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Lee YJ, Yoo YJ, Han SB. Outcomes after Cataract Surgery in High Myopes with Axial Length Differences of ≥2 mm. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2021.62.8.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the visual outcome after cataract operations in high myopia patients, whose axial length differences are longer than 2 mm.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on patients who had received phacoemulsification cataract surgery from January 2014 to June 2020. The patients whose axial lengths and inter-eye axial lengths exceeded 26 and 2 mm, respectively, were selected. Demographic data, axial lengths, central subfield macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer, and best-corrected visual acuities (BCVAs) before and at 6 months postoperatively were collected. The factors related to visual outcome were analyzed using univariate, multivariate linear regression.Results: Twelve patients had an inter-eye axial length difference longer than 2 mm. The average axial lengths of longer and shorter eyes were 29.17 ± 1.94 and 26.66 ± 2.51 mm, respectively (p = 0.02, Mann-Whitney U-test). The BCVAs (logarithm of minimal angle of resolution, logMAR) of the longer and shorter eyes before the surgery were 1.09 ± 0.62 and 0.19 ± 0.16, respectively (p = 0.03, Mann-Whitney U-test). The BCVAs (logMAR) of the longer and shorter eyes 6 months after surgery were 0.19 ± 0.16 and 0.08 ± 0.10, respectively (p = 0.11, Mann-Whitney U-test). In univariate linear regression analysis, the BCVAs 6 months after the surgery showed better preoperative BCVAs (p < 0.001) and a thinner central subfield macular thickness (p = 0.001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, the BCVA at 6 months after the surgery showed significant improvement compared with preoperative BCVA values (p < 0.001).Conclusions: High myopia patients whose axial length differences exceeded 2 mm showed improved VA after cataract surgery.
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Taipale C, Grzybowski A, Tuuminen R. Effect of cataract surgery on quality of life for patients with severe vision impairment due to age-related macular degeneration. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1543. [PMID: 33313288 PMCID: PMC7729353 DOI: 10.21037/atm-2020-965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background To determine whether patients with severe vision impairment due to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) benefit from bilateral cataract surgery in terms of vision-related quality of life (QoL). Methods A prospective interventional single-center study. Ten patients with severe vision impairment due to advanced bilateral AMD were included. The preoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was ≥1.0/≥1.0 LogMAR units on Snellen chart and <20/<20 points on Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart. Patients were not on active treatment for wet AMD as the treatment was expected to have no effect or benefit. The patients were scheduled for immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery, with target refraction emmetropia (SN60WF, Alcon). Vision-related QoL was measured with National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25) preoperatively, at 3 months and 1 year. Results The mean age of the patients was 82.5±6.2 years. The mean NEI VFQ-25 overall composite score changed from 44.0±7.1 preoperatively to 54.9±13.7 at 3 months and to 56.9±15.6 at 1 year (P=0.045, Friedman test). During the 1-year follow-up, there was an improvement in the subscale scores indicating difficulty with peripheral vision, mental health symptoms, and role difficulties due to vision (P<0.05 for all, Wilcoxon sign-rank test). Conclusions Cataract surgery may improve the vision-related QoL in patients with severe vision impairment due to bilateral advanced AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Taipale
- Helsinki Retina Research Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.,Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland
| | - Raimo Tuuminen
- Helsinki Retina Research Group, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Unit of Ophthalmology, Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka, Finland
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Forshaw TRJ, Ahmed HJ, Kjær TW, Andréasson S, Sørensen TL. Full-field Electroretinography in Age-related Macular Degeneration: can retinal electrophysiology predict the subjective visual outcome of cataract surgery? Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:693-700. [PMID: 32275357 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Predicting the visual gain from cataract surgery when the main cause of vision loss is age-related macular degeneration may be difficult and warrants the need for an objective predictor of subjective outcome. Full-field electroretinography is an objective measure of overall retinal function. We therefore wanted to study if full-field electroretinography can predict subjective visual outcome using visual function questionnaire. METHODS Thirty-one patients with age-related macular degeneration operated for bilateral cataract underwent full-field electroretinography preoperatively. Full-field electroretinography was performed according to International Society for the Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standards using a Ganzfeld bowl (RETI-port/scan 21, Roland, Berlin) and Dawson-Trick-Litzkow fibre electrodes. Vision-related quality of life was measured using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-39 before first-eye surgery and 4.12 ± 2.11 months after second-eye surgery. RESULTS Mean change in composite visual function questionnaire score after cataract surgery was 9.2 ± 11.9. The patients were divided into three groups: visual function questionnaire composite score increase >10 (n = 17); no change (n = 8); and decrease (n = 6). In the dark-adapted full-field electroretinography responses, we found a significant difference between the three groups in the 0.01 b-wave amplitude (p = 0.05), the 10.0 b-wave amplitude (p = 0.04) and a near-significant difference in 3.0 a-wave amplitude (p = 0.09). Other dark-adapted responses (the 3.0 b-wave and 10.0 a-wave) did not show any significant differences between the three groups, and neither did the light-adapted responses. CONCLUSION Patients with low dark-adapted responses on full-field electroretinography preoperatively experience a decrease in subjective vision-related quality of life, suggesting that maintained rod function before cataract surgery may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Richard Johansen Forshaw
- Department of Ophthalmology Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Troels Wesenberg Kjær
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Neurophysiology Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Denmark
| | | | - Torben Lykke Sørensen
- Department of Ophthalmology Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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Kessel L, Erngaard D, Flesner P, Andresen J, Tendal B, Hjortdal J. Cataract surgery and age-related macular degeneration. An evidence-based update. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:593-600. [PMID: 25601333 PMCID: PMC6680180 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataract often coexist in patients and concerns that cataract surgery is associated with an increased risk of incidence or progression of existing AMD has been raised. This systematic review and meta‐analysis is focused on presenting the evidence concerning progression of AMD in patients undergoing cataract surgery. Methods We performed a systematic literature search in the PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library and CINAHL databases. Two randomized trials and two case–control trials were identified. Quality of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, data were extracted, and meta‐analyses were performed. Quality of the available evidence was evaluated using the GRADE system. Results We found that visual acuity at 6–12 months follow‐up was significantly better (6.5–7.5 letters) in eyes that had undergone cataract surgery than in unoperated eyes, but the included number of subjects was small, and hence, the quality of evidence was downgraded to moderate. We did not find an increased risk of progression to exudative AMD 6–12 months after cataract surgery [RR 3.21 (0.14–75.68)], but the included number of subjects was small, and thus, the quality of the evidence was moderate. Conclusion Cataract surgery increases visual acuity without an increased risk of progression to exudative AMD, but further research with longer follow‐up is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Kessel
- Department of Ophthalmology Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup Glostrup Denmark
- Danish Health and Medicines Authority Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ditte Erngaard
- Department of Ophthalmology Næstved Hospital Næstved Denmark
| | | | | | - Britta Tendal
- Danish Health and Medicines Authority Copenhagen Denmark
- The Nordic Cochrane Center Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jesper Hjortdal
- Department of Ophthalmology Aarhus University Hospital NBG Aarhus Denmark
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the distribution of the cataract surgical number per million population per year (CSR), the CSR in the population older than 50 years (CSR 50+) in the provinces of Iran, and their economic inequality in 2010. METHODS As part of the cross-sectional 2011 CSR survey, the provincial CSR and CSR 50+ were calculated as the total number of surgeries in major and minor centers divided by the total population and the population older than 50 years in each province. Economic inequality was determined using the average province income, the average urban and rural household incomes, and the percentage of urban and rural population in each province. RESULTS Tehran and Ilam provinces had the highest and lowest CSR (12,465 vs. 359), respectively. Fars and Ilam provinces had the highest and lowest CSR 50+ (71,381 vs. 2481), respectively. Low CSR (<3000) was detected in 9 provinces where 2.4 to 735.7% increase is needed to reach the minimum required. High CSR (>5000) was observed in 14 provinces (45.2%) where rates were 0.6 to 59.9% higher than the global target. Cataract surgical rate increased at higher economic quintiles. Differences between the first, second, and fifth (poorest) quintiles were statistically significant. The CSR concentration index was 0.1964 (95% confidence interval, 0.0964 to 0.2964). CONCLUSIONS In line with the goals of the Vision 2020 initiative to eliminate cataract blindness, more than 70% of geographic areas in Iran have achieved the minimum CSR of 3000 or more. However, a large gap still exists in less than 30% of areas, mainly attributed to the economic status.
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González N, Quintana JM, Bilbao A, Vidal S, Fernández de Larrea N, Díaz V, Gracia J. Factors affecting cataract surgery complications and their effect on the postoperative outcome. Can J Ophthalmol 2014; 49:72-9. [PMID: 24513361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with the development of complications during or after cataract surgery and to determine the effect of complications on improvements in visual acuity and visual function. DESIGN Longitudinal study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4335 patients at 17 hospitals in the Spanish National Health Service undergoing cataract removal by phacoemulsification. METHODS Clinical data were collected before the intervention and 6 weeks postoperatively. All patients were mailed the Visual Function Index (VF-14) and additional questions concerning their ocular disease, preoperatively and 3 months after surgery. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with the presence of complications, and general linear models to study the effect of complications on changes in visual acuity and VF-14 scores. RESULTS Some type of perioperative complication was found in 10.35% of patients and postoperative complications in 26.63%. Age, visual acuity greater than 0.3, moderate or high technical complexity, and the presence of perioperative complications, such as posterior capsular rupture or vitreous hemorrhage, were most strongly associated with the development of postoperative complications. Patients who had either perioperative or postoperative complications had lower levels of preoperative and postoperative visual acuity levels and visual function, and less improvement was seen for these parameters. CONCLUSIONS We identified factors associated with the development of surgery-related complications and showed that the presence of complications is associated with poorer postoperative visual acuity and function. These findings are useful for health care management, clinical decision making, and providing patients and clinicians with realistic expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea González
- Research Unit, Hospital Galdakao-Usansolo (Osakidetza)-Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas, Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Jose M Quintana
- Research Unit, Hospital Galdakao-Usansolo (Osakidetza)-Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas, Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Amaia Bilbao
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Basurto (Osakidetza)-REDISSEC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Quality Unit, Hospital de Valme, Sevilla, Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nerea Fernández de Larrea
- Technology and Health Innovation General Subdepartment, Department of Health of the Community of Madrid-Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Díaz
- Ophthalmology Service, Hospital Galdakao-Usansolo (Osakidetza), Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Josep Gracia
- Ophthalmology Service, Hospital de Sabadell, Sabadell, Spain
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Hong T, Mitchell P, Fong CSU, Rochtchina E, de Loryn T, Wang JJ. Patients' Short-term Satisfaction With Cataract Surgery and Long-Term Sustainability of Improved Visual-Related Quality of Life Over 3 Postoperative Years. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2014; 3:83-7. [PMID: 26107490 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0b013e3182a0c492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess self-reported satisfaction following cataract surgery, and the sustainability of improved visual function and health-related quality of life in a cataract surgical cohort over 3 years post-phacoemulsification surgery. DESIGN A clinic-based cohort study. METHODS Cataract surgical patients were recruited and followed up annually after surgery. Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) visual acuity, visual function (using the VF-14 questionnaire), and health-related quality of life (using the Short-Form Health Survey [SF-36] questionnaire) were assessed preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively. RESULTS Of the 2029 patients recruited, 1924 (94.8%) had at least 1 postoperative visit, and 1229 (63.9%) had the 3-year follow-up examination performed. The mean age was 75.1 ± 6 years, and 54.1% were female. Of the 1229, 439 (35.7%) and 286 (23.3%) had completed the VF-14 and SF-36 questionnaires, respectively, at all 3 follow-up visits. The majority (92.1%) of patients reported being satisfied with the outcome of the surgery 6 months postoperatively. The overall VF-14 scores were significantly improved at the 12-month postoperative visits compared with preoperative scores (P < 0.01), independent of age and sex. The improved VF-14 mean scores were sustained for up to 3 years postoperatively. Health-related quality of life (SF-36 scores) showed no significant changes between preoperative and 1-, 2-, and 3-year postoperative examinations. CONCLUSIONS We documented the sustainability of improvement in visual function-related quality of life associated with cataract surgery over 3 postoperative years. Cataract surgery was not associated with improvement in health-related quality-of-life scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hong
- From the *Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney; and †Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Brunner S, Mora A, Fonseca J, Weber T, Falkner-Radler CI, Oeser R, Binder S. Monitoring of drusen and geographic atrophy area size after cataract surgery using the MD3RI tool for computer-aided contour drawing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 229:86-93. [PMID: 23235439 DOI: 10.1159/000345492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To monitor possible changes in the cumulated drusen or geographic atrophy area size (CDGAS) of nonexudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in patients before and after cataract surgery, using a new tool for computer-aided image quantification. METHODS Randomized, prospective, clinical trial. 54 patients with cataract and nonexudative AMD were randomly assigned into an early surgery group (ES = 28) and a control group (CO = 26) with a 6-month delay of surgery. CDGAS was determined with the MD3RI tool for contour drawing in a central region of digitized fundus photographs, measuring 3,000 µm in diameter. To evaluate CDGAS progression, differences in pixels and square millimeters were calculated by equivalent tests. RESULTS Forty-nine patients completed the visits over the 12-month period (ES = 27 and CO = 22). Mean pixel values increased from 201.5 (11.33 × 10(-3) mm(2)) to 202.7 (11.39 × 10(-3) mm(2)) in the ES group and from 191.6 (10.77 × 10(-3) mm(2)) to 194.6 (10.94 × 10(-3) mm(2)) in the CO group. Finally, equivalence of CDGAS differences between ES and CO could be demonstrated. No exudative AMD was recorded during the study period. CONCLUSION In our cohorts, no significant changes were found in CDGAS 12 months after cataract surgery. The MD3RI software could serve as an efficient, precise and objective tool for AMD quantification and monitoring in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brunner
- Department for Ophthalmology at the Rudolfstiftung Hospital and the Ludwig-Boltzmann Institute for Retinology and Biomicroscopic Laser Surgery, Vienna, Austria
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Forooghian F, Agrón E, Clemons TE, Ferris FL, Chew EY. Visual acuity outcomes after cataract surgery in patients with age-related macular degeneration: age-related eye disease study report no. 27. Ophthalmology 2009; 116:2093-100. [PMID: 19700198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate visual acuity outcomes after cataract surgery in patients with varying degrees of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN Cohort study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4757 participants enrolled in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a prospective, multicenter, epidemiological study of the clinical course of cataract and AMD and a randomized controlled trial of antioxidants and minerals. METHODS Standardized lens and fundus photographs, performed at baseline and annual visits, were graded by a centralized reading center using standardized protocols for severity of AMD and lens opacities. History of cataract surgery was obtained every 6 months. Analyses were conducted using multivariate logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after cataract surgery compared with preoperative BCVA. RESULTS Visual acuity results were analyzed for 1939 eyes that had cataract surgery during AREDS. The mean time from cataract surgery to measurement of postoperative BCVA was 6.9 months. After adjustment for age at surgery, gender, type, and severity of cataract, the mean change in visual acuity at the next study visit after the cataract surgery was as follows: Eyes without AMD gained 8.4 letters of acuity (P<0.0001), eyes with mild AMD gained 6.1 letters of visual acuity (P<0.0001), eyes with moderate AMD gained 3.9 letters (P<0.0001), and eyes with advanced AMD gained 1.9 letters (P = 0.04). The statistically significant gain in visual acuity after cataract surgery was maintained an average of 1.4 years after cataract surgery. CONCLUSIONS On average, participants with varying severity of AMD benefited from cataract surgery with an increase in visual acuity postoperatively. This average gain in visual acuity persisted for at least 18 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Forooghian
- Clinical Trials Branch, Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1204, USA
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Evans K, Law SK, Walt J, Buchholz P, Hansen J. The quality of life impact of peripheral versus central vision loss with a focus on glaucoma versus age-related macular degeneration. Clin Ophthalmol 2009; 3:433-45. [PMID: 19684867 PMCID: PMC2724034 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s6024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is well accepted that conditions that cause central vision loss (CVL) have a negative impact on functional ability and quality of life (QoL), but the impact of diseases that cause peripheral vision loss (PVL) is less well understood. Focusing on glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), the effects of CVL and PVL on QoL were compared. METHODS A systematic literature review of publications reporting QoL in patients with CVL or PVL identified 87 publications using four generic (Short-Form Health Survey-36 and -12, EuroQoL EQ-5D and Sickness Impact Profile) and five vision-specific (National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-51, -39, and -25, Impact of Vision Impairment and Visual Function-14) QoL instruments; 33 and 15 publications reported QoL in ARMD and glaucoma, respectively. RESULTS QoL was impaired to a similar extent by diseases associated with PVL and CVL, but different domains were affected. In contrast to ARMD, mental aspects appeared to be affected more than physical aspects in patients with glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS The differential impact upon QoL might be a function of the pathology of the diseases, for example potential for blindness and better ability to perform physical tasks due to retention of central vision may explain these observations in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Evans
- Global Health Outcomes, Wolters Kluwer Health, Chester, United Kingdom.
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Besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen Katarakt-Chirurgie und AMD? SPEKTRUM DER AUGENHEILKUNDE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00717-008-0255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Finger RP, Fleckenstein M, Holz FG, Scholl HPN. Quality of life in age-related macular degeneration: a review of available vision-specific psychometric tools. Qual Life Res 2008; 17:559-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11136-008-9327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Liu Y, Congdon NG, Fan H, Zhao X, Choi K, Lam DS. Ocular Comorbidities among Cataract-Operated Patients in Rural China. Ophthalmology 2007; 114:e47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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