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Ng WH, Tang PCH, Mahalingam S, Liu X. Repurposing of drugs targeting the cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:133-143. [PMID: 36394425 PMCID: PMC10953344 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A cytokine storm is one of the leading causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis-associated multiple organ failure in many respiratory viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused millions of deaths worldwide, resulting in an urgent need for effective therapeutic interventions. Repurposing immunosuppressive drugs that target cytokines with immunomodulatory properties is a promising approach to counteract SARS-CoV-2-induced ARDS at the infective and post-infective stages. In this minireview, we examine drugs targeting IL-1β, IL-4/IL-13, IL-6 and TNF-α tested in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wern Hann Ng
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in ArbovirusesGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Patrick Chun Hean Tang
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in ArbovirusesGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in ArbovirusesGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
| | - Xiang Liu
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute QueenslandGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in ArbovirusesGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesGriffith UniversityGold CoastQLDAustralia
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2
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AL-Taie A, Büyük AŞ, Sardas S. Considerations into pharmacogenomics of COVID-19 pharmacotherapy: Hope, hype and reality. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2022; 77:102172. [PMID: 36265833 PMCID: PMC9576910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 medicines, such as molnupiravir are beginning to emerge for public health and clinical practice. On the other hand, drugs display marked variability in their efficacy and safety. Hence, COVID-19 medicines, as with all drugs, will be subject to the age-old maxim “one size prescription does not fit all”. In this context, pharmacogenomics is the study of genome-by-drug interactions and offers insights on mechanisms of patient-to-patient and between-population variations in drug efficacy and safety. Pharmacogenomics information is crucial to tailoring the patients' prescriptions to achieve COVID-19 preventive and therapeutic interventions that take into account the host biology, patients’ genome, and variable environmental exposures that collectively influence drug efficacy and safety. This expert review critically evaluates and summarizes the pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine aspects of the emerging COVID-19 drugs, and other selected drug interventions deployed to date. Here, we aim to sort out the hope, hype, and reality and suggest that there are veritable prospects to advance COVID-19 medicines for public health benefits, provided that pharmacogenomics is considered and implemented adequately. Pharmacogenomics is an integral part of rational and evidence-based medical practice. Scientists, health care professionals, pharmacists, pharmacovigilance practitioners, and importantly, patients stand to benefit by expanding the current pandemic response toolbox by the science of pharmacogenomics, and its applications in COVID-19 medicines and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmar AL-Taie
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey,Corresponding author
| | - Ayşe Şeyma Büyük
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semra Sardas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Pharmacogenomics and COVID-19: clinical implications of human genome interactions with repurposed drugs. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:275-284. [PMID: 33542445 PMCID: PMC7859465 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has evolved into an emergent global pandemic. Many drugs without established efficacy are being used to treat COVID-19 patients either as an offlabel/compassionate use or as a clinical trial. Although drug repurposing is an attractive approach with reduced time and cost, there is a need to make predictions on success before the start of therapy. For the optimum use of these repurposed drugs, many factors should be considered such as drug–gene or dug–drug interactions, drug toxicity, and patient co-morbidity. There is limited data on the pharmacogenomics of these agents and this may constitute an obstacle for successful COVID-19 therapy. This article reviewed the available human genome interactions with some promising repurposed drugs for COVID-19 management. These drugs include chloroquine (CQ), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), atazanavir (ATV), favipiravir (FVP), nevirapine (NVP), efavirenz (EFV), oseltamivir, remdesivir, anakinra, tocilizumab (TCZ), eculizumab, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) regulators, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, ivermectin, and nitazoxanide. Drug-gene variant pairs that may alter the therapeutic outcomes in COVID-19 patients are presented. The major drug variant pairs that associated with variations in clinical efficacy include CQ/HCQ (CYP2C8, CYP2D6, ACE2, and HO-1); azithromycin (ABCB1); LPV/r (SLCO1B1, ABCB1, ABCC2 and CYP3A); NVP (ABCC10); oseltamivir (CES1 and ABCB1); remdesivir (CYP2C8, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and OATP1B1); anakinra (IL-1a); and TCZ (IL6R and FCGR3A). The major drug variant pairs that associated with variations in adverse effects include CQ/HCQ (G6PD; hemolysis and ABCA4; retinopathy), ATV (MDR1 and UGT1A1*28; hyperbilirubinemia; and APOA5; dyslipidemia), NVP (HLA-DRB1*01, HLA-B*3505 and CYP2B6; skin rash and MDR1; hepatotoxicity), and EFV (CYP2B6; depression and suicidal tendencies).
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Zubiaur P, Koller D, Saiz-Rodríguez M, Navares-Gómez M, Abad-Santos F. Important Pharmacogenetic Information for Drugs Prescribed During the SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19). Clin Transl Sci 2020; 13:1023-1033. [PMID: 32936528 PMCID: PMC7719396 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 pandemic began, causing the coronavirus disease 2019. A vast variety of drugs is being used off-label as potential therapies. Many of the repurposed drugs have clinical pharmacogenetic guidelines available with therapeutic recommendations when prescribed as indicated on the drug label. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of pharmacogenetic biomarkers available for these drugs, which may help to prescribe them more safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Zubiaur
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,UICEC Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Plataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dora Koller
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Saiz-Rodríguez
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,Research Unit, Fundación Burgos por la Investigación de la Salud, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Marcos Navares-Gómez
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Abad-Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,UICEC Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Plataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Pallio G, Mannino F, Irrera N, Eid AH, Squadrito F, Bitto A. Polymorphisms Involved in Response to Biological Agents Used in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091203. [PMID: 32825059 PMCID: PMC7565539 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease that leads to joint destruction. During the last decade, the therapy of RA has been principally based on biological drugs. Although the efficacy of biological therapy has been established, patients demonstrated a high heterogeneity in clinical response to treatment. Several genetic polymorphisms play a part in the different response to biological drugs. This review summarizes the pharmacogenetics of biological agents approved for clinical RA treatment. We reviewed PubMed papers published over the past 20 years (2000-2020), inserting as the search term "rheumatoid arthritis and polymorphisms". Despite some studies showing important correlations between genetic polymorphisms and response to biological therapy in RA patients, most of these findings are still lacking and inconsistent. The personalized treatment according to a pharmacogenetics approach is promising but the available pharmacogenetics data on biological treatment in RA are not adequate and reliable to recommend pharmacogenetic tests before starting biological therapy in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (F.M.); (N.I.); (F.S.)
| | - Federica Mannino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (F.M.); (N.I.); (F.S.)
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (F.M.); (N.I.); (F.S.)
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, Riad El Solh, 1107-2020 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (F.M.); (N.I.); (F.S.)
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.P.); (F.M.); (N.I.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-2213086; Fax: +39-090-2213300
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Tavakolpour S, Darvishi M, Ghasemiadl M. Pharmacogenetics: A strategy for personalized medicine for autoimmune diseases. Clin Genet 2019; 93:481-497. [PMID: 29194620 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For many years, a considerable number of patients with autoimmune diseases (ADs) have suffered from a lack of drug response and drug-related toxicity. Despite the emergence of new therapeutic options such as biological agents, patients continue to struggle with these problems. Unfortunately, new challenges, including the paradoxical effects of biological drugs, have complicated the situation. In recent decades, efforts have been made to predict drug response as well as drug-related side effects. Thanks to the many advances in genetics, evaluation of markers to predict drug response/toxicity before the initiation of treatment may be an avenue toward personalizing treatments. Implementing pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in the clinic could improve clinical care; however, obstacles remain to effective personalized medicine for ADs. The present study attempted to clarify the concept of pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics for ADs. After an overview on the pathogenesis of the most common types of treatments, this paper focuses on pharmacogenetic studies related to the selected ADs. Bridging the gap between pharmacogenetics and personalized medicine is also discussed. Moreover, the advantages, disadvantages and recommendations related to making personalized medicine practical for ADs have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tavakolpour
- Genomic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Darvishi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center (IDTMRC), Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Ghasemiadl
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tarnowski M, Paradowska-Gorycka A, Dąbrowska-Zamojcin E, Czerewaty M, Słuczanowska-Głąbowska S, Pawlik A. The effect of gene polymorphisms on patient responses to rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 12:41-55. [PMID: 26609565 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1121233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease leading to joint destruction. The therapy of RA is mainly based on disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biological drugs. The response to treatment is different among patients. Therefore, we have searched for factors that may predict the efficacy and toxicity during therapy in individual patients. AREAS COVERED This review presents the role of genetic polymorphisms as predictors of the efficacy and toxicity during the therapy of RA patients with DMARDs (methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine) and biological drugs (anti-TNF-alpha antagonists, Tocilizumab, Rituximab). EXPERT OPINION Despite studies having shown an association between genetic polymorphisms and response to therapy in RA patients, the majority of these findings are still inconclusive and inconsistent. We are still far from applying pharmacogenetic tests in routine clinical practice that can predict the outcome of treatment. Several factors, such as small sample size with low statistical power, variability in the outcome definitions and the heterogeneity of the cohorts, limited number of tested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small effect for the selected variant, and a lack of consideration of epigenetic factors, may contribute to the inconsistency observed and may lead to limited success in personalizing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Tarnowski
- a Department of Physiology , Pomeranian Medical University , 70-111 Szczecin , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Paradowska-Gorycka
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation , 02-637 Warszawa , Poland
| | | | - Michal Czerewaty
- a Department of Physiology , Pomeranian Medical University , 70-111 Szczecin , Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Pawlik
- a Department of Physiology , Pomeranian Medical University , 70-111 Szczecin , Poland
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Meyer NJ, Ferguson JF, Feng R, Wang F, Patel PN, Li M, Xue C, Qu L, Liu Y, Boyd JH, Russell JA, Christie JD, Walley KR, Reilly MP. A functional synonymous coding variant in the IL1RN gene is associated with survival in septic shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:656-64. [PMID: 25089931 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201403-0586oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Death from infection is a highly heritable trait, yet there are few genetic variants with known mechanism influencing survival during septic shock. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that a synonymous coding variant in the IL-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN), rs315952, previously associated with reduced risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome, would be functional and associate with improved survival in septic shock. METHODS We used a human endotoxin (LPS) model of evoked inflammatory stress to measure plasma IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RA) following low-dose Food and Drug Administration-grade LPS injection (1 ng/kg) in 294 human volunteers. RNA sequencing of adipose tissue pre- and post-LPS was used to test for allelic imbalance at rs315952. In the Vasopressin and Septic Shock Trial cohort, we performed a genetic association study for survival, mortality, and organ failure-free days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Adipose tissue displayed significant allelic imbalance favoring the rs315952C allele in subjects of European ancestry. Consistent with this, carriers of rs315952C had slightly higher plasma IL1RA at baseline (0.039) and higher evoked IL1RA post-LPS (0.011). In the Vasopressin and Septic Shock Trial cohort, rs315952C associated with improved survival (P = 0.028), decreased adjusted 90-day mortality (P = 0.044), and faster resolution of shock (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS In European ancestry subjects, the IL1RN variant rs315952C is preferentially transcribed and associated with increased evoked plasma IL1RA and with improved survival from septic shock. It may be that genetically determined IL1RA levels influence survival from septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala J Meyer
- 1 Center for Translational Lung Biology, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division
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9
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Kamenarska Z, Dzhebir G, Hristova M, Savov A, Vinkov A, Kaneva R, Mitev V, Dourmishev L. IL-1RN VNTR Polymorphism in Adult Dermatomyositis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Dermatol Res Pract 2014; 2014:953597. [PMID: 25328514 PMCID: PMC4156996 DOI: 10.1155/2014/953597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the cytokine genes and their natural antagonists are thought to influence the predisposition to dermatomyositis (DM) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism of 86 bp in intron 2 of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) gene leads to the existence of five different alleles which cause differences in the production of both IL-1RA (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) and IL-1β. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the association between the IL-1RN VNTR polymorphism and the susceptibility to DM and SLE in Bulgarian patients. Altogether 91 patients, 55 with SLE and 36 with DM, as well as 112 unrelated healthy controls, were included in this study. Only three alleles were identified in both patients and controls ((1) four repeats, (2) two repeats, and (3) five repeats). The IL-1RN*2 allele (P = 0.02, OR 2.5, and 95% CI 1.2-5.4) and the 1/2+2/2 genotypes were found prevalent among the SLE patients (P = 0.05, OR 2.6, and 95% CI 1-6.3). No association was found between this polymorphism and the ACR criteria for SLE as well as with the susceptibility to DM. Our results indicate that the IL-1RN VNTR polymorphism might play a role in the susceptibility of SLE but not DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zornitsa Kamenarska
- Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Zdrave Street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gyulnas Dzhebir
- Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Zdrave Street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Hristova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Clinical Immunology and Department of Nephrology, Medical University-Sofia, 1 Georgi Sofijski Street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexey Savov
- National Genetic Laboratory, Maichin Dom Hospital, 2 Zdrave Street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anton Vinkov
- 28 Diagnostic and Consultative Center-Sofia, 1 Iliya Beshkov Street, 1592 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Zdrave Street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vanio Mitev
- Molecular Medicine Center and Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Zdrave Street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubomir Dourmishev
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University-Sofia, 1 Georgi Sofijski Street, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Umićević Mirkov M, Coenen MJH. Pharmacogenetics of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: towards personalized medicine. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:425-44. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease showing considerable heterogeneity in all its aspects, including response to therapy. The efficacy of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), with or without biological activity, has been unambiguously established. DMARDs improve the symptoms associated with the disease, and, even more importantly, are capable of stagnating the joint damage associated with the disease. Nonetheless, a considerable proportion of patients fail to achieve an adequate response and/or experience toxicity. This variability in treatment response between individuals has given rise to an extensive search for prognostic markers in order to personalize and optimize therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Pharmacogenetics, the study of genetic variation underlying differential responses to drugs, is a rapidly progressing field in rheumatology that might enable personalized therapy in rheumatic diseases. This review will summarize the pharmacogenetics of commonly used synthetic and biological DMARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Umićević Mirkov
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke JH Coenen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Lacruz-Guzmán D, Torres-Moreno D, Pedrero F, Romero-Cara P, García-Tercero I, Trujillo-Santos J, Conesa-Zamora P. Influence of polymorphisms and TNF and IL1β serum concentration on the infliximab response in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 69:431-8. [PMID: 22960943 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-012-1389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are partially attributable to an increased secretion of proinflamatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1β (IL1β), which play essential roles in the disease pathogenesis and are target molecules for specific therapy. Given the inter-individual variability in the response to the anti-TNF monoclonal antibody infliximab, the aim of our study was to explore the predictive value of TNF and/or IL1β as surrogate markers of infliximab response. METHODS Serial serum concentrations of TNF and IL1β and TNF promoter region and IL1B polymorphisms were determined in 47 patients (29 CD and 18 UC) receiving infliximab and correlated with treatment response. RESULTS Baseline serum concentrations of TNF and IL1β were higher in UC patients than in CD patients (p = 0.0097 and 0.0024, respectively). CD patients showing <0.64 pg/ml IL1β at baseline were more frequently responders than non-responders (p = 0.036), and the C allele of the IL1B polymorphism was associated with higher IL1β serum concentrations (p = 0.026) and with poorer clinical remission after 14 weeks of infliximab treatment. No significant association was found between serum TNF concentration or TNF polymorphism and patient response to infliximab. CONCLUSION This is the first study evaluating the pharmacogenetic role of the rs1143634 polymorphism of IL1B and TNF polymorphisms in infliximab-treated IBD patients. We found an association between the rs1143634 C allele and higher serum IL1β concentrations and a lower response to infliximab treatment in CD patients that warrants the interest of future studies in larger and independent series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lacruz-Guzmán
- Pharmacy Department, Santa Lucía General University Hospital, Cartagena, Spain.
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12
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Rego-Pérez I, Fernández-Moreno M, Blanco FJ. Gene polymorphisms and pharmacogenetics in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Genomics 2011; 9:381-93. [PMID: 19506728 PMCID: PMC2691664 DOI: 10.2174/138920208785699553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic and inflammatory disease of unknown etiology with genetic predisposition. The advent of new biological agents, as well as the more traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, has resulted in highly efficient therapies for reducing the symptoms and signs of RA; however, not all patients show the same level of response in disease progression to these therapies. These variations suggest that RA patients may have different genetic regulatory mechanisms. The extensive polymorphisms revealed in non-coding gene-regulatory regions in the immune system, as well as genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes, suggest that this type of variation is of functional and evolutionary importance and may provide clues for developing new therapeutic strategies. Pharmacogenetics is a rapidly advancing area of research that holds the promise that therapies will soon be tailored to an individual patient’s genetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rego-Pérez
- Osteoarticular and Aging Research Lab, Genomic Unit, Rheumatology Division, Juan Canalejo Hospital, Xubias 84 15006- A Coruña, Spain
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14
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O'Rielly DD, Rahman P. Pharmacogenetics of rheumatoid arthritis: Potential targets from susceptibility genes and present therapies. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2010; 3:15-31. [PMID: 23226040 PMCID: PMC3513198 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic heterogeneous autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology resulting in inflammation in the synovium, cartilage, and bone. Genetic factors play an important role in susceptibility to RA as the heritability of RA is between 50% and 60%, with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus accounting for at least 30% of overall genetic risk. Outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, six additional risk loci have been identified and validated including PTPN22, STAT4, PADI4, CTLA4, TNFAIP3-OLIG3, and TRAF1/C5. Genetic factors are also important in RA pharmacotherapy due to the gene-dependent activity of enzymes involved in the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of RA medications. Indeed, there is great variability in drug efficacy as well as adverse events associated with any anti-rheumatic therapy and genetics is thought to contribute significantly to this inter-individual variability in response. This review will summarize the genetic factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA, and how these determinants may factor into the potential pharmacogenetics of this disease. We will also review the therapeutic agents that are currently being utilized or presently being evaluated in the treatment of RA, along with potential pharmacogenetic markers that have been proposed for such medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren D O'Rielly
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Bansard C, Lequerre T, Daveau M, Boyer O, Tron F, Salier JP, Vittecoq O, Le-Loet X. Can rheumatoid arthritis responsiveness to methotrexate and biologics be predicted? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:1021-8. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Rego-Pérez I, Fernández-Moreno M, Carreira-García V, Blanco FJ. [Gene polymorphisms and pharmacogenetics in Rheumatoid Arthritis]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5:268-79. [PMID: 21794628 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic and inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology with a genetic predisposition. The advent of new biological agents, as well as the more traditional disease-modifying anti rheumatic drugs, has resulted in highly efficient therapies for reducing the symptoms and signs of RA; however, not all patients show the same level of response regarding disease progression to these therapies. These variations suggest that RA patients may have different genetic regulatory mechanisms. The extensive polymorphisms revealed in non-coding gene-regulatory regions in the immune system, as well as genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes, suggest that this type of variation is of functional and evolutionary importance and may provide clues for developing new therapeutic strategies. Pharmacogenetics is a rapidly advancing area of research that holds the promise that therapies will soon be tailored to an individual patient's genetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rego-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación del Envejecimiento Osteoarticular, Laboratorio de Investigación, Unidad de Genómica, INIBIC, División de Reumatología, A Coruña, España
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Association study between interleukin 1 beta gene and epileptic disorders: a HuGe review and meta-analysis. Genet Med 2008; 10:83-8. [PMID: 18281914 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e318161317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have examined the association of a single nucleotide polymorphism at the promoter region of interleukin 1B (IL-1 beta-511T) with temporal lobe epilepsy and febrile seizures susceptibility, but those studies have been inconclusive. Published studies up to March 2007 of temporal lobe epilepsy, febrile seizures and the IL-1 beta-511T single nucleotide polymorphism were identified by searches of Medline and Embase databases. Meta-analysis of temporal lobe epilepsy and febrile seizures case-control data were performed to assess the association of IL-1 beta-511T with temporal lobe epilepsy, temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis, febrile seizures, and other epileptic disorders. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were estimated by means of a genetic-model-free approach. The quality of the included studies was assessed by a score. The results show a modest association (OR, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-2.00; P = 0.01) between the IL-1 beta-511T polymorphism and temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis.
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Rahman P, O’Rielly DD. Psoriatic arthritis: genetic susceptibility and pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 9:195-205. [PMID: 18370848 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. The etiology of PsA is unknown; however, there is mounting evidence for a strong genetic contribution to PsA. A few disease-related genes have already been identified in PsA. Cytokines associated with PsA appear to be the most promising targets for pharmacogenetics. Blockade of TNF-α and IL-12/23 is associated with a marked clinical response to PsA and/or psoriasis, implying a pivotal role of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of these two disease entities. To date, only the -308 variant of the TNF-α promoter gene has been shown to be important in predicting response to TNF-α blockade in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proton Rahman
- Memorial University, Discipline of Rheumatology, 154 LeMarchant Rd, St John’s, NL, A1C-5B8, Canada
| | - Darren D O’Rielly
- Memorial University, School of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Centre, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St John’s, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
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Hutchinson PJ, O'Connell MT, Rothwell NJ, Hopkins SJ, Nortje J, Carpenter KLH, Timofeev I, Al-Rawi PG, Menon DK, Pickard JD. Inflammation in human brain injury: intracerebral concentrations of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and their endogenous inhibitor IL-1ra. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:1545-57. [PMID: 17970618 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), cascades of inflammatory processes occur. Laboratory studies implicate the cytokines interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and IL-1beta in the pathophysiology of TBI and cerebral ischemia, whilst exogenous and endogenous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is neuroprotective. We analyzed IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-1ra in brain microdialysates (100-kDa membrane) in 15 TBI patients. We also analyzed energy-related molecules (glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio) in these brain microdialysates. Mean of mean (+/-SD) in vitro microdialysis percentage recoveries (extraction efficiencies) were IL-1alpha 19.7+/-7.6%, IL-1beta 23.9+/-10.5%, and IL-1ra 20.9+/-6.3%. In the patients' brain microdialysates, mean of mean cytokine concentrations (not corrected for percentage recovery) were IL-1alpha 5.6+/-14.8 pg/mL, IL-1beta 10.4+/-14.7 pg/mL, and IL-1ra 2796+/-2918 pg/mL. IL-1ra was consistently much higher than IL-1alpha and IL-1beta. There were no significant relationships between IL-1 family cytokines and energy-related molecules. There was a significant correlation between increasing IL-1beta and increasing IL-1ra (Spearman r=0.59, p=0.028). There was also a significant relationship between increasing IL-1ra and decreasing intracranial pressure (Spearman r=-0.57, p=0.041). High concentrations of IL-1ra, and also high IL-1ra/IL-1beta ratio, were associated with better outcome (Mann Whitney, p=0.018 and p=0.0201, respectively), within these 15 patients. It is unclear whether these IL-1ra concentrations are sufficient to antagonize the effects of IL-1beta in vivo. This study demonstrates feasibility of our microdialysis methodology in recovering IL-1 family cytokines for assessing their inter-relationships in the injured human brain, and suggests a neuroprotective role for IL-1ra. It remains to be seen whether exogenous IL-1ra or other agents can be used to manipulate cytokine levels in the brain, for potential therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hutchinson
- Academic Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, and Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Havemose-Poulsen A, Sørensen LK, Bendtzen K, Holmstrup P. Polymorphisms within the IL-1 gene cluster: effects on cytokine profiles in peripheral blood and whole blood cell cultures of patients with aggressive periodontitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. J Periodontol 2007; 78:475-92. [PMID: 17335371 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic polymorphisms of cytokines have been associated with the susceptibility, severity, and clinical outcome of inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis and chronic arthritis. An important question to address is how interleukin (IL)-1 polymorphisms affect the cytokine profiles of patients with such diseases. METHODS The study population consisted of Danish white adults, <35 years of age, who were diagnosed with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP, n = 18), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP, n = 27), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA, n = 10), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 23) and healthy individuals with no systemic or oral diseases (n = 25). Genotypes of IL-1A-889, IL-1A+4845, IL-1B-511, and IL-1B+3954 were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and IL-1RN variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) was detected by PCR amplification and fragment size analysis. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effects of IL-1 genotypes on the levels of IL-1alpha, -1beta, -1 receptor antagonist, -6, and -10; tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha); and lymphotoxin-alpha in peripheral blood (plasma) and in unstimulated and stimulated whole blood cell cultures from the same blood collection. RESULTS The frequencies of IL-1 genotypes investigated did not differ significantly between diseased and control individuals. In LAgP patients, allele 2 of IL-1RN VNTR was associated with significantly higher levels of IL-1alpha, -6, and -10 and TNF-alpha, whereas allele 2 of IL-1B+3954 was associated with significantly lower levels of the same cytokines. In GAgP patients, a general lack of association was found. In JIA and RA patients, IL-1RN VNTR also influenced the cytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS IL-1 genotypes were associated with cytokine levels in patients with aggressive periodontitis and chronic arthritis. No associations were observed in control individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Havemose-Poulsen
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kawaguchi Y, Tochimoto A, Hara M, Kawamoto M, Sugiura T, Saito S, Kamatani N. Contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the IL1A gene to the cleavage of precursor IL-1alpha and its transcription activity. Immunogenetics 2007; 59:441-8. [PMID: 17440718 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the association of IL1A gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with susceptibility to systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. In this study, we explored the effects of SNP on the transcriptional activity and processing of the precursor IL-1alpha (pre-IL-1alpha) in skin fibroblasts. Two kinds of promoter regions of the IL1A gene were prepared including C or T at -889, referred to C/IL1A and T/IL1A, and inserted into a luciferase reporter vector (pGL3). Skin fibroblasts were explanted from two SSc patients whose genomic DNA contained GG and TT genotypes at +4845 of the IL1A gene, respectively. Cell lysates were collected and reacted with various concentrations of calpain, and then the processing of pre-IL-1alpha was analyzed by Western blotting using monoclonal anti-IL-1alpha antibody. A SNP was determined by the allelic discrimination method using fluorescence-labeled Taq-Man probes. Significant differences in the luciferase activities were not detected between pGL3 (C/IL1A) and pGL3 (T/IL1A) in SSc fibroblasts. Calpain required a 100-fold higher concentration to process the pre-IL-1alpha containing Ala at the 114th amino acid than that to do containing Ser. The frequency of the GG genotype was significantly higher in SSc patients than that in healthy donors, whereas the frequency of TT genotype was significantly higher in RA patients than that in healthy donors. Our observation showed that the SNP at +4845 affected the enzymatic efficiency of the protease in cleaving pre-IL-1alpha. Pre-IL-1alpha with Ala, which was high in frequency in SSc patients, was more resistant to be cleaved by proteases in human sera than pro-IL-1alpha with Ser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, 10-22 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Gong MN. Genetic epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome: implications for future prevention and treatment. Clin Chest Med 2006; 27:705-24; abstract x. [PMID: 17085257 PMCID: PMC2703471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The genetic susceptibility to the development of and variable outcomes in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) has become a topic of great interest in the pulmonary and critical care community. Published studies of variable genetic susceptibility to ALI/ARDS already have identified some important candidate genes and potential gene-environment interactions. This article reviews these recent studies, features of the current approach, and implications for future prevention and treatment in ALI. The challenges and potential contributions of genetic epidemiology to the future prevention and treatment in ALI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ng Gong
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Wesoly J, Wessels JAM, Guchelaar HJ, Huizinga TWJ. Genetic markers of treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2006; 8:369-77. [PMID: 16973111 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-006-0068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis patients exhibit a considerable interindividual variability in response to drug treatment. Although many disease-related and demographic factors have been studied to predict treatment outcome, the effective disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy is not yet allocated based on factors that predict efficacy. Individual genetic characteristics are thought to play an important role in treatment response; therefore, current research aims to identify these genetic predictors for clinical response. Pharmacogenetic studies are beginning to provide results, which suggests that personalized treatment maximization of DMARD efficacy and minimization of adverse drug reactions are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wesoly
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Krejsa C, Rogge M, Sadee W. Protein therapeutics: new applications for pharmacogenetics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006; 5:507-21. [PMID: 16763661 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic studies have traditionally focused on genes involved in processes that affect the pharmacokinetics of small-molecule drugs, such as drug metabolism. However, attention is shifting to the effects of genetic variations in drug targets and associated pathway components on drug responses. We describe how these variations are important for understanding differences in responses to the growing number of protein therapeutics that are entering clinical practice. Pharmacogenetic studies of these drugs are surveyed, and issues important to the success of such endeavours are discussed. As novel protein therapeutics are introduced, we anticipate that the use of pharmacogenetics will assume a key role in their development and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Krejsa
- ZymoGenetics, Inc., 1201 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102-3702, USA.
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Dumont FJ. The interleukin-1 families of cytokines and receptors: therapeutic potential for immunomodulation and the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.7.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize articles published between October 2004 and November 2005 that have investigated the genetic epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis. RECENT FINDINGS The consistent replication of an association between the R620W single nucleotide polymorphism in PTPN22 and rheumatoid arthritis clearly establishes this polymorphism as an important risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis. SUMMARY Genetic investigations of rheumatoid arthritis have predominantly been single nucleotide polymorphism-based candidate gene association studies searching for markers of susceptibility, severity or treatment response. Studies of the human leukocyte antigen region have refined and added to our understanding of the complex associations to polymorphisms with this locus. PTPN22 has emerged strongly as a genuine rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility gene with replications of the association to the R620W single nucleotide polymorphism. Many investigations have been conducted on the genetics of treatment response -- some 'generic' and others specific in terms of identifying genetic influences to the mode of action and metabolism of particular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Oliver
- arc Epidemiology Unit, Manchester University, School of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, Manchester, UK
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Chen H, Wilkins LM, Aziz N, Cannings C, Wyllie DH, Bingle C, Rogus J, Beck JD, Offenbacher S, Cork MJ, Rafie-Kolpin M, Hsieh CM, Kornman KS, Duff GW. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human interleukin-1B gene affect transcription according to haplotype context. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:519-29. [PMID: 16399797 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We questioned the significance of haplotype structure in gene regulation by testing whether individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within a gene promoter region [interleukin-1-beta (IL1B)] might affect promoter function and, if so, whether function was dependent on haplotype context. We sequenced genomic DNA from 25 individuals of diverse ethnicity, focusing on exons and upstream flanking regions of genes of the cluster. We identified four IL1B promoter region SNPs that were active in transient transfection reporter gene assays. To substantiate allelic differences found in reporter gene assays, we also examined nuclear protein binding to promoter sequence oligonucleotides containing different alleles of the SNPs. The effect of individual SNPs on reporter gene transcription varied according to which alleles of the three other SNPs were present in the promoter construct. The SNP patterns that influenced function reflected common haplotypes that occur in the population, suggesting functionally significant interactions between SNPs according to haplotype context. Of the haplotypes that include the four functional IL1B promoter SNPs (-3737, -1464, -511, -31), the four haplotypes that showed different contextual effects on SNP function accounted for >98% of the estimated haplotypes in Caucasian and African-American populations. This finding underlines the importance of understanding the haplotype structure of populations used for genetic studies and may be especially important in the functional analysis of genetic variation across gene regulatory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Chen
- Interleukin Genetics Inc., 135 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02452, USA
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