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Cator LJ, Bonsall MB. Anticipating evolutionary responses of mosquito mating systems to population suppression with mass-reared males. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2025; 68:101302. [PMID: 39571679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Revised: 10/28/2024] [Accepted: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024]
Abstract
Strategies that rely on the mass release of males to suppress mosquito populations will exert selective pressure on natural mating systems. Here, we investigate how mass releases might affect the mating behaviors of wild target populations. We highlight gaps in our understanding of both variation in these aspects of mosquito behavior and the evolutionary forces that maintain variation within and between populations. We provide a mathematical framework for integrating mosquito mating ecology into models of population suppression. Given that these strategies are being increasingly deployed, anticipating and managing evolutionary responses of target population behavior should be a priority for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Cator
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot SL57PY, UK.
| | - Michael B Bonsall
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2DL, UK; St Peter's College, Oxford OX1 2DL, UK
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2
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Xia S, Pannebakker BA, Groenen MAM, Zwaan BJ, Bijma P. Quantitative genetics of wing morphology in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis: hosts increase sibling similarity. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 125:40-49. [PMID: 32427890 PMCID: PMC7413264 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-0318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The central aim of evolutionary biology is to understand patterns of genetic variation between species and within populations. To quantify the genetic variation underlying intraspecific differences, estimating quantitative genetic parameters of traits is essential. In Pterygota, wing morphology is an important trait affecting flight ability. Moreover, gregarious parasitoids such as Nasonia vitripennis oviposit multiple eggs in the same host, and siblings thus share a common environment during their development. Here we estimate the genetic parameters of wing morphology in the outbred HVRx population of N. vitripennis, using a sire-dam model adapted to haplodiploids and disentangled additive genetic and host effects. The results show that the wing-size traits have low heritability (h2 ~ 0.1), while most wing-shape traits have roughly twice the heritability compared with wing-size traits. However, the estimates increased to h2 ~ 0.6 for wing-size traits when omitting the host effect from the statistical model, while no meaningful increases were observed for wing-shape traits. Overall, host effects contributed to ~50% of the variation in wing-size traits. This indicates that hosts have a large effect on wing-size traits, about fivefold more than genetics. Moreover, bivariate analyses were conducted to derive the genetic relationships among traits. Overall, we demonstrate the evolutionary potential for morphological traits in the N. vitripennis HVRx-outbred population, and report the host effects on wing morphology. Our findings can contribute to a further dissection of the genetics underlying wing morphology in N. vitripennis, with relevance for gregarious parasitoids and possibly other insects as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Xia
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Genetics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart A Pannebakker
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Genetics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas J Zwaan
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Genetics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Piter Bijma
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Do male seminal donations shape female post-mating receptivity in a usually monandrous moth? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Leung K, van de Zande L, Beukeboom LW. Life-history traits of the Whiting polyploid line of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis. ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA 2019; 167:655-669. [PMID: 31598002 PMCID: PMC6774307 DOI: 10.1111/eea.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In hymenopterans, males are normally haploid (1n) and females diploid (2n), but individuals with divergent ploidy levels are frequently found. In species with 'complementary sex determination' (CSD), increasing numbers of diploid males that are often infertile or unviable arise from inbreeding, presenting a major impediment to biocontrol breeding. Non-CSD species, which are common in some parasitoid wasp taxa, do not produce polyploids through inbreeding. Nevertheless, polyploidy also occurs in non-CSD Hymenoptera. As a first survey on the impacts of inbreeding and polyploidy of non-CSD species, we investigate life-history traits of a long-term laboratory line of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) ('Whiting polyploid line') in which polyploids of both sexes (diploid males, triploid females) are viable and fertile. Diploid males produce diploid sperm and virgin triploid females produce haploid and diploid eggs. We found that diploid males did not differ from haploid males with respect to body size, progeny size, mate competition, or lifespan. When diploid males were mated to many females (without accounting for mating order), the females produced a relatively high proportion of male offspring, possibly indicating that these males produce less sperm and/or have reduced sperm functionality. In triploid females, parasitization rate and fecundity were reduced and body size was slightly increased, but there was no effect on lifespan. After one generation of outbreeding, lifespan as well as parasitization rate were increased, and a body size difference was no longer apparent. This suggests that outbreeding has an effect on traits observed in an inbred polyploidy background. Overall, these results indicate some phenotypic detriments of non-CSD polyploids that must be taken into account in breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Leung
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenPO Box 111039700 CCGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Louis van de Zande
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenPO Box 111039700 CCGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Leo W. Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenPO Box 111039700 CCGroningenThe Netherlands
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5
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Sutter A, Travers LM, Weedon M, Oku K, Price TAR, Wedell N. No selection for change in polyandry under experimental evolution. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:717-730. [PMID: 30970158 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
What drives mating system variation is a major question in evolutionary biology. Female multiple mating (polyandry) has diverse evolutionary consequences, and there are many potential benefits and costs of polyandry. However, our understanding of its evolution is biased towards studies enforcing monandry in polyandrous species. What drives and maintains variation in polyandry between individuals, genotypes, populations and species remains poorly understood. Genetic variation in polyandry may be actively maintained by selection, or arise by chance if polyandry is selectively neutral. In Drosophila pseudoobscura, there is genetic variation in polyandry between and within populations. We used isofemale lines to found replicate populations with high or low initial levels of polyandry and tracked polyandry under experimental evolution over seven generations. Polyandry remained relatively stable, reflecting the starting frequencies of the experimental populations. There were no clear fitness differences between high versus low polyandry genotypes, and there was no signature of balancing selection. We confirmed these patterns in direct comparisons between evolved and ancestral females and found no consequences of polyandry for female fecundity. The absence of differential selection even when initiating populations with major differences in polyandry casts some doubt on the importance of polyandry for female fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sutter
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Laura M Travers
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Melanie Weedon
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Keiko Oku
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Thomas A R Price
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nina Wedell
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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6
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Duthie AB, Bocedi G, Germain RR, Reid JM. Evolution of precopulatory and post-copulatory strategies of inbreeding avoidance and associated polyandry. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:31-45. [PMID: 28986951 PMCID: PMC5765502 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression is widely hypothesized to drive adaptive evolution of precopulatory and post-copulatory mechanisms of inbreeding avoidance, which in turn are hypothesized to affect evolution of polyandry (i.e. female multiple mating). However, surprisingly little theory or modelling critically examines selection for precopulatory or post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance, or both strategies, given evolutionary constraints and direct costs, or examines how evolution of inbreeding avoidance strategies might feed back to affect evolution of polyandry. Selection for post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance, but not for precopulatory inbreeding avoidance, requires polyandry, whereas interactions between precopulatory and post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance might cause functional redundancy (i.e. 'degeneracy') potentially generating complex evolutionary dynamics among inbreeding strategies and polyandry. We used individual-based modelling to quantify evolution of interacting precopulatory and post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance and associated polyandry given strong inbreeding depression and different evolutionary constraints and direct costs. We found that evolution of post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance increased selection for initially rare polyandry and that evolution of a costly inbreeding avoidance strategy became negligible over time given a lower-cost alternative strategy. Further, fixed precopulatory inbreeding avoidance often completely precluded evolution of polyandry and hence post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance, but fixed post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance did not preclude evolution of precopulatory inbreeding avoidance. Evolution of inbreeding avoidance phenotypes and associated polyandry is therefore affected by evolutionary feedbacks and degeneracy. All else being equal, evolution of precopulatory inbreeding avoidance and resulting low polyandry is more likely when post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance is precluded or costly, and evolution of post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance greatly facilitates evolution of costly polyandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Duthie
- Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | - G. Bocedi
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - R. R. Germain
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - J. M. Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
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7
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Duthie AB, Bocedi G, Reid JM. When does female multiple mating evolve to adjust inbreeding? Effects of inbreeding depression, direct costs, mating constraints, and polyandry as a threshold trait. Evolution 2016; 70:1927-43. [PMID: 27464756 PMCID: PMC5053304 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyandry is often hypothesized to evolve to allow females to adjust the degree to which they inbreed. Multiple factors might affect such evolution, including inbreeding depression, direct costs, constraints on male availability, and the nature of polyandry as a threshold trait. Complex models are required to evaluate when evolution of polyandry to adjust inbreeding is predicted to arise. We used a genetically explicit individual‐based model to track the joint evolution of inbreeding strategy and polyandry defined as a polygenic threshold trait. Evolution of polyandry to avoid inbreeding only occurred given strong inbreeding depression, low direct costs, and severe restrictions on initial versus additional male availability. Evolution of polyandry to prefer inbreeding only occurred given zero inbreeding depression and direct costs, and given similarly severe restrictions on male availability. However, due to its threshold nature, phenotypic polyandry was frequently expressed even when strongly selected against and hence maladaptive. Further, the degree to which females adjusted inbreeding through polyandry was typically very small, and often reflected constraints on male availability rather than adaptive reproductive strategy. Evolution of polyandry solely to adjust inbreeding might consequently be highly restricted in nature, and such evolution cannot necessarily be directly inferred from observed magnitudes of inbreeding adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bradley Duthie
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Greta Bocedi
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jane M Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
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8
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Chirault M, Van de Zande L, Hidalgo K, Chevrier C, Bressac C, Lécureuil C. The spatio-temporal partitioning of sperm by males of the prospermatogenic parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis is in line with its gregarious lifestyle. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91-92:10-17. [PMID: 27269614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Male fitness depends on the number of lifetime progeny of their mates and could be constrained by the chance of finding a mate, lifespan and temporal patterns of sperm production and allocation. Here, we used the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis with a two-week lifespan and a gregarious lifestyle, to analyze how the reproductive system is organized to allocate spermatozoa over consecutive matings. Results show that spermatogenesis is synchronized and completed one day before emergence so that males emerge with a full sperm complement. We also found a regulation of spermatozoa transfer between testis and seminal vesicles that allows males to partition small ejaculates over multiple matings. Overall, this study shows that for N. vitripennis, male fertilization potential is determined (1) at the pupal stage, when spermatogenesis takes place to generate a complete life-long stock, (2) on emergence, when transport of spermatozoa from testes to seminal vesicles is initiated and (3) in adulthood, during which spermatozoa are partitioned over successive copulations. Such life history-traits are consistent with the gregarious lifestyle of N. vitripennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Chirault
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Louis Van de Zande
- GELIFES (Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Hidalgo
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Claude Chevrier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Bressac
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Charlotte Lécureuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France.
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9
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Wang X, Werren JH, Clark AG. Allele-Specific Transcriptome and Methylome Analysis Reveals Stable Inheritance and Cis-Regulation of DNA Methylation in Nasonia. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002500. [PMID: 27380029 PMCID: PMC4933354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression divergence between closely related species could be attributed to both cis- and trans- DNA sequence changes during evolution, but it is unclear how the evolutionary dynamics of epigenetic marks are regulated. In eutherian mammals, biparental DNA methylation marks are erased and reset during gametogenesis, resulting in paternal or maternal imprints, which lead to genomic imprinting. Whether DNA methylation reprogramming exists in insects is not known. Wasps of the genus Nasonia are non-social parasitoids that are emerging as a model for studies of epigenetic processes in insects. In this study, we quantified allele-specific expression and methylation genome-wide in Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti and their reciprocal F1 hybrids. No parent-of-origin effect in allelic expression was found for >8,000 covered genes, suggesting a lack of genomic imprinting in adult Nasonia. As we expected, both significant cis- and trans- effects are responsible for the expression divergence between N. vitripennis and N. giraulti. Surprisingly, all 178 differentially methylated genes are also differentially methylated between the two alleles in F1 hybrid offspring, recapitulating the parental methylation status with nearly 100% fidelity, indicating the presence of strong cis-elements driving the target of gene body methylation. In addition, we discovered that total and allele-specific expression are positively correlated with allele-specific methylation in a subset of the differentially methylated genes. The 100% cis-regulation in F1 hybrids suggests the methylation machinery is conserved and DNA methylation is targeted by cis features in Nasonia. The lack of genomic imprinting and parent-of-origin differentially methylated regions in Nasonia, together with the stable inheritance of methylation status between generations, suggests either a cis-regulatory motif for methylation at the DNA level or highly stable inheritance of an epigenetic signal in Nasonia. RNA-sequencing and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing in the hybrid offspring of two Nasonia parasitoid wasp species revealed strong cis-regulation of methylation and allele-specific expression. No gene was found to display genomic imprinting. The relationship between methylation of genomic DNA and expression of the genes that it encodes—and how this relationship changes during evolution—has been widely studied in mammals, but remains less well understood for insects. Here we analyze the expressed mRNA transcripts and genomic DNA methylation of the hybrid offspring of a pair of Nasonia parasitoid wasp species, producing a wealth of information about the regulation of gene expression. We find that variation in DNA sequence impacts expression on the same strand (called “cis-regulation”), and that cytosine methylation state is also associated in cis with the regulatory consequences of this base alteration. We show that these wasp species lack differential expression dependent on parent-of-origin (called “genomic imprinting”), and that in the hybrids the alleles retain the methylation status of the parental species in a strong cis-regulated fashion. Transcript abundances were also largely driven in a cis-regulated manner, consistent with a correlation between methylation status and expression levels. Despite the many differences between Nasonia and mammals in the impact of genomic DNA methylation, in both groups the use of methylated cytosine has been co-opted in ways that help tune gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Center for Comparative and Population Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XW); (JHW); (AGC)
| | - John H. Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XW); (JHW); (AGC)
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Center for Comparative and Population Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XW); (JHW); (AGC)
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10
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De Nardin J, Da Silva L, Araújo AM. Kin recognition in a butterfly: inferences about its heritability. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2016.1146801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janaína De Nardin
- Laboratório de Genética Ecológica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana Da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Ecológica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aldo M. Araújo
- Laboratório de Genética Ecológica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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11
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Travers LM, Simmons LW, Garcia‐Gonzalez F. Additive genetic variance in polyandry enables its evolution, but polyandry is unlikely to evolve through sexy or good sperm processes. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:916-28. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Travers
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology School of Animal Biology (M092) The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - L. W. Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology School of Animal Biology (M092) The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
| | - F. Garcia‐Gonzalez
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology School of Animal Biology (M092) The University of Western Australia Crawley WA Australia
- Doñana Biological Station Spanish Research Council CSIC Sevilla Spain
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12
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Boulton RA, Shuker DM. Polyandry is context dependent but not convenient in a mostly monandrous wasp. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Boulton RA, Collins LA, Shuker DM. Beyond sex allocation: the role of mating systems in sexual selection in parasitoid wasps. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 90:599-627. [PMID: 24981603 PMCID: PMC4409842 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the diverse array of mating systems and life histories which characterise the parasitic Hymenoptera, sexual selection and sexual conflict in this taxon have been somewhat overlooked. For instance, parasitoid mating systems have typically been studied in terms of how mating structure affects sex allocation. In the past decade, however, some studies have sought to address sexual selection in the parasitoid wasps more explicitly and found that, despite the lack of obvious secondary sexual traits, sexual selection has the potential to shape a range of aspects of parasitoid reproductive behaviour and ecology. Moreover, various characteristics fundamental to the parasitoid way of life may provide innovative new ways to investigate different processes of sexual selection. The overall aim of this review therefore is to re-examine parasitoid biology with sexual selection in mind, for both parasitoid biologists and also researchers interested in sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems more generally. We will consider aspects of particular relevance that have already been well studied including local mating structure, sex allocation and sperm depletion. We go on to review what we already know about sexual selection in the parasitoid wasps and highlight areas which may prove fruitful for further investigation. In particular, sperm depletion and the costs of inbreeding under chromosomal sex determination provide novel opportunities for testing the role of direct and indirect benefits for the evolution of mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Boulton
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St AndrewsDyers Brae, Greenside place, Fife KY16 9TH, U.K.
| | - Laura A Collins
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St AndrewsDyers Brae, Greenside place, Fife KY16 9TH, U.K.
| | - David M Shuker
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St AndrewsDyers Brae, Greenside place, Fife KY16 9TH, U.K.
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14
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Boulton RA, Shuker DM. The costs and benefits of multiple mating in a mostly monandrous wasp. Evolution 2015; 69:939-49. [PMID: 25756346 PMCID: PMC4989449 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomically widespread nature of polyandry remains a puzzle. Much of the empirical work regarding the costs and benefits of multiple mating to females has, for obvious reasons, relied on species that are already highly polyandrous. However, this makes it difficult to separate the processes that maintain the current level of polyandry from the processes that facilitate its expression and initiated its evolution. Here we consider the costs and benefits of polyandry in Nasonia vitripennis, a species of parasitoid wasp that is "mostly monandrous" in the wild, but which evolves polyandry under laboratory culture conditions. In a series of six experiments, we show that females gain a direct fecundity and longevity benefit from mating multiply with virgin males. Conversely, mating multiply with previously mated males actually results in a fecundity cost. Sexual harassment may also represent a significant cost of reproduction. Harassment was, however, only costly during oviposition, resulting in reduced fecundity, longevity, and disrupted sex allocation. Our results show that ecological changes, in our case associated with differences in the local mating structure in the laboratory can alter the costs and benefits of mating and harassment and potentially lead to shifts in mating patterns.
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15
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16
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van de Zande L, Ferber S, de Haan A, Beukeboom LW, van Heerwaarden J, Pannebakker BA. Development of a Nasonia vitripennis outbred laboratory population for genetic analysis. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 14:578-87. [PMID: 24215457 PMCID: PMC4260118 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The parasitoid wasp genus Nasonia has rapidly become a genetic model system for developmental and evolutionary biology. The release of its genome sequence led to the development of high-resolution genomic tools, for both interspecific and intraspecific research, which has resulted in great advances in understanding Nasonia biology. To further advance the utility of Nasonia vitripennis as a genetic model system and to be able to fully exploit the advantages of its fully sequenced and annotated genome, we developed a genetically variable and well-characterized experimental population. In this study, we describe the establishment of the genetically diverse HVRx laboratory population from strains collected from the field in the Netherlands. We established a maintenance method that retains genetic variation over generations of culturing in the laboratory. As a characterization of its genetic composition, we provide data on the standing genetic variation and estimate the effective population size (N(e)) by microsatellite analysis. A genome-wide description of polymorphism is provided through pooled resequencing, which yielded 417,331 high-quality SNPs spanning all five Nasonia chromosomes. The HVRx population and its characterization are freely available as a community resource for investigators seeking to elucidate the genetic basis of complex trait variation using the Nasonia model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis van de Zande
- Evolutionary Genetics, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, 9700 CC, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Shuster SM, Briggs WR, Dennis PA. How multiple mating by females affects sexual selection. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120046. [PMID: 23339237 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mating by females is widely thought to encourage post-mating sexual selection and enhance female fitness. We show that whether polyandrous mating has these effects depends on two conditions. Condition 1 is the pattern of sperm utilization by females; specifically, whether, among females, male mating number, m (i.e. the number of times a male mates with one or more females) covaries with male offspring number, o. Polyandrous mating enhances sexual selection only when males who are successful at multiple mating also sire most or all of each of their mates' offspring, i.e. only when Cov(♂)(m,o), is positive. Condition 2 is the pattern of female reproductive life-history; specifically, whether female mating number, m, covaries with female offspring number, o. Only semelparity does not erode sexual selection, whereas iteroparity (i.e. when Cov(♀)(m,o), is positive) always increases the variance in offspring numbers among females, which always decreases the intensity of sexual selection on males. To document the covariance between mating number and offspring number for each sex, it is necessary to assign progeny to all parents, as well as identify mating and non-mating individuals. To document significant fitness gains by females through iteroparity, it is necessary to determine the relative magnitudes of male as well as female contributions to the total variance in relative fitness. We show how such data can be collected, how often they are collected, and we explain the circumstances in which selection favouring multiple mating by females can be strong or weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Shuster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, USA.
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Wajnberg E, Curty C, Jervis M. Intra-population genetic variation in the temporal pattern of egg maturation in a parasitoid wasp. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45915. [PMID: 23029312 PMCID: PMC3459967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are taxonomically and biologically extremely diverse. A conceptual framework has recently been developed for understanding life-history evolution and diversification in these animals, and it has confirmed that each of two linked life-history traits – the mode of larval development and the temporal pattern of egg maturation – acts as an organiser of life-history. The framework has been predicated on the assumption that there exists sufficient genetic variation in the latter trait to allow it to be shaped by natural selection. Focusing on the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae, our aim was to test the validity of that assumption, using established quantitative genetic methods. We demonstrate the existence of a statistically significant degree of intra-population polygenic variation in the temporal pattern of egg production within the wasp population we studied. Furthermore, our results, together with published data on clinal variation in the egg maturation pattern of another species, suggest that intra-specific evolutionary shifts in the temporal pattern of egg maturation of parasitoid wasps can result from a change in allocation to egg production either before, or very shortly after adult emergence, without there being an accompanying change in lifetime fecundity. As well as opening new avenues of research into the reproductive strategies, behaviour, community organisation and biological control potential of parasitoid wasps, this discovery also has implications for studies of life-history evolution and diversification in insects generally.
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Should he stay or should he go: male influence on offspring sex ratio via postcopulatory attendance. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-012-1369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McFarlane SE, Lane JE, Taylor RW, Gorrell JC, Coltman DW, Humphries MM, Boutin S, McAdam AG. The heritability of multiple male mating in a promiscuous mammal. Biol Lett 2011; 7:368-71. [PMID: 21159688 PMCID: PMC3097859 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendency of females to mate with multiple males is often explained by direct and indirect benefits that could outweigh the many potential costs of multiple mating. However, behaviour can only evolve in response to costs and benefits if there is sufficient genetic variation on which selection can act. We followed 108 mating chases of 85 North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) during 4 years, to measure each female's degree of multiple male mating (MMM), and used an animal model analysis of our multi-generational pedigree to provide what we believe is the first estimate of the heritability of MMM in the wild. Female red squirrels were highly polyandrous, mating with an average of 7.0 ± 0.2 males on their day of oestrus. Although we found evidence for moderate levels of additive genetic variation (CV(A) = 5.1), environmental variation was very high (CV(E) = 32.3), which resulted in a very low heritability estimate (h(2) < 0.01). So, while there is genetic variation in this trait, the large environmental variation suggests that any costs or benefits associated with differences among females in MMM are primarily owing to environmental and not genetic differences, which could constrain the evolutionary response to natural selection on this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Eryn McFarlane
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Jeffrey E. Lane
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Ryan W. Taylor
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, 203 Natural Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jamieson C. Gorrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaT6G 2E9
| | - David W. Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaT6G 2E9
| | - Murray M. Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, CanadaH9X 3V9
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaT6G 2E9
| | - Andrew G. McAdam
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
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MOYNIHAN AM, SHUKER DM. Sexual selection on male development time in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:2002-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Bidirectional selection for female propensity to remate in the bean beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis. POPUL ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-008-0112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Associations between male courtship and female polyandry in three species of wasp, Nasonia (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Burton-Chellew MN, Beukeboom LW, West SA, Shuker DM. Laboratory evolution of polyandry in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Anim Behav 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Evans JP, Simmons LW. The genetic basis of traits regulating sperm competition and polyandry: can selection favour the evolution of good- and sexy-sperm? Genetica 2007; 134:5-19. [PMID: 17619174 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-007-9162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The good-sperm and sexy-sperm (GS-SS) hypotheses predict that female multiple mating (polyandry) can fuel sexual selection for heritable male traits that promote success in sperm competition. A major prediction generated by these models, therefore, is that polyandry will benefit females indirectly via their sons' enhanced fertilization success. Furthermore, like classic 'good genes' and 'sexy son' models for the evolution of female preferences, GS-SS processes predict a genetic correlation between genes for female mating frequency (analogous to the female preference) and those for traits influencing fertilization success (the sexually selected traits). We examine the premise for these predictions by exploring the genetic basis of traits thought to influence fertilization success and female mating frequency. We also highlight recent debates that stress the possible genetic constraints to evolution of traits influencing fertilization success via GS-SS processes, including sex-linked inheritance, nonadditive effects, interacting parental genotypes, and trade-offs between integrated ejaculate components. Despite these possible constraints, the available data suggest that male traits involved in sperm competition typically exhibit substantial additive genetic variance and rapid evolutionary responses to selection. Nevertheless, the limited data on the genetic variation in female mating frequency implicate strong genetic maternal effects, including X-linkage, which is inconsistent with GS-SS processes. Although the relative paucity of studies on the genetic basis of polyandry does not allow us to draw firm conclusions about the evolutionary origins of this trait, the emerging pattern of sex linkage in genes for polyandry is more consistent with an evolutionary history of antagonistic selection over mating frequency. We advocate further development of GS-SS theory to take account of the complex evolutionary dynamics imposed by sexual conflict over mating frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Evans
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology M092, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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