1
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Billah M, Naz A, Noor R, Bhindi R, Khachigian LM. Early Growth Response-1: Friend or Foe in the Heart? Heart Lung Circ 2023; 32:e23-e35. [PMID: 37024319 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Early growth response-1 (Egr-1) plays a critical regulatory role in a range of experimental models of cardiovascular diseases. Egr-1 is an immediate-early gene and is upregulated by various stimuli including shear stress, oxygen deprivation, oxidative stress and nutrient deprivation. However, recent research suggests a new, underexplored cardioprotective side of Egr-1. The main purpose of this review is to explore and summarise the dual nature of Egr-1 in cardiovascular pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntasir Billah
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Adiba Naz
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rashed Noor
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ravinay Bhindi
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Levon M Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Xie Y, Li Y, Chen J, Ding H, Zhang X. Early growth response-1: Key mediators of cell death and novel targets for cardiovascular disease therapy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1162662. [PMID: 37057102 PMCID: PMC10086247 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1162662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceCardiovascular diseases are seen to be a primary cause of death, and their prevalence has significantly increased across the globe in the past few years. Several studies have shown that cell death is closely linked to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, many molecular and cellular mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of the cardiac cell death mechanism. One of the factors that played a vital role in the pathogenesis of cardiac cell death mechanisms included the early growth response-1 (Egr-1) factor.Recent AdvancesStudies have shown that abnormal Egr-1 expression is linked to different animal and human disorders like heart failure and myocardial infarction. The biosynthesis of Egr-1 regulates its activity. Egr-1 can be triggered by many factors such as serum, cytokines, hormones, growth factors, endotoxins, mechanical injury, hypoxia, and shear stress. It also displays a pro-apoptotic effect on cardiac cells, under varying stress conditions. EGR1 mediates a broad range of biological responses to oxidative stress and cell death by combining the acute changes occurring in the cellular environment with sustained changes in gene expression.Future DirectionsThe primary regulatory role played by the Egr-1-targeting DNAzymes, microRNAs, and oligonucleotide decoy strategies in cardiovascular diseases were identified to provide a reference to identify novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongnan Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianshu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Correspondence: Xiaowei Zhang
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3
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Laggner M, Oberndorfer F, Golabi B, Bauer J, Zuckermann A, Hacker P, Lang I, Skoro-Sajer N, Gerges C, Taghavi S, Jaksch P, Mildner M, Ankersmit HJ, Moser B. EGR1 Is Implicated in Right Ventricular Cardiac Remodeling Associated with Pulmonary Hypertension. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050677. [PMID: 35625405 PMCID: PMC9138384 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a vasoconstrictive disease characterized by elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) at rest. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) represent two distinct subtypes of PH. Persisting PH leads to right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, heart failure, and death. RV performance predicts survival and surgical interventions re-establishing physiological mPAP reverse cardiac remodeling. Nonetheless, a considerable number of PH patients are deemed inoperable. The underlying mechanism(s) governing cardiac regeneration, however, remain largely elusive. Methods: In a longitudinal approach, we profiled the transcriptional landscapes of hypertrophic RVs and recovered hearts 3 months after surgery of iPAH and CTEPH patients. Results: Genes associated with cellular responses to inflammatory stimuli and metal ions were downregulated, and cardiac muscle tissue development was induced in iPAH after recovery. In CTEPH patients, genes related to muscle cell development were decreased, and genes governing cardiac conduction were upregulated in RVs following regeneration. Intriguingly, early growth response 1 (EGR1), a profibrotic regulator, was identified as a major transcription factor of hypertrophic RVs in iPAH and CTEPH. A histological assessment confirmed our biocomputational results, and suggested a pivotal role for EGR1 in RV vasculopathy. Conclusion: Our findings improved our understanding of the molecular events driving reverse cardiac remodeling following surgery. EGR1 might represent a promising candidate for targeted therapy of PH patients not eligible for surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laggner
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (J.B.); (S.T.); (P.J.); (H.J.A.)
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Felicitas Oberndorfer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (B.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Jonas Bauer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (J.B.); (S.T.); (P.J.); (H.J.A.)
| | - Andreas Zuckermann
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Philipp Hacker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital St. Poelten, 3100 St. Poelten, Austria;
| | - Irene Lang
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (N.S.-S.); (C.G.)
| | - Nika Skoro-Sajer
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (N.S.-S.); (C.G.)
| | - Christian Gerges
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.L.); (N.S.-S.); (C.G.)
| | - Shahrokh Taghavi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (J.B.); (S.T.); (P.J.); (H.J.A.)
| | - Peter Jaksch
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (J.B.); (S.T.); (P.J.); (H.J.A.)
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (B.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Hendrik Jan Ankersmit
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (J.B.); (S.T.); (P.J.); (H.J.A.)
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.L.); (J.B.); (S.T.); (P.J.); (H.J.A.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Decoy Technology as a Promising Therapeutic Tool for Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094420. [PMID: 33922585 PMCID: PMC8122884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been classified into several types of disease, of which atherosclerosis is the most prevalent. Atherosclerosis is characterized as an inflammatory chronic disease which is caused by the formation of lesions in the arterial wall. Subsequently, lesion progression and disruption ultimately lead to heart disease and stroke. The development of atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of approximately 50% of all deaths in westernized societies. Countless studies have aimed to improve therapeutic approaches for atherosclerosis treatment; however, it remains high on the global list of challenges toward healthy and long lives. Some patients with familial hypercholesterolemia could not get intended LDL-C goals even with high doses of traditional therapies such as statins, with many of them being unable to tolerate statins because of the harsh side effects. Furthermore, even in patients achieving target LDL-C levels, the residual risk of traditional therapies is still significant thus highlighting the necessity of ongoing research for more effective therapeutic approaches with minimal side effects. Decoy-based drug candidates represent an opportunity to inhibit regulatory pathways that promote atherosclerosis. In this review, the potential roles of decoys in the treatment of atherosclerosis were described based on the in vitro and in vivo findings.
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5
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Wan X, Pinto F, Yu L, Wang B. Synthetic protein-binding DNA sponge as a tool to tune gene expression and mitigate protein toxicity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5961. [PMID: 33235249 PMCID: PMC7686491 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Versatile tools for gene expression regulation are vital for engineering gene networks of increasing scales and complexity with bespoke responses. Here, we investigate and repurpose a ubiquitous, indirect gene regulation mechanism from nature, which uses decoy protein-binding DNA sites, named DNA sponge, to modulate target gene expression in Escherichia coli. We show that synthetic DNA sponges can be designed to reshape the response profiles of gene circuits, lending multifaceted tuning capacities including reducing basal leakage by >20-fold, increasing system output amplitude by >130-fold and dynamic range by >70-fold, and mitigating host growth inhibition by >20%. Further, multi-layer DNA sponges for decoying multiple regulatory proteins provide an additive tuning effect on the responses of layered circuits compared to single-layer sponges. Our work shows synthetic DNA sponges offer a simple yet generalizable route to systematically engineer the performance of synthetic gene circuits, expanding the current toolkit for gene regulation with broad potential applications. Decoy binding sites are natural regulators of gene expression. Here the authors design synthetic DNA sponges that fine tune the performance of synthetic gene circuits in a simple yet systematic manner, expanding the synthetic biology toolkit for gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Filipe Pinto
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Luyang Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China
| | - Baojun Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK. .,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK. .,College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Joint Research Centre for Engineering Biology, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, China.
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6
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Inoue K, Gan G, Ciarleglio M, Zhang Y, Tian X, Pedigo CE, Cavanaugh C, Tate J, Wang Y, Cross E, Groener M, Chai N, Wang Z, Justice A, Zhang Z, Parikh CR, Wilson FP, Ishibe S. Podocyte histone deacetylase activity regulates murine and human glomerular diseases. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1295-1313. [PMID: 30776024 DOI: 10.1172/jci124030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified 2 genes, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and HDAC2, contributing to the pathogenesis of proteinuric kidney diseases, the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. mRNA expression profiling from proteinuric mouse glomeruli was linked to Connectivity Map databases, identifying HDAC1 and HDAC2 with the differentially expressed gene set reversible by HDAC inhibitors. In numerous progressive glomerular disease models, treatment with valproic acid (a class I HDAC inhibitor) or SAHA (a pan-HDAC inhibitor) mitigated the degree of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis, leading to a striking increase in survival. Podocyte HDAC1 and HDAC2 activities were increased in mice podocytopathy models, and podocyte-associated Hdac1 and Hdac2 genetic ablation improved proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Podocyte early growth response 1 (EGR1) was increased in proteinuric patients and mice in an HDAC1- and HDAC2-dependent manner. Loss of EGR1 in mice reduced proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Longitudinal analysis of the multicenter Veterans Aging Cohort Study demonstrated a 30% reduction in mean annual loss of estimated glomerular filtration rate, and this effect was more pronounced in proteinuric patients receiving valproic acid. These results strongly suggest that inhibition of HDAC1 and HDAC2 activities may suppress the progression of human proteinuric kidney diseases through the regulation of EGR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geliang Gan
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maria Ciarleglio
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital.,Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, and.,Center for Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | - Corey Cavanaugh
- Department of Internal Medicine, and.,Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Janet Tate
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | | | | | | | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Amy Justice
- Department of Internal Medicine, and.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital.,Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, and.,Center for Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chirag R Parikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Francis P Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, and.,Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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7
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Simo-Cheyou ER, Tan JJ, Grygorczyk R, Srivastava AK. STIM-1 and ORAI-1 channel mediate angiotensin-II-induced expression of Egr-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3496-3509. [PMID: 28105751 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An upregulation of Egr-1 expression has been reported in models of atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia and, various vasoactive peptides and growth promoting stimuli have been shown to induce the expression of Egr-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) is a key vasoactive peptide that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Ang-II elevates intracellular Ca2+ through activation of the store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) involving an inositol-3-phosphate receptor (IP3R)-coupled depletion of endoplasmic reticular Ca2+ and a subsequent activation of the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM-1)/Orai-1 complex. However, the involvement of IP3R/STIM-1/Orai-1-Ca2+ -dependent signaling in Egr-1 expression in VSMC remains unexplored. Therefore, in the present studies, we have examined the role of Ca2+ signaling in Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression in VSMC and investigated the contribution of STIM-1 or Orai-1 in mediating this response. 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), a dual non-competitive antagonist of IP3R and inhibitor of SOCE, decreased Ang-II-induced Ca2+ release and attenuated Ang-II-induced enhanced expression of Egr-1 protein and mRNA levels. Egr-1 upregulation was also suppressed following blockade of calmodulin and CaMKII. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated depletion of STIM-1 or Orai-1 attenuated Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression as well as Ang-II-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and CREB. In addition, siRNA-induced silencing of CREB resulted in a reduction in the expression of Egr-1 stimulated by Ang-II. In summary, our data demonstrate that Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression is mediated by STIM-1/Orai-1/Ca2+ -dependent signaling pathways in A-10 VSMC.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/metabolism
- Calmodulin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Calmodulin/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- ORAI1 Protein/genetics
- ORAI1 Protein/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- Rats
- Stromal Interaction Molecule 1/genetics
- Stromal Interaction Molecule 1/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle R Simo-Cheyou
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Center (CRCHUM), Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ju Jing Tan
- CHUM-Research Center (CRCHUM), Quebec, Canada
| | - Ryszard Grygorczyk
- CHUM-Research Center (CRCHUM), Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ashok K Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Quebec, Canada
- CHUM-Research Center (CRCHUM), Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Simo-Cheyou ER, Youreva V, Srivastava AK. cAMP attenuates angiotensin-II-induced Egr-1 expression via PKA-dependent signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:928-937. [PMID: 28460186 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
cAMP has been shown to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and exerts a vasculoprotective effect. An upregulation of the early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1) expression has been linked with the development of atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia. We have recently demonstrated that angiotensin-II (Ang-II) stimulates Egr-1 expression via Ca2+/ERK-mediated cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) activation. However, whether Ang-II-induced signaling leading to Egr-1 expression is modulated by cAMP remains unexplored. Therefore, in the present studies, we have examined the effect of cAMP on Ang-II-induced expression of Egr-1 and associated signaling pathways. Isoproterenol (ISO) and forskolin (FSK) attenuated Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, dibutyryl-cAMP and benzoyl-cAMP, as well as isobutylmethylxanthine, attenuated Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression. Moreover, inhibition of Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression was accompanied by an increase in the phosphorylation of the vasodilator-activated phosphoprotein (VASP), and this was associated with a concomitant decrease in ERK phosphorylation. Blockade of PKA using H89 decreased VASP phosphorylation, restored Ang-II-induced ERK phosphorylation, and abolished ISO- and FSK-mediated inhibition of Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression. In summary, these results suggest that PKA-mediated suppression of Ang-II-induced Egr-1 expression and phosphorylation of ERK may be among the mechanisms by which cAMP exerts its vasculoprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle R Simo-Cheyou
- a Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Center and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue St-Denis, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.,b Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Viktoria Youreva
- a Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Center and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue St-Denis, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Ashok K Srivastava
- a Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Center and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue St-Denis, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.,b Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.,c Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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9
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Palmaz JC. Local Endovascular Delivery, Gene Therapy, and Cell Transplantation for Peripheral Arterial Disease. J Endovasc Ther 2016; 11 Suppl 2:II200-206. [PMID: 15760261 DOI: 10.1177/15266028040110s617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in catheter technology, gene identification, and cell biology may provide novel treatment options for patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) who are not candidates for standard revascularization procedures. Animal studies and recent results in human beings suggest that transfer of growth factors or regulatory genes and transplantation of progenitor cells may provide novel therapy options by inducing therapeutic angiogenesis or by inhibiting restenosis. This review will discuss the development of a variety of catheters for localized endovascular delivery, as well as the various cellular and genetic strategies that exist to restore blood flow to ischemic tissue and to reduce neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Palmaz
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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10
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Kemme CA, Nguyen D, Chattopadhyay A, Iwahara J. Regulation of transcription factors via natural decoys in genomic DNA. Transcription 2016; 7:115-20. [PMID: 27384377 PMCID: PMC4984682 DOI: 10.1080/21541264.2016.1188873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomic DNA contains numerous high-affinity sites for transcription factors. Only a small fraction of these sites directly regulates target genes. Other high-affinity sites can serve as naturally present decoys that sequester transcription factors. Such natural decoys in genomic DNA may provide novel regulatory mechanisms for transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Kemme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Dan Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Abhijnan Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Junji Iwahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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11
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Zandarashvili L, Nguyen D, Anderson KM, White MA, Gorenstein DG, Iwahara J. Entropic Enhancement of Protein-DNA Affinity by Oxygen-to-Sulfur Substitution in DNA Phosphate. Biophys J 2016; 109:1026-37. [PMID: 26331260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dithioation of DNA phosphate is known to enhance binding affinities, at least for some proteins. We mechanistically characterized this phenomenon for the Antennapedia homeodomain-DNA complex by integrated use of fluorescence, isothermal titration calorimetry, NMR spectroscopy, and x-ray crystallography. By fluorescence and isothermal titration calorimetry, we found that this affinity enhancement is entropy driven. By NMR, we investigated the ionic hydrogen bonds and internal motions of lysine side-chain NH3(+) groups involved in ion pairs with DNA. By x-ray crystallography, we compared the structures of the complexes with and without dithioation of the phosphate. Our NMR and x-ray data show that the lysine side chain in contact with the DNA phosphate becomes more dynamic upon dithioation. Our thermodynamic, structural, and dynamic investigations collectively suggest that the affinity enhancement by the oxygen-to-sulfur substitution in DNA phosphate is largely due to an entropic gain arising from mobilization of the intermolecular ion pair at the protein-DNA interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levani Zandarashvili
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Dan Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kurtis M Anderson
- Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark A White
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - David G Gorenstein
- Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Junji Iwahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
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12
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Khachigian LM. Early growth response-1 in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:747-53. [PMID: 27251707 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the regulatory roles of the immediate-early gene product and prototypic zinc finger transcription factor, early growth response-1 in models of cardiovascular pathobiology, focusing on insights using microRNA, DNAzymes, small hairpin RNA, small interfering RNA, oligonucleotide decoy strategies and mice deficient in early growth response-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon M Khachigian
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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13
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Wang X, Mei Y, Ji Q, Feng J, Cai J, Xie S. Early growth response gene-1 decoy oligonucleotides inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia of autogenous vein graft in rabbits. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2015; 21:50-4. [PMID: 25820759 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The excess proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and the development of intimal hyperplasia is a hallmark of vein graft failure. This study aimed to verify that a single intraoperative transfection of early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) decoy oligonucleotide (ODN) can suppress vein graft proliferation of VSMCs and intimal hyperplasia. METHODS In a rabbit model, jugular veins were treated with Egr-1 decoy ODN, scrambled decoy ODN, Fugene6, or were left untreated, then grafted to the carotid artery. The vein graft samples were obtained 48 h, 1, 2 or 3 weeks after surgery. The thickness of the intima and intima/media ratio in the grafts was analysed by haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The expression of the Egr-1 decoy ODN transfected in the vein was analysed using fluorescent microscopy. Egr-1 mRNA was measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The expression of Egr-1 protein was analysed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Transfection efficiency of the ODN was confirmed by 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. In the grafts treated with Egr-1 decoy ODN, our study achieved statistically significant inhibition of intimal hyperplasia by ∼58% at 3 weeks. Transfection of Egr-1 decoy ODNs decreased the protein expression of Egr-1 and Egr-1 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that gene therapy using in vivo transfection of an Egr-1 decoy ODN significantly inhibits proliferation of VSMC and intimal hyperplasia of vein grafts in a rabbit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisheng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunqing Mei
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Ji
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhi Cai
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiliang Xie
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Feng J, Liu JP, Miao L, He GX, Li D, Wang HD, Jing T. Conditional expression of the type 2 angiotensin II receptor in mesenchymal stem cells inhibits neointimal formation after arterial injury. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:635-43. [PMID: 25119854 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-014-9576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are an effective treatment for obstructive coronary artery diseases. However, the procedure's success is limited by remodeling and formation of neointima. In the present study, we engineered rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to express type 2 angiotensin II receptor (AT2R) using a tetracycline-regulated system that can strictly regulate AT2R expression. We tested the ability of the modified MSCs to reduce neointima formation following arterial injury. We subjected rats to balloon injury, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicated no significant AT2R expression in normal rat arteries. Low expression of AT2R was observed at 28 days after balloon-induced injury. Interestingly, MSCs alone were unable to reduce neointimal hyperplasia after balloon-induced injury; after transplantation of modified MSCs, doxycycline treatment significantly upregulated neointimal AT2R expression and inhibited osteopontin mRNA expression, as well as neointimal formation. Taken together, these results suggest that transplantation of MSCs conditionally expressing AT2R could effectively suppress neointimal hyperplasia following balloon-induced injury. Therefore, MSCs with a doxycycline-controlled gene induction system may be useful for the management of arterial injury after PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University and Chongqing Institute of Interventional Cardiology, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
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15
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Dickinson MG, Kowalski PS, Bartelds B, Borgdorff MAJ, van der Feen D, Sietsma H, Molema G, Kamps JAAM, Berger RMF. A critical role for Egr-1 during vascular remodelling in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:573-84. [PMID: 25028387 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by the development of unique neointimal lesions in the small pulmonary arteries, leading to increased right ventricular (RV) afterload and failure. Novel therapeutic strategies are needed that target these neointimal lesions. Recently, the transcription factor Egr-1 (early growth response protein 1) was demonstrated to be up-regulated early in experimental neointimal PAH. Its effect on disease development, however, is unknown. We aimed to uncover a novel role for Egr-1 as a molecular inductor for disease development in PAH. METHODS AND RESULTS In experimental flow-associated PAH in rats, we investigated the effects of Egr-1 down-regulation on pulmonary vascular remodelling, including neointimal development, and disease progression. Intravenous administration of catalytic oligodeoxynucleotides (DNA enzymes, DNAzymes) resulted in down-regulation of pulmonary vascular Egr-1 expression. Compared with vehicle or scrambled DNAzymes, DNAzymes attenuated pulmonary vascular remodelling, including the development of occlusive neointimal lesions. Selective down-regulation of Egr-1 in vivo led to reduced expression of vascular PDGF-B, TGF-β, IL-6, and p53, resulting in a reduction of vascular proliferation and increased apoptosis. DNAzyme treatment further attenuated pulmonary vascular resistance, RV systolic pressure, and RV hypertrophy. In contrast, in non-neointimal PH rodents, DNAzyme treatment had no effect on pulmonary vascular and RV remodelling. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of Egr-1 with pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ ligand, attenuated vascular remodelling including the development of neointimal lesions. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Egr-1 governs pulmonary vascular remodelling and the development of characteristic vascular neointimal lesions in flow-associated PAH. Egr-1 is therefore a potential target for future PAH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Dickinson
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital and Laboratory CardioVascular Center, GUIDE, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Piotr S Kowalski
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrijs Bartelds
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital and Laboratory CardioVascular Center, GUIDE, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus A J Borgdorff
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital and Laboratory CardioVascular Center, GUIDE, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik van der Feen
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital and Laboratory CardioVascular Center, GUIDE, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannie Sietsma
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Pathology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Grietje Molema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A A M Kamps
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf M F Berger
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital and Laboratory CardioVascular Center, GUIDE, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Zhang J, Guo C, Wang R, Huang L, Liang W, Liu R, Sun B. An Egr-1-specific DNAzyme regulates Egr-1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:1371-1374. [PMID: 23737882 PMCID: PMC3671740 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to transfect rat aortic smooth muscle cells with an early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1)-specific DNAzyme (ED5), to observe its effect on Egr-1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and to elucidate the mechanism of ED5-mediated inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. VSMCs in primary culture obtained by tissue block adhesion were identified by morphological observation and α smooth muscle actin (α-SM-actin) immunocytochemistry. The cells were then transfected with ED5 or scrambled ED5 (ED5SCR). The three groups of cells used in the present study were the control group, ED5 group and ED5SCR group. The expression levels of Egr-1 and PCNA protein were detected following transfection by analyzing and calculating the integral optical density value in each group. Primary culture of VSMCs and transfection of ED5 and ED5SCR were successfully accomplished. Following stimulation with 10% fetal calf serum, the Egr-1 protein was expressed most strongly at 1 h and demonstrated a declining trend over time; the expression of PCNA protein began at 4 h, peaked at 24 h and then demonstrated a slightly declining trend over time. Compared with the control group and the ED5SCR group, ED5 inhibited the expression of Egr-1 and PCNA (P<0.05). ED5 was able to inhibit the expression of Egr-1 and PCNA proteins in VSMCs to a certain extent and VSMC proliferation in vitro. DNAzyme gene therapy may be useful as a new method for treating vascular proliferative diseases, including atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbiao Zhang
- Departments of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100
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Sanchez-Guerrero E, Chen E, Kockx M, An SW, Chong BH, Khachigian LM. IL-1beta signals through the EGF receptor and activates Egr-1 through MMP-ADAM. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39811. [PMID: 22792188 PMCID: PMC3391205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate-early gene Egr-1 controls the inducible expression of many genes implicated in the pathogenesis of a range of vascular disorders, yet our understanding of the mechanisms controlling the rapid expression of this prototypic zinc finger transcription factor is poor. Here we show that Egr-1 expression induced by IL-1beta is dependent on metalloproteinases (MMP) and a disintegrin and a metalloproteinase (ADAM). Pharmacologic MMP/ADAM inhibitors and siRNA knockdown prevent IL-1beta induction of Egr-1. Further, IL-1beta activates Egr-1 via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This is blocked by EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition and EGFR knockdown. IL-1beta induction of Egr-1 expression is reduced in murine embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs) deficient in ADAM17 despite unbiased expression of EGFR and IL-1RI in ADAM17-deficient and wild-type mEFs. Finally, we show that IL-1beta-inducible wound repair after mechanical injury requires both EGFR and MMP/ADAM. This study reports for the first time that Egr-1 induction by IL-1beta involves EGFR and MMP/ADAM-dependent EGFR phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elya Chen
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maaike Kockx
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Si-Wei An
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Beng H. Chong
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Levon M. Khachigian
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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18
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Iyoda T, Zhang F, Sun L, Hao F, Schmitz-Peiffer C, Xu X, Cui MZ. Lysophosphatidic acid induces early growth response-1 (Egr-1) protein expression via protein kinase Cδ-regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22635-42. [PMID: 22577133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.335695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) modulates vascular cell function in vitro and in vivo via regulating the expression of specific genes. Previously, we reported that a transcriptional mechanism controls LPA-induced expression of Egr-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Egr-1 is a master transcription factor mediating the expression of various genes that have been implied to modulate a broad spectrum of vascular pathologies. In this study, we determined the essential intracellular signaling pathway leading to LPA-induced Egr-1 expression. Our data demonstrate that activation of ERK1/2 and JNK, but not p38 MAPK, is required for LPA-induced Egr-1 expression in smooth muscle cells. We provide the first evidence that MEK-mediated JNK activation leads to LPA-induced gene expression. JNK2 is required for Egr-1 induction. Examining the upstream kinases that mediate ERK and JNK activation, leading to Egr-1 expression, we found that LPA-induced activation of MAPKs and expression of Egr-1 are dependent on PKC activation. We observed that LPA rapidly activates PKCδ and PKCθ. Overexpression of dominant-negative PKCδ, but not dominant-negative PKCθ, diminished activation of ERK and JNK and blocked LPA-induced expression of Egr-1 mRNA and protein. We also evaluated LPA receptor involvement. Our data reveal an intracellular regulatory mechanism: LPA induction of Egr-1 expression is via LPA cognate receptor (LPA receptor 1)-dependent and PKCδ-mediated ERK and JNK activation. This study provides the first evidence that PKCδ mediates ERK and JNK activation in the LPA signaling pathway and that this pathway is required for LPA-induced gene regulation as evidenced by Egr-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Iyoda
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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19
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Dickinson MG, Bartelds B, Molema G, Borgdorff MA, Boersma B, Takens J, Weij M, Wichers P, Sietsma H, Berger RMF. Egr-1 expression during neointimal development in flow-associated pulmonary hypertension. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2199-209. [PMID: 21924231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In flow-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), increased pulmonary blood flow is an essential trigger for neointimal formation. Using microarray analysis, we recently found that the early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) transcription factor is increased in experimental flow-associated end-stage PAH. Its role in PAH development is unknown. Here, we assessed the spatiotemporal expression of Egr-1 during neointimal development in flow-associated PAH. Flow-associated PAH was produced in rats by combining monocrotaline administration with an aortocaval shunt. Animals were sacrificed 1 day before or 1 day, 1 week, or 4 to 5 weeks after flow addition. Egr-1 expression was spatiotemporally assessed using laser microdissection, quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In addition, Egr-1 expression was assessed in a non-neointimal pulmonary hypertension model and in human PAH associated with congenital shunt. In 4 to 5 weeks, rats subjected to increased flow developed PAH with neointimal lesions. Egr-1 mRNA was increased 1 day after flow addition and in end-stage PAH, whereas monocrotaline only did not result in increased Egr-1 mRNA. Directly after flow addition, Egr-1 was expressed in endothelial cells. During disease development, Egr-1 protein expression increased and migrated throughout the vessel wall. In PAH patients, Egr-1 was expressed in vessels with media hypertrophy and neointimal lesions, including plexiform lesions. Thus, Egr-1 may be an important regulator in the development of pulmonary neointimal lesions induced by increased pulmonary blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Dickinson
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Murrell M, Khachigian LM, Ward MR. Divergent roles of NF-κB and Egr-1 in flow-dependent restenosis after angioplasty and stenting. Atherosclerosis 2010; 214:65-72. [PMID: 21075375 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Restenosis after both angioplasty and stenting is flow dependent. The effects of flow are preventable with the antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) after angioplasty but not after stenting. We examined to what extent these observations could be explained by the effect of PDTC on NF-κB and Egr-1, two transcription factors which are both flow- and redox-sensitive. METHODS In a flow-modified rabbit carotid model of angioplasty and stenting, we assessed the effects of altered flow, injury and PDTC on expression of Egr-1 and nuclear binding activity of NF-κB. We also examined the effects of local delivery of decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) specific for NF-κB and Egr-1 on morphology at 28 days in normal and low flow. RESULTS The activity of both transcription factors was enhanced by injury (stent>balloon alone) and was further augmented by low flow. PDTC markedly attenuated the activity of NF-κB but not Egr-1. Specific decoy ODN for Egr-1 attenuated intima formation in both stented and balloon injured vessels in both normal and low flow but had no effect on remodelling. In contrast while NF-κB decoy ODN caused a modest but significant reduction in intima formation, there was a striking effect on remodelling in low flow vessels only. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Egr-1 plays a pivotal role in intima formation under all flow conditions and that NF-κB plays a key role in flow-sensitive remodelling after angioplasty and that NF-κB inhibition likely accounts for a significant part of the morphological effects of PDTC after vessel injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Murrell
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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21
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The role of ex-vivo gene therapy of vein grafts with Egr-1 decoy in the suppression of intimal hyperplasia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 40:216-23. [PMID: 20537569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that vein graft intimal hyperplasia can be significantly suppressed by a single intra-operative transfection of the graft with a decoy oligonucleotide (ODN) binding the transcription factor Egr-1. DESIGN Experimental study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Jugular vein to carotid artery interposition grafts in rabbits were treated with Egr-1 decoy, mutant decoy ODN, vehicle alone, using a non-distending pressure of 300 mm Hg for 20 min, or were left untreated. All animals were fed a 2% cholesterol diet. The animals were sacrificed after 48h, 6 weeks and 12 weeks. Paraffin-embedded vein sections were subjected to angiometric analysis. RESULTS Successful delivery of the ODN was confirmed by DAPI staining. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed a 60% decrease of the Egr-1 gene expression in the animals in which the Egr-1 decoy ODN was delivered. Cellular proliferation was also significantly decreased as indicated by the Ki-67 labelling index. An increase in intimal and medial thickness was found in all vein grafts. However, intimal thickness was significantly reduced in the grafts treated with Egr-1 decoy ODN, whereas luminal area was significantly increased. CONCLUSION A single intra-operative pressure-mediated transfection of vein grafts with Egr-1 decoy ODN significantly suppresses intimal hyperplasia in a rabbit hypercholesterolaemic model.
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Wu Y, Han W, Liu GN. A DNA enzyme targeting Egr-1 inhibits rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by down-regulation of cyclin D1 and TGF-β1. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:17-24. [PMID: 19936545 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009007500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - W. Han
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - G.-N. Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China
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Han W, Liu GN. EGR-1 decoy ODNs inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia of balloon-injured arteries in rat. Life Sci 2009; 86:234-43. [PMID: 20025889 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Early growth response factor-1 (EGR-1) plays a master regulatory role in multiple cardiovascular pathological processes, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. For investigating the possibility of using "decoy" strategy to prevent and cure vascular hyperplasia disease, we synthesized the double-stranded, cis-element, decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) targeting EGR-1. MAIN METHODS EGR-1 decoy ODNs were transfected into the balloon-injured arteria carotis of rat as well as primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Changes in the thickness of the arterial intima were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. VSMC proliferation, DNA synthesis, cell cycle and apoptosis were observed via MTT assay, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and flow cytometry (FCM). Changes in the expression of EGR-1, and cell cycle related genes, were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PT-PCR) and western blot. KEY FINDINGS As a result of specific binding to EGR-1 protein, transfected EGR-1 decoy ODNs can reduce EGR-1 promoter affinity, hamper the transcriptional activation of EGR-1-dependent genes, block cell cycle progression of VSMCs, and inhibit neointimal hyperplasia. SIGNIFICANCE Through regulating the cell cycle progression and transcription of target gene, this new "decoy" strategy targeting EGR-1 provides further experimental evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of gene therapy in the treatment of restenosis following percutaneous coronary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Wu X, Cheng J, Li P, Yang M, Qiu S, Liu P, Du J. Mechano-sensitive transcriptional factor Egr-1 regulates insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression and contributes to neointima formation in vein grafts. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 30:471-6. [PMID: 19965784 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.184259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vein grafts in a coronary bypass or a hemodialysis access often develop obliterative growth of the neointima. We previously reported that the mechanical stretch-activated insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1/IGF-1R) pathway plays an important role in this remodeling. However, the transcriptional mechanism(s) regulating IGF-1R expression and neointima formation have not been identified. METHODS AND RESULTS Deletion and site-specific mutagenesis analysis of IGF-1R promoter identified that the minimal mechano-responsive promoter element (-270--130) contains 2 consensus sequences for binding of early growth reponse-1 (Egr-1) transcriptional factor. Mechanical stretch stimulated both Egr-1 mRNA (4.6-fold) and protein (5.2-fold) in vascular smooth muscle cells. Interposition of a vein into an artery increased Egr-1 mRNA (7.8+/-2.6-fold vs sham). In vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from Egr-1 knockout mice, mechanical stretch could not increase IGF-1R, and vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation was decreased by 47% compared to wild-type cells. Importantly, the neointima area was reduced by at least 50%, and the lumen-to-media ratio increased by 55% in vein grafts of Egr-1 knockout mice compared with results of wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Egr-1 is a mechano-sensitive transcriptional factor that stimulates IGF-1R transcription, resulting in vascular remodeling of vein grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wu
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
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Lamon BD, Summers BD, Gotto AM, Hajjar DP. Pitavastatin suppresses mitogen activated protein kinase-mediated Erg-1 induction in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 606:72-6. [PMID: 19374880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Statins have been demonstrated to elicit a broad range of cellular events resulting in an attenuation of the inflammatory response and enhanced protection to the components of the vessel wall. The present study was designed to examine the effect of pitavastatin on pathways associated with the proinflammatory gene, early growth response (Egr)-1, in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Pretreatment with pitavastatin resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in Egr-1 protein and suppressed Egr-1 mRNA expression in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). A reduction in Egr-1 expression reduced the activation of NGFI-A binding protein (NAB)-2, an Egr-1-dependent gene. Furthermore, these events appeared to be dependent on the ability of pitavastatin to attenuate signaling cascades associated with extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, but not p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Lamon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center of Vascular Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Liu GN, Teng YX, Yan W. Transfected synthetic DNA enzyme gene specifically inhibits Egr-1 gene expression and reduces neointimal hyperplasia following balloon injury in rats. Int J Cardiol 2008; 129:118-24. [PMID: 18242730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) controls the gene expression involved in postangioplasty restenosis. In the present study we synthesized specific catalytic DNA targeting sequences in human Egr-1 mRNA to investigate the effects on artery balloon injury. METHODS The catalytic DNA, ED5, was synthesized and transfected into the arterial wall of Wistar rats using the FuGENE6 transfection reagent. The animals were euthanized at day 3, 7, 14 and 21 following artery balloon injury. Serum nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and endothelin (ET) levels were measured before sacrifice. Histopathological changes to the arterial tissue were evaluated by H&E staining and observed via transmission electromicroscopy. Egr-1, PCNA and TGF-beta(1) expression was detected by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and western-blot. RESULTS Compared with the control groups, ED5-treated rats exhibited increased levels of both NO and NOS (p<0.05); by contrast, plasma ET levels were decreased relative to controls (p<0.05). Neointimal hyperplasia (NH) was significantly reduced and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the neointima exhibited a general contractile phenotype. Both protein and mRNA expression of Egr-1, PCNA, and TGF-beta(1) in the ED5-treated group were decreased at each time point (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS ED5 may specifically inhibit Egr-1 gene expression and reduce NH after balloon injury in rats; the latter effect may be mediated by a down-regulation of TGF-beta(1) and up-regulation of NOS to inhibit NH following balloon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Nan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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Schillinger M, Minar E. Restenosis after percutaneous angioplasty: the role of vascular inflammation. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007; 1:73-8. [PMID: 17319099 PMCID: PMC1993932 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.1.1.73.58932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Restenosis after endovascular treatment of atherosclerotic lesions in the peripheral, cerebrovascular, and coronary circulation is the major drawback of this minimally invasive technique. Although certain advances have been made during recent years to improve patency rates after percutaneous angioplasty, restenosis remains a challenging clinical problem. Understanding factors that contribute to the pathophysiology of late lumen loss is an effective strategy to improving patients' postangioplasty outcome. Vascular inflammation after balloon angioplasty or stent implantation has been identified as a cornerstone of the restenotic process, and several markers of inflammation have been referred to as potential predictors of outcome. This article reviews recent findings on the issue of inflammation and restenosis after percutaneous angioplasty with special attention given to the role of inflammatory parameters as markers for the restenosis risk in the peripheral vessel area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schillinger
- Department of Angiology, University of Vienna Medical School, Vienna, Austria.
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Ohtani K, Egashira K, Nakano K, Zhao G, Funakoshi K, Ihara Y, Kimura S, Tominaga R, Morishita R, Sunagawa K. Stent-based local delivery of nuclear factor-kappaB decoy attenuates in-stent restenosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Circulation 2006; 114:2773-9. [PMID: 17130346 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.582254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a critical role in the vascular response to injury. However, the role of NF-kappaB in the mechanism of in-stent restenosis remains unclear. We therefore tested the hypothesis that blockade of NF-kappaB by stent-based delivery of a cis-element "decoy" of NF-kappaB reduces in-stent neointimal formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Stents were coated with a polymer containing or not containing NF-kappaB decoy, which represented a fast-release formulation (<7 days). Bare, polymer-coated, and NF-kappaB decoy-eluting stents were implanted in iliac arteries of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Increased NF-kappaB activity was noted at early stages after stenting, which was suppressed by stent-based delivery of NF-kappaB decoy. NF-kappaB decoy-eluting stents also reduced monocyte infiltration and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression and suppressed CD14 activation on circulating leukocytes. Importantly, NF-kappaB decoy-eluting stents attenuated neointimal formation on day 28. There was no evidence of an incomplete healing process (persistent inflammation, hemorrhage, fibrin deposition, impaired endothelial regeneration) at the site of NF-kappaB decoy-eluting stents. Transfection of NF-kappaB decoy suppressed proliferation of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells in vitro. No systemic adverse effects of NF-kappaB decoy were detected. CONCLUSIONS Stent-based local delivery of NF-kappaB decoy reduced in-stent neointimal formation with no evidence of incomplete healing. These data suggest that this strategy may be a practical and promising means for prevention of in-stent restenosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisho Ohtani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Lee JY, Lee YS, Kim JM, Kim KL, Lee JS, Jang HS, Shin IS, Suh W, Jeon ES, Byun J, Kim DK. A novel chimeric promoter that is highly responsive to hypoxia and metals. Gene Ther 2006; 13:857-68. [PMID: 16467859 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To develop a potent hypoxia-inducible promoter, we evaluated the usefulness of chimeric combinations of the (Egr-1)-binding site (EBS) from the Egr-1 gene, the metal-response element (MRE) from the metallothionein gene, and the hypoxia-response element (HRE) from the phosphoglycerate kinase 1 gene. In transient transfection assays, combining three copies of HRE (3 x HRE) with either EBS or MRE significantly increased hypoxia responsiveness. When a three-enhancer combination was tested, the EBS-MRE-3 x HRE (E-M-H) gave a hypoxia induction ratio of 69. The expression induced from E-M-H-pGL3 was 2.4-fold higher than that induced from H-pGL3 and even surpassed the expression from a human cytomegalovirus promoter-driven vector. The high inducibility of E-M-H was confirmed by validation studies in different cells and by expressing other cDNAs. Gel shift assays together with functional overexpression studies suggested that increased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha, metal transcription factor-1 and Egr-1 may be associated with the high inducibility of the E-M-H chimeric promoter. E-M-H was also induced by hypoxia mimetics such as Co2+ and deferoxamine (DFX) and by hydrogen peroxide. Gene expression from the E-M-H was reversible as shown by the reduced expression of the transgene upon removal of inducers such as hypoxia and DFX. In vivo evaluation of the E-M-H in ischemic muscle revealed that erythropoietin secretion and luciferase and LacZ expression were significantly higher in the E-M-H group than in a control or H group. With its high induction capacity and versatile means of modulation, this novel chimeric promoter should find wide application in the treatment of ischemic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Lee
- Department of Medicine, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangnam-ku, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Abstract
The immediate-early gene product and zinc finger transcription factor early growth response (Egr)-1 plays a key master regulatory role in multiple cardiovascular pathological processes. This article reviews the amazing recent evidence implicating Egr-1 in atherosclerosis, intimal thickening after acute vascular injury, ischemic pathology, angiogenesis, allograft rejection, and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon M Khachigian
- Centre for Vascular Research, Department of Pathology, The University of New South Wales, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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31
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Liu Q, Chen ZQ, Bobustuc GC, McNatt JM, Segall H, Pan S, Willerson JT, Zoldhelyi P. Local gene transduction of cyclooxygenase-1 increases blood flow in injured atherosclerotic rabbit arteries. Circulation 2005; 111:1833-40. [PMID: 15824211 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000158480.28733.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is the rate-limiting component in the synthesis of prostacyclin (PGI2), an important vasodilator and antithrombotic molecule. In balloon-injured, atherosclerosis-free porcine arteries, COX-1 gene transduction increases PGI2 production, induces durable vasodilation, and reduces thrombus formation. We tested the effectiveness of COX-1 local gene transduction for the prevention of postangioplasty restenosis in atherosclerotic arteries in a hypercholesterolemic rabbit model. METHODS AND RESULTS We injured 1 carotid artery in 43 Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits and performed local gene transduction using a viral vector containing the COX-1 gene (AdCOX-1, n=22) or no genes (Adnull, n=21). Three days later, AdCOX-1-treated arteries stimulated with arachidonic acid produced 100% more PGI2 (P<0.01), 400% more prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (P<0.01), 400% more prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) (P<0.01), and 250% more cAMP (P<0.05) than Adnull-treated arteries. Twenty-eight days after treatment, Doppler sonography showed that blood flow velocity was preserved in AdCOX-1-treated arteries (ratio 0.92, injured compared with contralateral uninjured carotid artery) but reduced in Adnull-treated arteries (ratio 0.39), suggesting that AdCOX-1 prevented restenosis after injury. COX-1-transduced arteries also showed 80% greater lumen area 28 days after injury (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of COX-1 in preventing restenosis and preserving normal blood flow 28 days after injury results from increased lumen area caused by durable vasodilation. COX-1 efficacy correlates with an early increase in the production of PGI2, PGE2, PGE1 (known to cause vasodilation), and cAMP. These results demonstrate for the first time that COX-1 gene transduction is an effective treatment for the prevention of postangioplasty restenosis of atherosclerotic arteries under clinically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Wafic Said Molecular Cardiology and Gene Therapy Research Laboratory, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston 77225-0345, USA
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Lee YS, Jang HS, Kim JM, Lee JS, Lee JY, Li Kim K, Shin IS, Suh W, Choi JH, Jeon ES, Byun J, Kim DK. Adenoviral-mediated delivery of early growth response factor-1 gene increases tissue perfusion in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. Mol Ther 2005; 12:328-36. [PMID: 16043101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that overexpression of early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) contributes to the revascularization of ischemic limbs, a constitutively active form of Egr-1 (Egr-1*) was made and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Analyses of the transduced myocytes revealed significant upregulation of bFGF, PDGF-A, PDGF-B, IGF-II, and TGF-beta1. A coculture assay of the paracrine effects indicated that Ad-Egr-1* promoted proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. When Ad-Egr-1* was injected into the tibialis anterior muscle of mice, followed by explant culture in growth factor-reduced Matrigel, many capillary-like structures were observed in the Egr-1* group compared with minimal sprouting from the LacZ group, suggesting an angiogenic potential of Egr-1*. Next we evaluated Ad-Egr-1* in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. Compared with slow revascularization in the control PBS or LacZ group, a rapid increase in tissue perfusion was observed in the Egr-1* group and the difference in flux ratio was statistically significant at day 7. In the injected muscle, expression of Egr-1*, upregulation of its target genes, and increased number of vessels staining positive for smooth muscle alpha-actin were observed. These results suggest that Egr-1 plays an important role in vascular recovery after occlusion and could be a potential target for therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sam Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-710, Korea
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Opie SR, Dib N. Local endovascular delivery, gene therapy, and cell transplantation for peripheral arterial disease. J Endovasc Ther 2005. [PMID: 15760251 DOI: 10.1583/04-1319.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in catheter technology, gene identification, and cell biology may provide novel treatment options for patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) who are not candidates for standard revascularization procedures. Animal studies and recent results in human beings suggest that transfer of growth factors or regulatory genes and transplantation of progenitor cells may provide novel therapy options by inducing therapeutic angiogenesis or by inhibiting restenosis. This review will discuss the development of a variety of catheters for localized endovascular delivery, as well as the various cellular and genetic strategies that exist to restore blood flow to ischemic tissue and to reduce neointimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun R Opie
- Department of Cell and Gene Research, Arizona Heart Institute and Foundation, Phoenix, Arizona 85016, USA.
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Banks MF, Gerasimovskaya EV, Tucker DA, Frid MG, Carpenter TC, Stenmark KR. Egr-1 antisense oligonucleotides inhibit hypoxia-induced proliferation of pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 98:732-8. [PMID: 15475598 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00821.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In most mammalian species, chronic exposure to hypoxia leads to pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling. The adventitial fibroblast, because of its ability to proliferate in response to hypoxia, is thought to be a critical cell in the remodeling process. However, the transcription factors driving hypoxia-induced fibroblast proliferation have yet to be elucidated. The early growth response-1 (Egr-1) transcription factor has been shown to be upregulated by hypoxia in pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts. We therefore hypothesized that Egr-1 is directly involved in hypoxia-induced adventitial fibroblast proliferation. Immunohistochemical analysis of in vivo lung tissue from animals exposed to chronic hypoxia revealed increased expression of Egr-1 in the pulmonary artery fibroblasts vs. expression shown in normoxic controls. In fibroblasts cultured from chronically hypoxic animals, exposure to 1% oxygen upregulated Egr-1 protein and cell proliferation. To evaluate the role of Egr-1 in hypoxia-induced proliferation, we employed an Egr-1 antisense strategy. Addition of antisense Egr-1 oligonucleotides, but not sense oligonucleotides, attenuated the hypoxia-induced upregulation of Egr-1 protein and reduced hypoxia-induced DNA synthesis by 50%. Cell proliferation was also significantly inhibited by the addition of antisense Egr-1 oligonucleotides but not the sense oligonucleotides. In addition, hypoxia-induced upregulations of cyclin D and epidermal growth factor receptor were attenuated by Egr-1 antisense oligonucleotides. We conclude that Egr-1 protein expression is very sensitive to upregulation by hypoxia in pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts and that it plays an important role in the autonomous growth phenotype induced by hypoxia in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Banks
- Developmental Lung Biology Laboratory,Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. 9th Ave., Box B131, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Chen F, Wang Q, Wang X, Studzinski GP. Up-regulation of Egr1 by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 contributes to increased expression of p35 activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and consequent onset of the terminal phase of HL60 cell differentiation. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5425-33. [PMID: 15289351 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in differentiation therapy of cancer are likely to depend on improved understanding of molecular events that underlie cell differentiation. We reported recently that cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)5 and p35Nck5a (p35) are expressed in human leukemia HL60 cells induced to differentiate to monocytes by an exposure to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D(3)), form a complex, and this complex has kinase activity (F. Chen and G. P. Studzinski, Blood 2001;97:3763). This laboratory has also provided evidence that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is active in the early (24-48 h) stages of HL60 cell differentiation induced by 1,25D(3) but declines in the later, terminal phase of this form of differentiation (X. Wang and G. P. Studzinski, J Cell Biochem 2001;80:471). We examine now the hypothesis that Egr1 protein contributes to the up-regulation of p35 gene transcription and, thus, activated Cdk5/p35 kinase phosphorylates and inactivates mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1 (MEK1). Our data show that in 1,25D(3)-treated cells, p35 and Egr1 protein levels are elevated in a dose-dependent manner at the onset of the late stage of differentiation. We show also that 1,25D(3) treatment of HL60 cells markedly increases the binding of Egr1 to an element in the p35 gene promoter, whereas transfection of an excess of this Egr1-binding oligonucleotide ("promoter decoy") reduces p35 gene transcription and cell differentiation. Additionally, Cdk5/p35 phosphorylates MEK1 and inhibits its ability to phosphorylate its downstream target Erk2. These data suggest that in 1,25D(3)-treated HL60 cells, Egr1 up-regulates p35 gene transcription and that Cdk5/p35 kinase inactivates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by phosphorylation of MEK1, and this contributes to terminal differentiation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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