mediates the apoptotic response to p53 in colorectal cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:1931-6. [PMID: 12574499 PMCID: PMC149936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2627984100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2002] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several genes that might mediate p53-induced apoptosis have been proposed, none have previously been shown to play an essential role in this process through a rigorous gene disruption approach. We used a gene-targeting approach to evaluate p53-mediated death in human colorectal cancer cells. Expression of p53 in these cells induces growth arrest through transcriptional activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. If p21 is disrupted via gene targeting, the cells die through apoptosis. If the PUMA gene is also disrupted in such cells, apoptosis is prevented. The effects of PUMA on apoptosis were observed after exogenous overexpression of p53 as well as after exposure to hypoxia, a physiologic activator of p53, and DNA damage. The PUMA protein interacts with Bcl-X(L) and promotes mitochondrial translocation and multimerization of Bax. Accordingly, genetic disruption of BAX makes cells resistant to the apoptosis resulting from PUMA expression. These results suggest that the balance between PUMA and p21 is pivotal in determining the responses to p53 activation and provide a model for understanding the basis of p53 mutations in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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18
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Jaiswal AS, Bloom LB, Narayan S. Long-patch base excision repair of apurinic/apyrimidinic site DNA is decreased in mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines treated with plumbagin: involvement of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf-1/Cip-1. Oncogene 2002; 21:5912-22. [PMID: 12185591 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2002] [Revised: 06/06/2002] [Accepted: 06/18/2002] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Molecular interactions among cell cycle and DNA repair proteins have been described, but the impact of many of these interactions on cell cycle control and DNA repair remains unclear. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, is known to be involved in DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest and blocking DNA replication and repair. Participation of p21 has been implicated in nucleotide excision repair. However, the role of p21 in the base excision repair (BER) pathway has not been thoroughly studied. In the present investigation, we treated isogenic mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell lines containing wild-type (MEF-polbeta) or DNA polymerase beta (polbeta) gene-knockout (MEFpolbetaKO) with oxidative DNA-damaging agent, plumbagin, and examined its effect on p21 levels and BER activity. Plumbagin treatment caused a S-G(2)/M phase arrest and cell death of both MEF cell lines, induced p21 levels, and decreased p21-mediated long-patch (LP) BER by blocking DNA ligase activity in the polbeta-dependent pathway and by blocking both FEN1 and DNA ligase activity in polbeta-independent pathway. These findings suggest that plumbagin induced p21 levels play a regulatory role in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and polbeta-dependent and -independent LP-BER pathways in MEF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna S Jaiswal
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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Esposito F, Russo T, Cimino F. Generation of prooxidant conditions in intact cells to induce modifications of cell cycle regulatory proteins. Methods Enzymol 2002; 352:258-68. [PMID: 12125352 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)52024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franca Esposito
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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20
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Ammendola R, Ruocchio MR, Chirico G, Russo L, De Felice C, Esposito F, Russo T, Cimino F. Inhibition of NADH/NADPH oxidase affects signal transduction by growth factor receptors in normal fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 397:253-7. [PMID: 11795879 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species have been implicated as possible second messengers in mitogenic signal transduction. We demonstrate that in normal fibroblasts the treatment with the two inhibitors of phagocytic NADH/NADPH oxidase prevents tyrosine phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor upon the exposure of serum-deprived cells to growth factors. Furthermore, the inhibition of NADH/NADPH oxidase abolishes ERKs activation and p21(waf1) accumulation that occurs when cells are exposed to growth factors. Finally, NADH/NADPH inhibitors prevent the p66(Shc) Ser-phosphorylation induced by serum and by phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate, which suggests that the direct target(s) of reactive oxygen species is(are) located upstream from the machinery connecting growth factor receptors to Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Ammendola
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
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21
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Watts RN, Richardson DR. Nitrogen monoxide (no) and glucose: unexpected links between energy metabolism and no-mediated iron mobilization from cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:4724-32. [PMID: 11078730 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006318200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) affects cellular iron metabolism due to its high affinity for this metal ion. Indeed, NO has been shown to increase the mRNA binding activity of the iron-regulatory protein 1, which is a major regulator of iron homeostasis. Recently, we have shown that NO generators increase (59)Fe efflux from cells prelabeled with (59)Fe-transferrin (Wardrop, S. L., Watts, R. N., and Richardson, D. R. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 2748-2758). The mechanism involved in this process remains unknown, and in this investigation we demonstrate that it is potentiated upon adding d-glucose (d-Glc) to the reincubation medium. In d-Glc-free or d-Glc-containing media, 5.6 and 16.5% of cellular (59)Fe was released, respectively, in the presence of S-nitrosoglutathione. This difference in (59)Fe release was observed with a variety of NO generators and cell types and was not due to a change in cell viability. Kinetic studies showed that d-Glc had no effect on the rate of NO production by NO generators. Moreover, only the metabolizable monosaccharides d-Glc and d-mannose could stimulate NO-mediated (59)Fe mobilization, whereas other sugars not easily metabolized by fibroblasts had no effect. Hence, metabolism of the monosaccharides was essential to increase NO-mediated (59)Fe release. Incubation of cells with the citric acid cycle intermediates, citrate and pyruvate, did not enhance NO-mediated (59)Fe release. Significantly, preincubation with the GSH-depleting agents, l-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine or diethyl maleate, prevented NO-mediated (59)Fe mobilization. This effect was reversed by incubating cells with N-acetyl-l-cysteine that reconstitutes GSH. These results indicate that GSH levels are essential for NO-mediated (59)Fe efflux. Hence, d-Glc metabolism via the hexose monophosphate shunt resulting in the generation of GSH may be essential for NO-mediated (59)Fe release. These results have important implications for intracellular signaling by NO and also NO-mediated cytotoxicity of activated macrophages that is due, in part, to iron release from tumor target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Watts
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Group, the Heart Research Institute, 145 Missenden Rd, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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Esposito F, Russo L, Russo T, Cimino F. Retinoblastoma protein dephosphorylation is an early event of cellular response to prooxidant conditions. FEBS Lett 2000; 470:211-5. [PMID: 10734236 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The modification of intracellular redox conditions with diethylmaleate (DEM), a glutathione-depleting agent, induces a p53-independent growth arrest mediated by the accumulation of p21(waf1) mRNA and protein. The same treatment also induces the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) dephosphorylation. This dephosphorylation (i) is very fast, being observed already 5 min after the exposure of the cells to DEM, (ii) is dependent on the prooxidant effects of DEM, being prevented by the treatment with N-acetylcysteine and (iii) is completely reversible, since the rephosphorylation of pRb is promptly obtained upon the removal of the glutathione-depleting agent from the culture medium. The dephosphorylation of pRb is independent of the accumulation of p21(waf1) induced by DEM; in fact, p21(waf1) levels start to increase much later after DEM treatment and accordingly cyclin-dependent kinase activities are not yet induced when pRb is already dephosphorylated following DEM treatment. Finally, pRb dephosphorylation is catalyzed by phosphatases activated by DEM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Esposito
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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