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Ndembe G, Intini I, Moro M, Grasselli C, Panfili A, Panini N, Bleve A, Occhipinti M, Borzi C, Garassino MC, Marabese M, Canesi S, Scanziani E, Sozzi G, Broggini M, Ganzinelli M. Caloric restriction and metformin selectively improved LKB1-mutated NSCLC tumor response to chemo- and chemo-immunotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:6. [PMID: 38163906 PMCID: PMC10759660 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 10% of NSCLCs are mutated in KRAS and impaired in STK11/LKB1, a genetic background associated with poor prognosis, caused by an increase in metastatic burden and resistance to standard therapy. LKB1 is a protein involved in a number of biological processes and is particularly important for its role in the regulation of cell metabolism. LKB1 alterations lead to protein loss that causes mitochondria and metabolic dysfunction that makes cells unable to respond to metabolic stress. Different studies have shown how it is possible to interfere with cancer metabolism using metformin and caloric restriction (CR) and both modify the tumor microenvironment (TME), stimulating the switch from "cold" to "hot". Given the poor therapeutic response of KRASmut/LKB1mut patients, and the role of LKB1 in cell metabolism, we examined whether the addition of metformin and CR enhanced the response to chemo or chemo-immunotherapy in LKB1 impaired tumors. METHODS Mouse cell lines were derived from lung nodules of transgenic mice carrying KRASG12D with either functional LKB1 (KRASG12D/LKB1wt) or mutated LKB1 (KRASG12D/LKB1mut). Once stabilized in vitro, these cell lines were inoculated subcutaneously and intramuscularly into immunocompetent mice. Additionally, a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model was established by directly implanting tumor fragments from patient into immunocompromised mice. The mice bearing these tumor models were subjected to treatment with chemotherapy or chemo-immunotherapy, both as standalone regimens and in combination with metformin and CR. RESULTS Our preclinical results indicate that in NSCLC KRASmut/LKB1mut tumors, metformin and CR do enhance the response to chemo and chemo-immunotherapy, inducing a metabolic stress condition that these tumors are not able to overcome. Analysis of immune infiltrating cells did not bring to light any strong correlation between the TME immune-modulation and the tumor response to metformin and CR. CONCLUSION Our in vitro and in vivo preliminary studies confirm our hypothesis that the addition of metformin and CR is able to improve the antitumor activity of chemo and chemoimmunotherapy in LKB1 impaired tumors, exploiting their inability to overcome metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloriana Ndembe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilenia Intini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Moro
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Grasselli
- Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Panfili
- Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Panini
- Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Augusto Bleve
- Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Occhipinti
- Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Borzi
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Chiara Garassino
- Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Marabese
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Canesi
- Mouse & Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Mouse & Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sozzi
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Monica Ganzinelli
- Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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p53/p73 Protein Network in Colorectal Cancer and Other Human Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122885. [PMID: 34207603 PMCID: PMC8227208 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The p53 family of proteins comprises p53, p63, and p73, which share high structural and functional similarity. The two distinct promoters of each locus, the alternative splicing, and the alternative translation initiation sites enable the generation of numerous isoforms with different protein-interacting domains and distinct activities. The co-expressed p53/p73 isoforms have significant but distinct roles in carcinogenesis. Their activity is frequently impaired in human tumors including colorectal carcinoma due to dysregulated expression and a dominant-negative effect accomplished by some isoforms and p53 mutants. The interactions between isoforms are particularly important to understand the onset of tumor formation, progression, and therapeutic response. The understanding of the p53/p73 network can contribute to the development of new targeted therapies. Abstract The p53 tumor suppressor protein is crucial for cell growth control and the maintenance of genomic stability. Later discovered, p63 and p73 share structural and functional similarity with p53. To understand the p53 pathways more profoundly, all family members should be considered. Each family member possesses two promoters and alternative translation initiation sites, and they undergo alternative splicing, generating multiple isoforms. The resulting isoforms have important roles in carcinogenesis, while their expression is dysregulated in several human tumors including colorectal carcinoma, which makes them potential targets in cancer treatment. Their activities arise, at least in part, from the ability to form tetramers that bind to specific DNA sequences and activate the transcription of target genes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the biological activities and regulation of the p53/p73 isoforms, highlighting their role in colorectal tumorigenesis. The analysis of the expression patterns of the p53/p73 isoforms in human cancers provides an important step in the improvement of cancer therapy. Furthermore, the interactions among the p53 family members which could modulate normal functions of the canonical p53 in tumor tissue are described. Lastly, we emphasize the importance of clinical studies to assess the significance of combining the deregulation of different members of the p53 family to define the outcome of the disease.
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Alvisi MF, Ganzinelli M, Linardou H, Caiola E, Lo Russo G, Cecere FL, Bettini AC, Psyrri A, Milella M, Rulli E, Fabbri A, De Maglie M, Romanelli P, Murray S, Ndembe G, Broggini M, Garassino MC, Marabese M. Predicting the Role of DNA Polymerase β Alone or with KRAS Mutations in Advanced NSCLC Patients Receiving Platinum-Based Chemotherapy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082438. [PMID: 32751518 PMCID: PMC7465625 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical data suggest that only a subgroup of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has long-term benefits after front-line platinum-based therapy. We prospectively investigate whether KRAS status and DNA polymerase β expression could help identify patients responding to platinum compounds. Prospectively enrolled, advanced NSCLC patients treated with a first-line regimen containing platinum were genotyped for KRAS and centrally evaluated for DNA polymerase β expression. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and the objective response rate (ORR) were recorded. Patients with KRAS mutations had worse OS (hazard ratio (HR): 1.37, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.70–2.27). Negative DNA polymerase β staining identified a subgroup with worse OS than patients expressing the protein (HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 0.57–3.57). The addition of KRAS to the analyses further worsened the prognosis of patients with negative DNA polymerase β staining (HR: 1.67, 95% CI: 0.52–5.56). DNA polymerase β did not influence PFS and ORR. KRAS may have a negative role in platinum-based therapy responses in NSCLC, but its impact is limited. DNA polymerase β, when not expressed, might indicate a group of patients with poor outcomes. KRAS mutations in tumors not expressing DNA polymerase β further worsens survival. Therefore, these two biomarkers together might well identify patients for whom alternatives to platinum-based chemotherapy should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Alvisi
- Laboratory of Methodology for Clinical Research, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (M.F.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Monica Ganzinelli
- Unit of Thoracic Oncology, Medical Oncology Department 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (G.L.R.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Helena Linardou
- 4th Oncology Department, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Athens, Greece;
| | - Elisa Caiola
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (G.N.)
| | - Giuseppe Lo Russo
- Unit of Thoracic Oncology, Medical Oncology Department 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (G.L.R.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Fabiana Letizia Cecere
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Amanda Psyrri
- Section of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Michele Milella
- Department of Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy;
| | - Eliana Rulli
- Laboratory of Methodology for Clinical Research, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (M.F.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Alessandra Fabbri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marcella De Maglie
- Mouse & Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.D.M.); (P.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Romanelli
- Mouse & Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, 20139 Milan, Italy; (M.D.M.); (P.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gloriana Ndembe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (G.N.)
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (G.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (M.M.); Tel.: +39-0239014585 (M.B.); +39-0239014236 (M.M.)
| | - Marina Chiara Garassino
- Unit of Thoracic Oncology, Medical Oncology Department 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (G.L.R.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Mirko Marabese
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (G.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (M.M.); Tel.: +39-0239014585 (M.B.); +39-0239014236 (M.M.)
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Caiola E, Iezzi A, Tomanelli M, Bonaldi E, Scagliotti A, Colombo M, Guffanti F, Micotti E, Garassino MC, Minoli L, Scanziani E, Broggini M, Marabese M. LKB1 Deficiency Renders NSCLC Cells Sensitive to ERK Inhibitors. J Thorac Oncol 2019; 15:360-370. [PMID: 31634668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serine/threonine kinase 11 (LKB1/STK11) is one of the most mutated genes in NSCLC accounting for approximately one-third of cases and its activity is impaired in approximately half of KRAS-mutated NSCLC. At present, these patients cannot benefit from any specific therapy. METHODS Through CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we systematically deleted LKB1 in both wild-type (WT) and KRAS-mutated human NSCLC cells. By using these isogenic systems together with genetically engineered mouse models we investigated the cell response to ERK inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In all the systems used here, the loss of LKB1 creates vulnerability and renders these cells particularly sensitive to ERK inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo. The same cells expressing a WT LKB1 poorly respond to these drugs. At the molecular level, in the absence of LKB1, ERK inhibitors induced a marked inhibition of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase activation, which in turn abolished S6 protein activation, promoting the cytotoxic effect. CONCLUSIONS This work shows that ERK inhibitors are effective in LKB1 and LKB1/KRAS-mutated tumors, thus offering a therapeutic strategy for this prognostically unfavorable subgroup of patients. Because ERK inhibitors are already in clinical development, our findings could be easily translatable to the clinic. Importantly, the lack of effect in cells expressing WT LKB1, predicts that treatment of LKB1-mutated tumors with ERK inhibitors should have a favorable toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caiola
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Iezzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Tomanelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Bonaldi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Scagliotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marika Colombo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Guffanti
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Micotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Minoli
- Mouse & Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scanziani
- Mouse & Animal Pathology Lab, Fondazione Filarete, Milan, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mirko Marabese
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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5
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Caiola E, Brunelli L, Marabese M, Broggini M, Lupi M, Pastorelli R. Different metabolic responses to PI3K inhibition in NSCLC cells harboring wild-type and G12C mutant KRAS. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51462-51472. [PMID: 27283493 PMCID: PMC5239488 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients are considered a negative predictive factor and indicate poor response to anticancer treatments. KRAS mutations lead to activation of the PI3K/akt/mTOR pathway, whose inhibition remains a challenging clinical target. Since the PI3K/akt/mTOR pathway and KRAS oncogene mutations all have roles in cancer cell metabolism, we investigated whether the activity of PI3K/akt/mTOR inhibitors (BEZ235 and BKM120) in cells harboring different KRAS status is related to their metabolic effect. Isogenic NSCLC cell clones expressing wild-type (WT) and mutated (G12C) KRAS were used to determine the response to BEZ235 and BKM120. Metabolomics analysis indicated the impairment of glutamine in KRAS-G12C and serine metabolism in KRAS-WT, after pharmacological blockade of the PI3K signaling, although the net effect on cell growth, cell cycle distribution and caspase activation was similar. PI3K inhibitors caused autophagy in KRAS-WT, but not in KRAS-G12C, where there was a striking decrease in ammonia production, probably a consequence of glutamine metabolism impairment. These findings lay the grounds for more effective therapeutic combinations possibly distinguishing wild-type and mutated KRAS cancer cells in NSCLC, exploiting their different metabolic responses to PI3K/akt/mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caiola
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Brunelli
- Protein and Gene Biomarkers Unit, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Marabese
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Lupi
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Pastorelli
- Protein and Gene Biomarkers Unit, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
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Marabese M, Caiola E, Garassino MC, Rastelli G, Settanni G, Brugnara S, Broggini M, Ganzinelli M. G48A, a New KRAS Mutation Found in Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:1170-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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7
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Alsafadi S, Tourpin S, Bessoltane N, Salomé-Desnoulez S, Vassal G, André F, Ahomadegbe JC. Nuclear localization of the caspase-3-cleaved form of p73 in anoikis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:12331-43. [PMID: 26575022 PMCID: PMC4914288 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p73 is a homologue of p53 that can be expressed as pro- or anti-apoptotic isoforms. Unlike p53, p73 is rarely mutated or lost in cancers and it is found to replace defective p53 inducing apoptosis. Here, we investigated the p73 involvement in anoikis, a type of apoptosis caused by inadequate cell-matrix interactions. Breast cancer cell lines with different p53 status were treated with doxorubicin (DOX) or docetaxel (DOC) and cells detached from the extracellular matrix were analyzed. We demonstrate for the first time that DOX-induced cell detachment is associated with p73 cleavage and caspase activation, independently of the p53 status. However, we did not detect p73 cleavage or caspase activation in detached cells under DOC treatment. Overexpressing the apoptotic isoform of p73 led to cell detachment associated with p73 cleavage and caspase activation. Interestingly, p73 cleaved forms localize to the nucleus during the late phase of cell death indicating an increase in the transcriptional activity. Our study suggests that the cleavage of p73 on specific sites may release its pro-apoptotic function and contribute to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Alsafadi
- Gustave Roussy, INSERM U981, Univ Paris-Sud, F 94805 Villejuif, France.,IRCIV, Univ Paris-Sud, F 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Tourpin
- Department of Biopathology, Gustave Roussy, F 94805 Villejuif, France.,IRCIV, Univ Paris-Sud, F 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Nadia Bessoltane
- Gustave Roussy, INSERM U981, Univ Paris-Sud, F 94805 Villejuif, France.,IRCIV, Univ Paris-Sud, F 94805 Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice André
- Gustave Roussy, INSERM U981, Univ Paris-Sud, F 94805 Villejuif, France.,IRCIV, Univ Paris-Sud, F 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Charles Ahomadegbe
- Gustave Roussy, INSERM U981, Univ Paris-Sud, F 94805 Villejuif, France.,IRCIV, Univ Paris-Sud, F 94805 Villejuif, France.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Vernes, 80000 Amiens, France
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8
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Caiola E, Salles D, Frapolli R, Lupi M, Rotella G, Ronchi A, Garassino MC, Mattschas N, Colavecchio S, Broggini M, Wiesmüller L, Marabese M. Base excision repair-mediated resistance to cisplatin in KRAS(G12C) mutant NSCLC cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:30072-87. [PMID: 26353932 PMCID: PMC4745782 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations in NSCLC are supposed to indicate a poor prognosis and poor response to anticancer treatments but this feature lacks a mechanistic basis so far. In tumors, KRAS was found to be mutated mostly at codons 12 and 13 and a pool of mutations differing in the base alteration and the amino acid substitution have been described. The different KRAS mutations may differently impact on cancerogenesis and drug sensitivity. On this basis, we hypothesized that a different KRAS mutational status in NSCLC patients determines a different profile in the tumor response to treatments. In this paper, isogenic NSCLC cell clones expressing mutated forms of KRAS were used to determine the response to cisplatin, the main drug used in the clinic against NSCLC. Cells expressing the KRAS(G12C) mutation were found to be less sensitive to treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Systematic analysis of drug uptake, DNA adduct formation and DNA damage responses implicated in cisplatin adducts removal revealed that the KRAS(G12C) mutation might be particular because it stimulates Base Excision Repair to rapidly remove platinum from DNA even before the formation of cross-links. The presented results suggest a different pattern of sensitivity/resistance to cisplatin depending on the KRAS mutational status and these data might provide proof of principle for further investigations on the role of the KRAS status as a predictor of NSCLC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Caiola
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Salles
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Roberta Frapolli
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Lupi
- Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rotella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ronchi
- Centro Nazionale Informazione Tossicologiche, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Pavia, Italy
| | - Marina Chiara Garassino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Nikola Mattschas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefano Colavecchio
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Broggini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mirko Marabese
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milan, Italy
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Sánchez-Carrera D, García-Puga M, Yáñez L, Romón Í, Pipaón C. ∆Np73 is capable of inducing apoptosis by co-ordinately activating several BH3-only proteins. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:e00198. [PMID: 26182360 PMCID: PMC4613676 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of p53 is one of the most relevant events in human cancer, since it allows transformed cells to escape their own proliferation control and leave them irresponsive to drugs that aim to damage their DNA. When p53 falls, other members of its family may become targets to attack tumoural cells. p73 has shown capacity to mediate these attacks. However, its N-terminal truncated isoforms have been associated with oncogenesis due to their capacity to act as dominant negatives of p53 and the transactivation (TA) isoforms of p73. We previously found a relationship between the overexpression of N-terminus-truncated p73 isoform (∆Np73) and that of the proapoptotic gene Bcl-2-interacting killer (BIK). In the present report we demonstrate that ∆Np73-α has the capacity to induce apoptosis through the co-ordinated activation of a group of genes harbouring GC-rich elements in their regulatory regions. ∆Np73-α synergizes with specificity protein (Sp1) on these elements but the overall response of these genes probably depends on the additional presence of consensus p53 elements. We explore the domains of ∆Np73-α involved in this transactivation capacity and found divergences with the previously described functions for them. Moreover, we found that the transforming mutation V12 of HRas impairs this transactivation capacity of ∆Np73-α, further supporting the anti-tumoural function of this later. Our data add complexity to the action of p73 on the induction of apoptosis and tumourogenesis, opening new interpretations to the expression profile of p73 isoforms in different human neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dámaso Sánchez-Carrera
- Laboratorio de Hematología Molecular, Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Mikel García-Puga
- Laboratorio de Hematología Molecular, Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Lucrecia Yáñez
- Laboratorio de Hematología Molecular, Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Íñigo Romón
- Laboratorio de Hematología Molecular, Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Carlos Pipaón
- Laboratorio de Hematología Molecular, Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
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Logotheti S, Pavlopoulou A, Galtsidis S, Vojtesek B, Zoumpourlis V. Functions, divergence and clinical value of TAp73 isoforms in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 32:511-34. [PMID: 23592418 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The p73 gene encodes the tumour suppressive full-length TAp73 and N-terminal-truncated DNp73 isoforms that act as dominant negative inhibitors of TAp73. The overall effect of p73 in oncogenesis is thought to depend on the TAp73 to DNp73 isoforms' ratio. TAp73 isoforms include a number of C-terminal variants as a result of alternative splicing in 3'-end. TAp73 isoforms protect cells from oncogenic alterations in a multifaceted way since they are implicated in the suppression of all demonstrated hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer. Their best established role is in apoptosis, a process which seems to be differently affected by each TAp73 C-terminal variant. Based on previous findings and our thorough bioinformatics analysis, we highlight that TAp73 variants are functionally non-equivalent, since they present major differences in their transactivation efficiencies, protein interactions, response to DNA damage and apoptotic effects that are attributable to the primary structure of their C terminus. In this review, we summarise these differences and we unveil the link between crucial C-terminal motifs/residues and the oncosuppressive potential of TAp73 isoforms, emphasising on the importance of considering C terminus during the development of p73-based anticancer biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Logotheti
- Unit of Biomedical Applications, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave, 11635, Athens, Greece
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11
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Rodhe J, Kavanagh E, Joseph B. TAp73β-mediated suppression of cell migration requires p57Kip2 control of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Oncotarget 2014; 4:289-97. [PMID: 23470527 PMCID: PMC3712574 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP73 gene, a member of the p53 family, due to the use of different promoters and alternative splicing, is transcribed into different isoforms with contrasting attributes and which contribute to its functional diversity. Considerable efforts are made to identify the functional diversity of the p73 splicing variants during tumorigenesis.TAp73α and TAp73β isoforms have been shown to differentially regulate cell cycle progression, differentiation and apoptosis. Interestingly, a particular increase in expression of the TAp73 isoform, in favor of the α splicing variant, has been reported in multiple tumour types. Here, we report a distinctive role for TAp73β isoform in the control of cell migration and invasion. In fact, TAp73β-dependent induction of p57Kip2 expression accounted for inhibitory effects on the actin cytoskeleton dynamics and thereby cancer cell motility. In contrast, TAp73α is not able to induce p57Kip2 expression, and exhibits a positive effect on actin cytoskeleton dynamics as well as cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect on cell migration and invasion of TAp73β would qualify this distinct p73 isoform as tumor suppressor gene. In contrast, the promoting effect of TAp73α on cell motility and invasion strengthens the potential oncogenic activities of this p73 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rodhe
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Reduced expression of ELAVL4 in male meningioma patients. Brain Tumor Pathol 2012; 30:160-6. [PMID: 22965691 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-012-0117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Meningioma is a frequently occurring tumor of the central nervous system. Among many genetic alternations, the loss of the short arm of chromosome 1 is the second most frequent chromosomal abnormality observed in these tumors. Here, we focused on the previously described and well-established minimal deletion regions of chromosome 1. In accordance with the Knudson suppressor theory, we designed an analysis of putative suppressor genes localized in the described minimal deletion regions. The purpose was to determine the molecular background of the gender-specific occurrence of meningiomas. A total of 149 samples were examined for loss of heterozygosity (LOH). In addition, 57 tumor samples were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. We examined the association between the expression of selected genes and patient age, gender, tumor grade and presence of 1p loss. Furthermore, we performed an analysis of the most stable internal control for real-time analysis in meningiomas. LOH analysis revealed gender-specific discrepancies in the frequency of 1p aberrations. Moreover, statistical correlation between the gene expression level and gender was significant for the ELAVL4 gene as we found it to be lower in males than in females. We conclude that meningiomas present different features depending on patient gender. We suggest that ELAVL4 can be involved in the pathogenesis of meningiomas in male patients.
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P73 regulates cisplatin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells via a calcium/calpain-dependent mechanism. Oncogene 2011; 30:4219-30. [PMID: 21516125 PMCID: PMC3194400 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
P73 is important in drug-induced apoptosis in some cancer cells, yet its role in the regulation of chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer (OVCA) is poorly understood. Furthermore, if and how the deregulation of p73-mediated apoptosis confers resistance to cisplatin (CDDP) treatment is unclear. Here we demonstrate that TAp73α over-expression enhanced CDDP-induced PARP cleavage and apoptosis in both chemosensitive (OV2008 and A2780s) and their resistant counterparts (C13* and A2780cp) and another chemoresistant OVCA cells (Hey); in contrast, the effect of ΔNp73α over-expression was variable. P73α downregulation attenuated CDDP-induced PUMA and NOXA upregulation and apoptosis in OV2008 cells. CDDP decreased p73α steady-state protein levels in OV2008, but not in C13*, although the mRNA expression was identical. CDDP-induced p73α downregulation was mediated by a calpain-dependent pathway. CDDP induced calpain activation and enhanced its cytoplasmic interaction and co-localization with p73α in OV2008, but not C13* cells. CDDP increased the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in OV2008 but not C13* whereas cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor, caused this response and calpain activation, p73α processing and apoptosis in both cell types. CDDP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase in OV2008 cells was not effected by the elimination of extracellular Ca(2+), but this was attenuated by the depletion of internal Ca(2+) store, indicating that mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+]) stores was potentially involved. These findings demonstrate that p73α and its regulation by the Ca(2+)-mediated calpain pathway are involved in CDDP-induced apoptosis in OVCA cells and that dysregulation of Ca(2+)/calpain/p73 signaling may in part be the pathophysiology of CDDP resistance. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance will direct the development of effective strategies for the treatment of chemoresistant OVCA.
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Marrazzo E, Marchini S, Tavecchio M, Alberio T, Previdi S, Erba E, Rotter V, Broggini M. The expression of the DeltaNp73beta isoform of p73 leads to tetraploidy. Eur J Cancer 2008; 45:443-53. [PMID: 19008096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The p73 locus gene has a complex structure encoding a plethora of isoforms. The different DeltaN truncated isoforms of p73 may exert different activities depending on the cellular context. The beta isoform of DeltaNp73 seems to have a particular pattern of action even if its role in cell cycle and mitosis is still under investigation. To gain further knowledge of DeltaNp73beta's function, we investigated the effects of its over-expression in tumour cellular models, using the tetracycline-inducible expression system. In the human lung carcinoma cell line H1299, DeltaNp73beta over-expression resulted in suppression of cell growth and in cell death. Surprisingly stable over-expression of DeltaNp73beta impaired the genomic stability of tumour cells, leading to the formation of tetraploid cells. The cells become enlarged and multinucleate, with incorrect mitotic figures, and died by apoptotic-independent pathways. Our data suggest that DeltaNp73beta-induced aberrant mitosis evades the control of the mitotic spindle assay checkpoint, leading to tetraploidy and cell death through mitotic catastrophe rather than apoptosis. The various C-terminal regions of DeltaNp73 may influence the final cellular phenotype and we assume that the beta one in particular could be important in both cell growth control and regulation of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Marrazzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
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15
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Overexpressed TP73 induces apoptosis in medulloblastoma. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:127. [PMID: 17626635 PMCID: PMC1955450 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. Children who relapse usually die of their disease, which reflects resistance to radiation and/or chemotherapy. Improvements in outcome require a better understanding of the molecular basis of medulloblastoma growth and treatment response. TP73 is a member of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene family that has been found to be overexpressed in a variety of tumors and mediates apoptotic responses to genotoxic stress. In this study, we assessed expression of TP73 RNA species in patient tumor specimens and in medulloblastoma cell lines, and manipulated expression of full-length TAp73 and amino-terminal truncated ΔNp73 to assess their effects on growth. Methods We analyzed medulloblastoma samples from thirty-four pediatric patients and the established medulloblastoma cell lines, Daoy and D283MED, for expression of TP73 RNA including the full-length transcript and the 5'-terminal variants that encode the ΔNp73 isoform, as well as TP53 RNA using quantitative real time-RTPCR. Protein expression of TAp73 and ΔNp73 was quantitated with immunoblotting methods. Clinical outcome was analyzed based on TP73 RNA and p53 protein expression. To determine effects of overexpression or knock-down of TAp73 and ΔNp73 on cell cycle and apoptosis, we analyzed transiently transfected medulloblastoma cell lines with flow cytometric and TUNEL methods. Results Patient medulloblastoma samples and cell lines expressed full-length and 5'-terminal variant TP73 RNA species in 100-fold excess compared to non-neoplastic brain controls. Western immunoblot analysis confirmed their elevated levels of TAp73 and amino-terminal truncated ΔNp73 proteins. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed trends toward favorable overall and progression-free survival of patients whose tumors display TAp73 RNA overexpression. Overexpression of TAp73 or ΔNp73 induced apoptosis under basal growth conditions in vitro and sensitized them to cell death in response to chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusion These results indicate that primary medulloblastomas express significant levels of TP73 isoforms, and suggest that they can modulate the survival and genotoxic responsiveness of medulloblastomas cells.
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Marabese M, Vikhanskaya F, Broggini M. p73: a chiaroscuro gene in cancer. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:1361-72. [PMID: 17428654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
p73 is a member of the p53 family which is gaining increasing importance in the field of cancer. Its structural homology with p53 led to the assumption that it could act as a new tumour suppressor gene. Increasing knowledge of its function, however, has cast doubts on this role. A particularly interesting characteristic of p73 is that the cell contains different isoforms with distinct and sometimes opposite functions. Evidence in the last few years clearly indicates that p73 does share some activities with p53 but also that it has some distinct functions. This review focuses on p73's role in the development and progression of cancer, analysing the gene structure and regulation and discussing similarities with p53 and differences. Recent results obtained with specific detection methods on the levels and functions of the different isoforms in tumours are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Marabese
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy.
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Sabatino MA, Previdi S, Broggini M. In vivo evaluation of the role of DNp73alpha protein in regulating the p53-dependent apoptotic pathway after treatment with cytotoxic drugs. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:506-13. [PMID: 17096333 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The amino terminus truncated p73 isoform, DeltaNp73alpha, shows dominant negative behavior toward TAp73 and wild-type p53, and has oncogenic potential. By contrast, we recently showed that in HCT116 clones forced expression of DeltaNp73alpha did not increase in vitro cellular resistance to anticancer agents. The purpose of this study was to characterize in vivo models and to investigate the functional interaction between the DeltaNp73alpha isoform and the p53 pathway. Human colon carcinoma HCT116 clones expressing inducible DeltaNp73alpha (HCT116/DN3, HCT116/DN14) and HCT116/8a (transfected with the mock empty vector), transplanted in immunodeficient nude mice, were used to study the antitumor activity of cis-diammine-dichloro-platinum (cDDP) (4 mg/kg, i.v., q7d x 3) and Doxorubicin (DX) (7.5 mg/kg, i.v., q7d x 3), with or without tetracycline-induced DeltaNp73alpha overexpression. DeltaNp73alpha expression was confirmed by RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis. DeltaNp73alpha subcellular localization after DX treatment was checked by an immunofluorescence assay. Western blot was used to analyze p53, p21, Bax, Bcl-2 and p53AIP1 expression. DeltaNp73alpha overexpression did not modify the antitumor activity of either DX or cDDP in xenograft models. DX reduced DeltaNp73alpha protein expression, without affecting its nuclear localization. p53, p21, Bax and p53AIP1 protein expression increased and Bcl-2 decreased in HCT116 clone derived tumors 24 hr after DX exposure, independently of the presence of DeltaNp73alpha. Overexpression of DeltaNp73alpha does not affect tumor growth in vivo, does not increase the resistance of established tumors to anticancer agents and does not antagonize p53 apoptotic functions.
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