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Ban W, Guan J, Huang H, He Z, Sun M, Liu F, Sun J. Emerging systemic delivery strategies of oncolytic viruses: A key step toward cancer immunotherapy. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 15:4137-4153. [PMID: 35194488 PMCID: PMC8852960 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-4031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a novel type of immunotherapy that induces anti-tumor responses through selective self-replication within cancer cells and oncolytic virus (OV)-mediated immunostimulation. Notably, talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec) developed by the Amgen company in 2015, is the first FDA-approved OV product to be administered via intratumoral injection and has been the most successful OVT treatment. However, the systemic administration of OVs still faces huge challenges, including in vivo pre-existing neutralizing antibodies and poor targeting delivery efficacy. Recently, state-of-the-art progress has been made in the development of systemic delivery of OVs, which demonstrates a promising step toward broadening the scope of cancer immunotherapy and improving the clinical efficacy of OV delivery. Herein, this review describes the general characteristics of OVs, focusing on the action mechanisms of OVs as well as the advantages and disadvantages of OVT. The emerging multiple systemic administration approaches of OVs are summarized in the past five years. In addition, the combination treatments between OVT and traditional therapies (chemotherapy, thermotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy, etc.) are highlighted. Last but not least, the future prospects and challenges of OVT are also discussed, with the aim of facilitating medical researchers to extensively apply the OVT in the cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyue Ban
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Jianhuan Guan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Hanwei Huang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Mengchi Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Funan Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110016 China
| | - Jin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016 China
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Emamian M, Abbaspour A, Shahani T, Biglari A, Sharafi A. Non-viral Suicide Gene Therapy: Cytosine Deaminase Gene Directed by VEGF Promoter and 5-fluorocytosine as a Gene Directed Enzyme/prodrug System in Breast Cancer Model. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2021; 71:395-406. [PMID: 34182589 DOI: 10.1055/a-1488-6054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoter to derive cytosine deaminase (CD) transfected by polyamidoamine (G4-PAMAM) dendrimers to 4T1 murine breast cancer cell line as gene-directed enzyme/prodrug therapy. The VEGF promoter and cytosine deaminase gene were cloned into the pEGFP-N1vector from the genomic DNA of 4T1 and E. coli, respectively. The frequency of transfection for VEGF-CD-pEGFP-N1 and pEGFP-N1- CD treated groups was 35±3 and 36±4, respectively. MTT assay was perform to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of converted 5-flurocytosine on 4T1 cells. Also, the optimal concentration of 5-FC in 4T1 cells transfected by VEGF-CD-pEGFP-N1 plasmid was evaluated. The GFP expression of transfected 4T1 cells by VEGF-CD-pEGFP-N1were observed by fluorescent microscopy and flowcytometry. Results demonstrated that the suicide CD gene was successfully expressed in 4T1 cells determined by RT-PCR and GFP expression. A concentration of 200 μg/ml 5-FC was identified as optimal dose of prodrug. Furthermore, the CD/5-FC enzyme/prodrug system not only demonstrated toxicity on transformed 4T1 cells but also exerted a 'bystander effect' determined by MTT assay. The results showed that by 35% transfection with VEGF-CD-pEGFP-N1and CD-pEGFP-N1 plasmids, 80% and 90% inhibition of the cells growth occurred, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manouchehr Emamian
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Akbar Abbaspour
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Tina Shahani
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Biglari
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Sharafi
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Schaffner-Reckinger E, Machado RAC. The actin-bundling protein L-plastin-A double-edged sword: Beneficial for the immune response, maleficent in cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 355:109-154. [PMID: 32859369 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic organization of the actin cytoskeleton into bundles and networks is orchestrated by a large variety of actin-binding proteins. Among them, the actin-bundling protein L-plastin is normally expressed in hematopoietic cells, where it is involved in the immune response. However, L-plastin is also often ectopically expressed in malignant cancer cells of non-hematopoietic origin and is even considered as a marker for cancer progression. Post-translational modification modulates L-plastin activity. In particular, L-plastin Ser5 phosphorylation has been shown to be important for the immune response in leukocytes as well as for invasion and metastasis formation of carcinoma cells. This chapter discusses the physiological and pathological role of L-plastin with a special focus on the importance of L-plastin Ser5 phosphorylation for the protein functions. The potential use of Ser5 phosphorylated L-plastin as a biomarker and/or therapeutic target will be evoked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Schaffner-Reckinger
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Raquel A C Machado
- Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery Group, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Chen X, Tang WJ, Shi JB, Liu MM, Liu XH. Therapeutic strategies for targeting telomerase in cancer. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:532-585. [PMID: 31361345 DOI: 10.1002/med.21626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Telomere and telomerase play important roles in abnormal cell proliferation, metastasis, stem cell maintenance, and immortalization in various cancers. Therefore, designing of drugs targeting telomerase and telomere is of great significance. Over the past two decades, considerable knowledge regarding telomere and telomerase has been accumulated, which provides theoretical support for the design of therapeutic strategies such as telomere elongation. Therefore, the development of telomere-based therapies such as nucleoside analogs, non-nucleoside small molecules, antisense technology, ribozymes, and dominant negative human telomerase reverse transcriptase are being prioritized for eradicating a majority of tumors. While the benefits of telomere-based therapies are obvious, there is a need to address the limitations of various therapeutic strategies to improve the possibility of clinical applications. In this study, current knowledge of telomere and telomerase is discussed, and therapeutic strategies based on recent research are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Bo Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Ming Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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Adenoviral-mediated imaging of gene transfer using a somatostatin receptor-cytosine deaminase fusion protein. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:215-21. [PMID: 25837665 PMCID: PMC4409539 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Suicide gene therapy is a process by which cells are administered a gene that encodes a protein capable of converting a nontoxic prodrug into an active toxin. Cytosine deaminase (CD) has been widely investigated as a means of suicide gene therapy due to the enzyme’s ability to convert the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into the toxic compound 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). However, the extent of gene transfer is a limiting factor in predicting therapeutic outcome. The ability to monitor gene transfer, non-invasively, would strengthen the efficiency of therapy. In this regard, we have constructed and evaluated a replication-deficient adenovirus (Ad) containing the human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) fused with a C-terminal yeast CD gene for the non-invasive monitoring of gene transfer and therapy. The resulting Ad (AdSSTR2-yCD) was evaluated in vitro in breast cancer cells to determine the function of the fusion protein. These studies demonstrated that the both the SSTR2 and yCD were functional in binding assays, conversion assays, and cytotoxicity assays. In vivo studies similarly demonstrated the functionality using conversion assays, biodistribution studies, and small animal positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging studies. In conclusion, the fusion protein has been validated as useful for the non-invasive imaging of yCD expression and will be evaluated in the future for monitoring yCD-based therapy.
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Sakkas A, Zarogoulidis P, Domvri K, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Bougiouklis D, Kakolyris S, Zarampoukas T, Kioumis I, Pitsiou G, Huang H, Li Q, Meditskou S, Tsiouda T, Pezirkianidis N, Zarogoulidis K. Safety and efficacy of suicide gene therapy with adenosine deaminase 5-fluorocytosine silmutaneously in in vitro cultures of melanoma and retinal cell lines. J Cancer 2014; 5:368-81. [PMID: 24799955 PMCID: PMC4007525 DOI: 10.7150/jca.9147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Local treatment as a treatment modality is gaining increased general acceptance over time. Novel drugs and methodologies of local administration are being investigated in an effort to achieve disease local control. Suicide gene therapy is a method that has been investigated as a local treatment with simultaneously distant disease control. In our current experiment we purchased HTB-70 (melanoma cell line, derived from metastatic axillary node) and CRL-2302 (human retinal epithelium) were from ATCC LGC Standards and Ancotil®, 2.5 g/250 ml (1 g/00ml) (5-Flucytosine) MEDA; Pharmaceuticals Ltd. UK. Adenosine Cytosine Deaminase (Ad.CD) was also used in order to convert the pro-drug 5-Flucytosine to the active 5-Fluoracil. Three different concentrations of 5-Flucytosine (5-FC) were administered (0.2ml, 0.8ml and 1.2ml). At indicated time-points (4h, 8h and 24h) cell viability and apoptosis were measured. Our concept was to investigate whether suicide gene therapy with Ad. CD-5-FC could be used with safety and efficiency as a future local treatment for melanoma located in the eye cavity. Indeed, our results indicated that in every 5-FC administration had mild cytotoxicity for the retinal cells, while increased apoptosis was observed for the melanoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Sakkas
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Domvri
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Bougiouklis
- 3. Gene and Cell Therapy Center, Hematology-BMT Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stylianos Kakolyris
- 4. Oncology Department, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Thomas Zarampoukas
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kioumis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Pitsiou
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Haidong Huang
- 5. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- 5. Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Soultana Meditskou
- 6. Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Anthropology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Tsiouda
- 7. Internal Medicine Department, ``Theiageneio`` Anticancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- 1. Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, ``G. Papanikolaou`` General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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7
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Management of malignant pleural effusion by suicide gene therapy in advanced stage lung cancer: a case series and literature review. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:593-600. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Li P, Liu Y, Maynard J, Tang Y, Deisseroth A. Use of adenoviral vectors to target chemotherapy to tumor vascular endothelial cells suppresses growth of breast cancer and melanoma. Mol Ther 2010; 18:921-8. [PMID: 20179680 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To target chemotherapy to tumor vascular endothelial cells (TVECs), we created the AdTie2RprCDFib(knob-RGD+) vector by inserting into an AdEasy adenoviral vector (Ad) backbone: (i) the cytosine deaminase (CD) gene driven by the Tie2 receptor promoter (Tie2Rpr) into the E1 region of Ad; (ii) mutations that reduce binding of the fiber knob to the Coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR); and (iii) the RGD peptide into the H1 loop of fiber for binding to the alpha(V)beta(3) integrin receptors on TVECs. To reduce uptake of the AdTie2RprCDFib(knob-RGD+) by reticuloendothelial (RE) and liver cells, we intravenously (i.v.) injected Hetastarch and low-dose Ad (one million vector particles (VPs)) prior to i.v. injection of a therapeutic dose (one billion VPs) of the AdTie2RprCDFib(knob-RGD+) vector. This treatment induced regressions of N202 breast cancer and B16 melanoma without toxicity to normal tissues. We showed that the tumor regression was induced by infection of the TVECs and not by the infection of tumor cells by the AdTie2RprCDFib(knob-RGD+) vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingchuan Li
- Department of Genetic Therapy, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, California, USA
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Abstract
Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) have many advantages as agents for cancer virotherapy and have been safely used in human clinical trials. However, replicating adenoviruses have been limited in their ability to eliminate tumors by oncolysis. Thus, the efficacy of these agents must be improved. To this end, CRAds have been engineered to express therapeutic transgenes that exert antitumor effects independent of direct viral oncolysis. These transgenes can be expressed under native gene control elements, in which case placement within the genome determines the expression profile, or they can be controlled by exogenous promoters. The therapeutic transgenes used to arm replicating adenoviruses can be broadly classified into three groups. There are those that mediate killing of the infected cell, those that modulate the tumor microenvironment and those with immunomodulatory functions. Overall, the studies to date in animal models have shown that arming a CRAd with a rationally chosen therapeutic transgene can improve its antitumor efficacy over that of an unarmed CRAd. However, a number of obstacles must be overcome before the full potential of armed CRAds can be realized in the human clinical context. Hence, strategies are being developed to permit intravenous delivery to disseminated cancer cells, overcome the immune response and enable in vivo monitoring of the biodistribution and activity of armed CRAds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cody
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Stolworthy TS, Korkegian AM, Willmon CL, Ardiani A, Cundiff J, Stoddard BL, Black ME. Yeast cytosine deaminase mutants with increased thermostability impart sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine. J Mol Biol 2008; 377:854-69. [PMID: 18291415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prodrug gene therapy (PGT) is a treatment strategy in which tumor cells are transfected with a 'suicide' gene that encodes a metabolic enzyme capable of converting a nontoxic prodrug into a potent cytotoxin. One of the most promising PGT enzymes is cytosine deaminase (CD), a microbial salvage enzyme that converts cytosine to uracil. CD also converts 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) to 5-fluorouracil, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and RNA function. Over 150 studies of CD-mediated PGT applications have been reported since 2000, all using wild-type enzymes. However, various forms of CD are limited by inefficient turnover of 5FC and/or limited thermostability. In a previous study, we stabilized and extended the half-life of yeast CD (yCD) by repacking of its hydrophobic core at several positions distant from the active site. Here we report that random mutagenesis of residues selected based on alignment with similar enzymes, followed by selection for enhanced sensitization to 5FC, also produces an enzyme variant (yCD-D92E) with elevated T(m) values and increased activity half-life. The new mutation is located at the enzyme's dimer interface, indicating that independent mutational pathways can lead to an increase in stability, as well as a more subtle effect on enzyme kinetics. Each independently derived set of mutations significantly improves the enzyme's performance in PGT assays both in cell culture and in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany S Stolworthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6534, USA
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Hedley D, Ogilvie L, Springer C. Carboxypeptidase-G2-based gene-directed enzyme-prodrug therapy: a new weapon in the GDEPT armoury. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:870-9. [PMID: 17943135 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene-directed enzyme-prodrug therapy (GDEPT) aims to improve the therapeutic ratio (benefit versus toxic side-effects) of cancer chemotherapy. A gene encoding a 'suicide' enzyme is introduced into the tumour to convert a subsequently administered non-toxic prodrug into an active drug selectively in the tumour, but not in normal tissues. Significant effects can now be achieved in vitro and in targeted experimental models, and GDEPT therapies are entering the clinic. Our group has developed a GDEPT system that uses the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 to convert nitrogen mustard prodrugs into potent DNA crosslinking agents, and a clinical trial of this system is pending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Hedley
- Institute of Cancer Research Haddow Laboratories, 15, Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Fogar P, Navaglia F, Basso D, Greco E, Zambon CF, Fadi E, Falda A, Stranges A, Vannozzi F, Danesi R, Pedrazzoli S, Plebani M. Suicide gene therapy with the yeast fusion gene cytosine deaminase/uracil phosphoribosyltransferase is not enough for pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 2007; 35:224-31. [PMID: 17895842 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3180622519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Suicide gene therapy with FCY1 gene, encoding cytosine deaminase (CD), together with FUR1, encoding uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT), has been proposed for pancreatic cancer therapy in vivo. We ascertained whether gene therapy with FCY1-FUR1 is effective in killing pancreatic cancer cells after 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) treatment. METHODS AsPC1, BxPC3, Capan1, MIA PaCa2, and Panc1 cell lines were transfected using 2 plasmid vectors expressing CD only (pRSV-CD) or the chimera CD-UPRT (pRSV-CD-UPRT). Control and pRSV-CD- or pRSV-CD-UPRT-transfected cell lines were treated with 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mM of 5-FC for 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, and 13 days. RESULTS FCY1 alone did not confer sensitivity to 5-FC. The CD-UPRT-transfected BxPC3 and Panc1 were sensitive to very low 5-FC doses (0.1 mM). 5-Fluorocytosine-sensitive transfected cell lines rapidly converted 5-FC into 5-fluorouracil, whereas the 5-FC resistant cell lines had an impaired 5-FC conversion. CONCLUSIONS Suicide gene therapy with the FCY1 gene alone was ineffective in the treatment of pancreatic cancer in vitro. The pRSV-CD-UPRT construct conferred 5-FC sensitivity to some pancreatic cancer cell lines. Therefore, the application in vivo of suicide gene therapy with FCY1 alone or in combination with the FUR1 gene is probably destined to fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fogar
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Logunov DY, Zubkova OV, Karyagina-Zhulina AS, Shuvalova EA, Karpov AP, Shmarov MM, Tutykhina IL, Alyapkina YS, Grezina NM, Zinovieva NA, Ernst LK, Gintsburg AL, Naroditsky BS. Identification of HI-like loop in CELO adenovirus fiber for incorporation of receptor binding motifs. J Virol 2007; 81:9641-52. [PMID: 17596306 PMCID: PMC2045437 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00534-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectors based on the chicken embryo lethal orphan (CELO) avian adenovirus (Ad) have two attractive properties for gene transfer applications: resistance to preformed immune responses to human Ads and the ability to grow in chicken embryos, allowing low-cost production of recombinant viruses. However, a major limitation of this technology is that CELO vectors demonstrate decreased efficiency of gene transfer into cells expressing low levels of the coxsackie-Ad receptor (CAR). In order to improve the efficacy of gene transfer into CAR-deficient cells, we modified viral tropism via genetic alteration of the CELO fiber 1 protein. The alphav integrin-binding motif (RGD) was incorporated at two different sites of the fiber 1 knob domain, within an HI-like loop that we identified and at the C terminus. Recombinant fiber-modified CELO viruses were constructed containing secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and enhanced green fluorescent protein genes as reporter genes. Our data show that insertion of the RGD motif within the HI-like loop of the fiber resulted in significant enhancement of gene transfer into CAR-negative and CAR-deficient cells. In contrast, CELO vectors containing the RGD motif at the fiber 1 C terminus showed reduced transduction of all cell lines. CELO viruses modified with RGD at the HI-like loop transduced the SEAP reporter gene into rabbit mammary gland cells in vivo with an efficiency significantly greater than that of unmodified CELO vector and similar to that of Ad type 5 vector. These results illustrate the potential for efficient CELO-mediated gene transfer into a broad range of cell types through modification of the identified HI-like loop of the fiber 1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Y Logunov
- Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology (GIEM), 123098, Gamaleya Street 18, Moscow, Russia
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Stoff-Khalili MA, Rivera AA, Mathis JM, Banerjee NS, Moon AS, Hess A, Rocconi RP, Numnum TM, Everts M, Chow LT, Douglas JT, Siegal GP, Zhu ZB, Bender HG, Dall P, Stoff A, Pereboeva L, Curiel DT. Mesenchymal stem cells as a vehicle for targeted delivery of CRAds to lung metastases of breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 105:157-67. [PMID: 17221158 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alternative and complementary therapeutic strategies need to be developed for metastatic breast cancer. Virotherapy is a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer in which the replicating virus itself is the anticancer agent. However, the success of virotherapy has been limited due to inefficient virus delivery to the tumor site. The present study addresses the utility of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as intermediate carriers for conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) to target metastatic breast cancer in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN HMSC were transduced with CRAds. We used a SCID mouse xenograft model to examine the effects of systemically injected CRAd loaded hMSC or CRAd alone on the growth of MDA-MB-231 derived pulmonary metastases (experimental metastases model) in vivo and on overall survival. RESULTS Intravenous injection of CRAd loaded hMSCs into mice with established MDA-MB-231 pulmonary metastatic disease homed to the tumor site and led to extended mouse survival compared to mice treated with CRAd alone. CONCLUSION Injected hMSCs transduced with CRAds suppressed the growth of pulmonary metastases, presumably through viral amplification in the hMSCs. Thus, hMSCs may be an effective platform for the targeted delivery of CRAds to distant cancer sites such as metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam A Stoff-Khalili
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, BMR2 502, Birmingham, AL 35294-2172, USA
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Goblirsch M, Zwolak P, Ramnaraine ML, Pan W, Lynch C, Alaei P, Clohisy DR. Novel Cytosine Deaminase Fusion Gene Enhances the Effect of Radiation on Breast Cancer in Bone by Reducing Tumor Burden, Osteolysis, and Skeletal Fracture. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3168-76. [PMID: 16707617 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Painful breast carcinoma metastases in bone are a common manifestation of malignant disease. Eradication of these tumors can be evasive, and as a result, skeletal morbidity increases with disease progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The treatment potential of cytosine deaminase (CD) gene therapy combined with radiation treatment was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using a 4T1 murine breast carcinoma model. 4T1 carcinoma cells were transduced with a fusion gene encoding the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the human nerve growth factor receptor and the cytoplasmic portion of the yeast CD gene (NGFR-CD(y)). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS CD-expressing tumor cells (4TCD(y)) were highly sensitive to treatment by 5-fluorocytosine prodrug (P < 0.0001). 5-Fluorocytosine treatment of 4TCD(y), but not 4T1 cells, enhanced the effects of radiation in vitro (P < 0.0001). 5-Fluorocytosine prodrug treatment also increased the therapeutic potential of radiation in vivo. Mice with 4TCD(y) intrafemoral tumors showed increased effectiveness of radiation based on improved reductions in tumor size, reductions in tumorigenic osteolysis, and a decrease in skeletal fractures (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goblirsch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Liu Y, Deisseroth A. Oncolytic adenoviral vector carrying the cytosine deaminase gene for melanoma gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:845-55. [PMID: 16710344 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We constructed an oncolytic adenoviral vector Ad.HE1HCD3, in which the adenoviral E1A promoter was replaced by a human tyrosinase enhancer (HTE)/promoter. The RGD-4C peptide was inserted into the HI loop of the fiber knob domain to increase the transduction efficiency of this vector for tumor cell lines. We also inserted the prodrug activating cytosine deaminase gene driven by the HTE/promoter into the E3 region of the Ad.HE1HCD3 vector. The in vitro cytotoxic effect of the Ad.HE1HCD3 vector with 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) was greater than that of a wild-type adenovirus or that of the Ad.HE1HCD3 vector alone in tyrosinase-positive melanoma cell lines at low multiplicity of infection. Intratumoral injection of low doses of the Ad.HE1HCD3 vector into xenotransplanted human melanoma cell lines followed by the intraperitoneal injection of 5-FC led to a greater degree of tumor regression in vivo than did the intratumoral injection of the same dose of the Ad.HE1HCD3 vector alone. This oncolytic vector with a melanoma-specific prodrug activation therapeutic transcription unit and a RGD targeted fiber protein offers a potent therapeutic combination for the gene therapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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