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Powers BE, Ton ST, Farrer RG, Chaudhary S, Nockels RP, Kartje GL, Tsai SY. Anti-Nogo-A Antibody Therapy Improves Functional Outcome Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2023; 37:682-693. [PMID: 37837331 PMCID: PMC10843026 DOI: 10.1177/15459683231203194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause sensorimotor deficits, and recovery is slow and incomplete. There are no effective pharmacological treatments for recovery from TBI, but research indicates potential for anti-Nogo-A antibody (Ab) therapy. This Ab neutralizes Nogo-A, an endogenous transmembrane protein that inhibits neuronal plasticity and regeneration. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that anti-Nogo-A Ab treatment following TBI results in disinhibited axonal growth from the contralesional cortex, the establishment of new compensatory neuronal connections, and improved function. METHODS We modeled TBI in rats using the controlled cortical impact method, resulting in focal brain damage and motor deficits like those observed in humans with a moderate cortical TBI. Rats were trained on the skilled forelimb reaching task and the horizontal ladder rung walking task. They were then given a TBI, targeting the caudal forelimb motor cortex, and randomly divided into 3 groups: TBI-only, TBI + Anti-Nogo-A Ab, and TBI + Control Ab. Testing resumed 3 days after TBI and continued for 8 weeks, when rats received an injection of the anterograde neuronal tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), into the corresponding area contralateral to the TBI. RESULTS We observed significant improvement in rats that received anti-Nogo-A Ab treatment post-TBI compared to controls. Analysis of BDA-positive axons revealed that anti-Nogo-A Ab treatment resulted in cortico-rubral plasticity to the deafferented red nucleus. Conclusions. Anti-Nogo-A Ab treatment may improve functional recovery via neuronal plasticity to brain areas important for skilled movements, and this treatment shows promise to improve outcomes in humans who have suffered a TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Powers
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Son T Ton
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Russ P Nockels
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Gwendolyn L Kartje
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Shih-Yen Tsai
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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2
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Inflammatory Response and Secondary White Matter Damage to the Corpus Callosum after Focal Striatal Stroke in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063179. [PMID: 35328600 PMCID: PMC8955860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disabilities worldwide, resulting in a debilitating condition occasioned by disturbances in the cerebral vasculature. Primary damage due to metabolic collapse is a quick outcome following stroke, but a multitude of secondary events, including excitotoxicity, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress cause further cell death and functional impairment. In the present work, we investigated whether a primary ischemic damage into the dorsal striatum may cause secondary damage in the circumjacent corpus callosum (CC). Animals were injected with endothelin-1 and perfused at 3, 7, 14, and 30 post-lesion days (PLD). Sections were stained with Cresyl violet for basic histopathology and immunolabeled by antibodies against astrocytes (anti-GFAP), macrophages/microglia (anti-IBA1/anti MHC-II), oligodendrocytes (anti-TAU) and myelin (anti-MBP), and Anti-Nogo. There were conspicuous microgliosis and astrocytosis in the CC, followed by later oligodendrocyte death and myelin impairment. Our results suggest that secondary white matter damage in the CC follows a primary focal striatal ischemia in adult rats.
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3
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NogoA-expressing astrocytes limit peripheral macrophage infiltration after ischemic brain injury in primates. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6906. [PMID: 34824275 PMCID: PMC8617297 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play critical roles after brain injury, but their precise function is poorly defined. Utilizing single-nuclei transcriptomics to characterize astrocytes after ischemic stroke in the visual cortex of the marmoset monkey, we observed nearly complete segregation between stroke and control astrocyte clusters. Screening for the top 30 differentially expressed genes that might limit stroke recovery, we discovered that a majority of astrocytes expressed RTN4A/ NogoA, a neurite-outgrowth inhibitory protein previously only associated with oligodendrocytes. NogoA upregulation on reactive astrocytes post-stroke was significant in both the marmoset and human brain, whereas only a marginal change was observed in mice. We determined that NogoA mediated an anti-inflammatory response which likely contributes to limiting the infiltration of peripheral macrophages into the surviving parenchyma.
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Alia C, Cangi D, Massa V, Salluzzo M, Vignozzi L, Caleo M, Spalletti C. Cell-to-Cell Interactions Mediating Functional Recovery after Stroke. Cells 2021; 10:3050. [PMID: 34831273 PMCID: PMC8623942 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic damage in brain tissue triggers a cascade of molecular and structural plastic changes, thus influencing a wide range of cell-to-cell interactions. Understanding and manipulating this scenario of intercellular connections is the Holy Grail for post-stroke neurorehabilitation. Here, we discuss the main findings in the literature related to post-stroke alterations in cell-to-cell interactions, which may be either detrimental or supportive for functional recovery. We consider both neural and non-neural cells, starting from astrocytes and reactive astrogliosis and moving to the roles of the oligodendrocytes in the support of vulnerable neurons and sprouting inhibition. We discuss the controversial role of microglia in neural inflammation after injury and we conclude with the description of post-stroke alterations in pyramidal and GABAergic cells interactions. For all of these sections, we review not only the spontaneous evolution in cellular interactions after ischemic injury, but also the experimental strategies which have targeted these interactions and that are inspiring novel therapeutic strategies for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Daniele Cangi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area, School of Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Verediana Massa
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Marco Salluzzo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area, School of Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Livia Vignozzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy;
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy;
| | - Cristina Spalletti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (C.S.)
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5
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de Boer A, Storm A, Gomez-Soler M, Smolders S, Rué L, Poppe L, B Pasquale E, Robberecht W, Lemmens R. Environmental enrichment during the chronic phase after experimental stroke promotes functional recovery without synergistic effects of EphA4 targeted therapy. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:605-617. [PMID: 31814004 PMCID: PMC7068116 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, stroke is the main cause of long-term adult disability. After the initial insult, most patients undergo a subacute period with intense plasticity and rapid functional improvements. This period is followed by a chronic phase where recovery reaches a plateau that is only partially modifiable by rehabilitation. After experimental stroke, various subacute rehabilitation paradigms improve recovery. However, in order to reach the best possible outcome, a combination of plasticity-promoting strategies and rehabilitation might be necessary. EphA4 is a negative axonal guidance regulator during development. After experimental stroke, reduced EphA4 levels improve functional outcome with similar beneficial effects upon the inhibition of EphA4 downstream targets. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of a basic enriched environment in the chronic phase after photothrombotic stroke in mice as well as the therapeutic potential of EphA4 targeted therapy followed by rehabilitation. Our findings show that environmental enrichment in the chronic phase improves functional outcome up to 2 months post-stroke. Although EphA4 levels increase after experimental stroke, subacute EphA4 inhibition followed by environmental enrichment does not further increase recovery. In conclusion, we show that environmental enrichment during the chronic phase of stroke improves functional outcome in mice with no synergistic effects of the used EphA4 targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antina de Boer
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Annet Storm
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Maricel Gomez-Soler
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Silke Smolders
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Laura Rué
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lindsay Poppe
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wim Robberecht
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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6
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Tsai SY, Schreiber JA, Adamczyk NS, Wu JY, Ton ST, Hofler RC, Walter JS, O'Brien TE, Kartje GL, Nockels RP. Improved Functional Outcome After Peripheral Nerve Stimulation of the Impaired Forelimb Post-stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:610434. [PMID: 33959086 PMCID: PMC8093517 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.610434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of blood flow to the brain, i.e., ischemic stroke, results in loss of nerve cells and therefore loss of function in the effected brain regions. There is no effective treatment to improve lost function except restoring blood flow within the first several hours. Rehabilitation strategies are widely used with limited success. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of electrical stimulation on the impaired upper extremity to improve functional recovery after stroke. We developed a rodent model using an electrode cuff implant onto a single peripheral nerve (median nerve) of the paretic forelimb and applied daily electrical stimulation. The skilled forelimb reaching test was used to evaluate functional outcome after stroke and electrical stimulation. Anterograde axonal tracing from layer V pyramidal neurons with biotinylated dextran amine was done to evaluate the formation of new neuronal connections from the contralesional cortex to the deafferented spinal cord. Rats receiving electrical stimulation on the median nerve showed significant improvement in the skilled forelimb reaching test in comparison with stroke only and stroke with sham stimulation. Rats that received electrical stimulation also exhibited significant improvement in the latency to initiate adhesive removal from the impaired forelimb, indicating better sensory recovery. Furthermore, axonal tracing analysis showed a significant higher midline fiber crossing index in the cervical spinal cord of rats receiving electrical stimulation. Our results indicate that direct peripheral nerve stimulation leads to improved sensorimotor recovery in the stroke-impaired forelimb, and may be a useful approach to improve post-stroke deficits in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yen Tsai
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer A Schreiber
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
| | | | - Joanna Y Wu
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Son T Ton
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Ryan C Hofler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - James S Walter
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Timothy E O'Brien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics and Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gwendolyn L Kartje
- Edward Hines Jr. Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Russ P Nockels
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States
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7
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Beker M, Caglayan AB, Beker MC, Altunay S, Karacay R, Dalay A, Altintas MO, Kose GT, Hermann DM, Kilic E. Lentivirally administered glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes post-ischemic neurological recovery, brain remodeling and contralesional pyramidal tract plasticity by regulating axonal growth inhibitors and guidance proteins. Exp Neurol 2020; 331:113364. [PMID: 32454038 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its potent longterm neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is currently studied in neurodegenerative disease clinical trials. However, little is known about the longterm effect of GDNF on neurological recovery, brain remodeling and neuroplasticity in the post-acute phase of ischemic stroke. In a comprehensive set of experiments, we examined the effects of lentiviral GDNF administration after ischemic stroke. GDNF reduced neurological deficits, neuronal injury, blood-brain barrier permeability in the acute phase in mice. As compared with control, enhanced motor-coordination and spontaneous locomotor activity were noted in GDNF-treated mice, which were associated with increased microvascular remodeling, increased neurogenesis and reduced glial scar formation in the peri-infarct tissue. We observed reduced brain atrophy and increased plasticity of contralesional pyramidal tract axons that crossed the midline in order to innervate denervated neurons in the ipsilesional red and facial nuclei. Contralesional axonal plasticity by GDNF was associated with decreased abundance of the axonal growth inhibitors brevican and versican in contralesional and ipsilesional brain tissue, reduced abundance of the growth repulsive guidance molecule ephrin b1 in contralesional brain tissue, increased abundance of the midline growth repulsive protein Slit1 in contralesional brain tissue and reduced abundance of Slit1's receptor Robo2 in ipsilesional brain tissue. These data indicate that GDNF potently induces longterm neurological recovery, peri-infarct brain remodeling and contralesional neuroplasticity, which are associated with the fine-tuned regulation of axonal growth inhibitors and guidance molecules that facilitate the growth of contralesional corticofugal axons in the direction to the ipsilesional hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Beker
- Dept. of Medical Biology, International School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey.; Dept. of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.; Dept. of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet B Caglayan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa C Beker
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Altunay
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reyda Karacay
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arman Dalay
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet O Altintas
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gamze T Kose
- Dept. of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Dept. of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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Knock down of lncRNA H19 promotes axon sprouting and functional recovery after cerebral ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2020; 1732:146681. [PMID: 31991123 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of irreversible brain damages and disabilities. In the past decade, much attention has been focused on exploring effective strategies to promote circuit reorganization and functional recovery post injury. Here, we showed that the expression level of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA H19) is bilaterally increased in the sensorimotor cortex after a cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Knock down of contralaterally elevated H19 robustly enhanced the midline-crossing sprouting of the intact corticospinal axons in the spinal cord. Furthermore, H19 knockdown mice showed significant improvement on the performance of the food pellet retrieval assay, a skilled, cortical dependent motor task. Mechanistically, lncRNA H19 inhibition increased IGF1R expression and activated IGF1 mediated mTOR pathway. Our research thereby provided novel insights into identifying therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.
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9
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Protease-independent action of tissue plasminogen activator in brain plasticity and neurological recovery after ischemic stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9115-9124. [PMID: 30996120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821979116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), currently the only FDA-approved medication for ischemic stroke, exerts important biological actions on the CNS besides its well-known thrombolytic effect. In this study, we investigated the role of tPA on primary neurons in culture and on brain recovery and plasticity after ischemic stroke in mice. Treatment with recombinant tPA stimulated axonal growth in culture, an effect independent of its protease activity and achieved through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. After permanent focal cerebral ischemia, tPA knockout mice developed more severe sensorimotor and cognitive deficits and greater axonal and myelin injury than wild-type mice, suggesting that endogenously expressed tPA promotes long-term neurological recovery after stroke. In tPA knockout mice, intranasal administration of recombinant tPA protein 6 hours poststroke and 7 more times at 2 d intervals mitigated white matter injury, improved axonal conduction, and enhanced neurological recovery. Consistent with the proaxonal growth effects observed in vitro, exogenous tPA delivery increased poststroke axonal sprouting of corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts, which might have contributed to restoration of neurological functions. Notably, recombinant mutant tPA-S478A lacking protease activity (but retaining the EGF-like domain) was as effective as wild-type tPA in rescuing neurological functions in tPA knockout stroke mice. These findings demonstrate that tPA improves long-term functional outcomes in a clinically relevant stroke model, likely by promoting brain plasticity through EGFR signaling. Therefore, treatment with the protease-dead recombinant tPA-S478A holds particular promise as a neurorestorative therapy, as the risk for triggering intracranial hemorrhage is eliminated and tPA-S478A can be delivered intranasally hours after stroke.
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Liu XH, Bi HY, Cao J, Ren S, Yue SW. Early constraint-induced movement therapy affects behavior and neuronal plasticity in ischemia-injured rat brains. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:775-782. [PMID: 30688263 PMCID: PMC6375040 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.249225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Constraint-induced movement therapy is an effective rehabilitative training technique used to improve the restoration of impaired upper extremity movement after stroke. However, whether constraint-induced movement therapy is more effective than conventional rehabilitation in acute or sub-acute stroke remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to identify the optimal time to start constraint-induced movement therapy after ischemic stroke and to explore the mechanisms by which constraint-induced movement therapy leads to post-stroke recovery. Sixty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham-surgery group, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group, early constraint-induced movement therapy group, and late constraint-induced movement therapy group. Rat models of left middle cerebral artery occlusion were established according to the Zea Longa line embolism method. Constraint-induced movement therapy was conducted starting on day 1 or day 14 in the early constraint-induced movement therapy and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups, respectively. To explore the effect of each intervention time on neuromotor function, behavioral function was assessed using a balance beam walking test before surgery and at 8 and 21 days after surgery. The expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and Nogo receptor were evaluated using real time-polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay to assess the effect of each intervention time. The results showed that the behavioral score was significantly lower in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group than in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups at 8 days. At 21 days, the scores had significantly decreased in the early constraint-induced movement therapy and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups. At 8 days, only mild pyknosis appeared in neurons of the ischemic penumbra in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group, which was distinctly better than in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion group. At 21 days, only a few vacuolated cells were observed and no obvious inflammatory cells were visible in late constraint-induced movement therapy group, which was much better than at 8 days. The mRNA and protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor were significantly higher, but expression levels of Nogo receptor were significantly lower in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group compared with the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups at 8 days. The changes in expression levels at 21 days were larger but similar in both the early constraint-induced movement therapy and late constraint-induced movement therapy groups. Besides, the protein nerve growth factor level was higher in the late constraint-induced movement therapy group than in the early constraint-induced movement therapy group at 21 days. These results suggest that both early (1 day) and late (14 days) constraint-induced movement therapy induces molecular plasticity and facilitates functional recovery after ischemic stroke, as illustrated by the histology. The mechanism may be associated with downregulation of Nogo receptor expression and upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Hua Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Bi
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Maternal and Child Health Development Research Center, Shandong Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuo Ren
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shou-Wei Yue
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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11
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Fregosi M, Contestabile A, Badoud S, Borgognon S, Cottet J, Brunet JF, Bloch J, Schwab ME, Rouiller EM. Changes of motor corticobulbar projections following different lesion types affecting the central nervous system in adult macaque monkeys. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:2050-2070. [PMID: 30019432 PMCID: PMC6175012 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional recovery from central nervous system injury is likely to be partly due to a rearrangement of neural circuits. In this context, the corticobulbar (corticoreticular) motor projections onto different nuclei of the ponto-medullary reticular formation (PMRF) were investigated in 13 adult macaque monkeys after either, primary motor cortex injury (MCI) in the hand area, or spinal cord injury (SCI) or Parkinson's disease-like lesions of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic system (PD). A subgroup of animals in both MCI and SCI groups was treated with neurite growth promoting anti-Nogo-A antibodies, whereas all PD animals were treated with autologous neural cell ecosystems (ANCE). The anterograde tracer BDA was injected either in the premotor cortex (PM) or in the primary motor cortex (M1) to label and quantify corticobulbar axonal boutons terminaux and en passant in PMRF. As compared to intact animals, after MCI the density of corticobulbar projections from PM was strongly reduced but maintained their laterality dominance (ipsilateral), both in the presence or absence of anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment. In contrast, the density of corticobulbar projections from M1 was increased following opposite hemi-section of the cervical cord (at C7 level) and anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment, with maintenance of contralateral laterality bias. In PD monkeys, the density of corticobulbar projections from PM was strongly reduced, as well as that from M1, but to a lesser extent. In conclusion, the densities of corticobulbar projections from PM or M1 were affected in a variable manner, depending on the type of lesion/pathology and the treatment aimed to enhance functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Fregosi
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Contestabile
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simon Badoud
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simon Borgognon
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Cottet
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Cell production center (CPC), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Bloch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric M Rouiller
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
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12
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Podraza KM, Mehta Y, Husak VA, Lippmann E, O'Brien TE, Kartje GL, Tsai SY. Improved functional outcome after chronic stroke with delayed anti-Nogo-A therapy: A clinically relevant intention-to-treat analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1327-1338. [PMID: 28952904 PMCID: PMC6077927 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17730994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many preclinical treatment strategies for stroke have failed when tested in human trials. Although the reasons for these translation failures are multifactorial, one potential concern is the statistical analysis of the preclinical data. One way to rigorously evaluate new therapies is to use an intention-to-treat analysis in preclinical studies. Therefore, in this study, we set out to evaluate the treatment efficacy of a potential clinically relevant therapeutic agent for stroke, i.e., anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy, using an intention-to-treat analysis. Adult rats were trained on the skilled forelimb reaching task and subsequently underwent an ischemic stroke. Nine weeks later, the rats either received intracerebroventricular anti-Nogo-A antibody, control antibody, or no treatment. Skilled reaching performance was assessed by a non-linear model using both an intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis. Following testing, dendritic complexity was evaluated in the contralesional and perilesional sensorimotor cortex. Both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis showed that anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy resulted in statistically significant improved recovery on the skilled forelimb reaching task, although treatment effect was less (though statistically significant) in the intention-to-treat group. Improved functional performance was not shown to be associated with dendritic changes. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the importance of using intention-to-treat paradigms in testing preclinical therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Podraza
- Research Service,
Edward
Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines,
IL, USA
- Loyola University Chicago Health
Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Yasmin Mehta
- Research Service,
Edward
Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines,
IL, USA
| | - Vicki A Husak
- Research Service,
Edward
Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines,
IL, USA
| | - Elise Lippmann
- Loyola University Chicago Health
Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Brien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics
and Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago,
IL, USA
| | - Gwendolyn L Kartje
- Research Service,
Edward
Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines,
IL, USA
- Loyola University Chicago Health
Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Shih-Yen Tsai
- Research Service,
Edward
Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines,
IL, USA
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13
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Xu X, Bass B, McKillop WM, Mailloux J, Liu T, Geremia NM, Hryciw T, Brown A. Sox9 knockout mice have improved recovery following stroke. Exp Neurol 2018; 303:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Yang Y, Zhang X, Ge H, Liu W, Sun E, Ma Y, Zhao H, Li R, Chen W, Yuan J, Chen Q, Chen Y, Liu X, Zhang JH, Hu R, Fan X, Feng H. Epothilone B Benefits Nigrostriatal Pathway Recovery by Promoting Microtubule Stabilization After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.007626. [PMID: 29348323 PMCID: PMC5850167 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Many previous clinical studies have demonstrated that the nigrostriatal pathway, which plays a vital role in movement adjustment, is significantly impaired after stroke, according to medical imaging and autopsies. However, the basic pathomorphological changes have been poorly investigated to date. This study was designed to explore the pathomorphological changes, mechanism, and therapeutic method of nigrostriatal impairment after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods and Results Intrastriatal injection of autologous blood or microtubule depolymerization reagent nocodazole was performed to mimic the pathology of ICH in C57/BL6 mice. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting, electron microscopy, functional behavioral tests, and anterograde and retrograde neural circuit tracking techniques were used in these mice. The data showed that the number of dopamine neurons and the dopamine concentration were severely decreased and that fine motor function was impaired after ICH. Microtubule depolymerization was the main contributor to the loss of dopamine neurons and to motor function deficits after ICH, as was also proven by intrastriatal injection of nocodazole. Moreover, administration of the microtubule stabilizer epothilone B (1.5 mg/kg) improved the integrity of the nigrostriatal pathway neural circuit, increased the number of dopamine neurons (4598±896 versus 3125±355; P=0.034) and the dopamine concentration (4.28±0.99 versus 3.08±0.75 ng/mg; P=0.041), and enhanced fine motor functional recovery associated with increased acetylated α‐tubulin expression to maintain microtubule stabilization after ICH. Conclusions Our results clarified the pathomorphological changes of the nigrostriatal pathway after ICH and found that epothilone B helped alleviate nigrostriatal pathway injury after ICH, associated with promoting α‐tubulin acetylation to maintain microtubule stabilization, thus facilitating motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongfei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Eryi Sun
- Neurosurgery Department of Guizhou, Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hengli Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jichao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Modulation of Post-Stroke Plasticity and Regeneration by Stem Cell Therapy and Exogenic Factors. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO REGENERATION AND REPAIR 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66679-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Effects of Gualou Guizhi Decoction Aqueous Extract on Axonal Regeneration in Organotypic Cortical Slice Culture after Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:5170538. [PMID: 29075304 PMCID: PMC5624132 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5170538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gualou Guizhi decoction (GLGZD) is effective for the clinical treatment of limb spasms caused by ischemic stroke, but its underlying mechanism is unclear. Propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL), immunohistochemistry, western blot, and real-time qPCR were used to observe the axonal regeneration and neuroprotective effects of GLGZD aqueous extract on organotypic cortical slices exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and further elucidate the potential mechanisms. Compared with the OGD group, the GLGZD aqueous extract decreased the red PI fluorescence intensity; inhibited neuronal apoptosis; improved the growth of slice axons; upregulated the protein expression of tau and growth-associated protein-43; and decreased protein and mRNA expression of neurite outgrowth inhibitor protein-A (Nogo-A), Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1), ras homolog gene family A (RhoA), rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK), and phosphorylation of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2). Our study found that GLGZD had a strong neuroprotective effect on brain slices after OGD injury. GLGZD plays a vital role in promoting axonal remodeling and functional remodeling, which may be related to regulation of the expression of Nogo-A and its receptor NgR1, near the injured axons, inhibition of the Rho-ROCK pathway, and reduction of CRMP2 phosphorylation.
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17
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Zhang C, Zou Y, Li K, Li C, Jiang Y, Sun J, Sun R, Wen H. Different effects of running wheel exercise and skilled reaching training on corticofugal tract plasticity in hypertensive rats with cortical infarctions. Behav Brain Res 2017; 336:166-172. [PMID: 28882693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The approaches that facilitate white matter plasticity may prompt functional recovery after a stroke. The effects of different exercise methods on motor recovery in stroke rats have been investigated. However, it is not clear whether their effects on axonal plasticity different. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the forced running wheel exercise (RWE) and skilled reaching training (SRT) on axonal plasticity and motor recovery. Cortical infarctions were generated in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats. The rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: the control (Con) group, the RWE group, and the SRT group. A sham group was also included. The mNSS and forelimb grip strength tests were performed on days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 after ischemia. The anterograde tract tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the rats to trace the axonal plasticity of the contralesional corticofugal tracts. Compared with the Con group, the mNSS scores in the SRT and RWE groups decreased on day 28 (P<0.05) and on days 35 and 42 (P<0.01). The grip strength in the SRT group increased relative to that in the RWE group at 42day post-ischemia (P<0.01). Both the RWE and SRT groups exhibited enhanced plasticity of the contralesional corticofugal tract axons at the level of the red nucleus (P<0.01) and the cervical enlargement (P<0.01). More contralateral corticorubral tract remodeling was observed at the red nucleus level in the SRT group than in the RWE group (P<0.001). Taken together, these results suggest that SRT may enhance axon plasticity in the corticorubral tract more effectively than the forced RWE and is associated with better motor recovery after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChanJuan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Xingang Middle Road, Guangzhou 510317, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kui Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - YingPing Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 466 Xingang Middle Road, Guangzhou 510317, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ju Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ruifang Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - HongMei Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
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18
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Otero-Ortega L, Gómez-de Frutos MC, Laso-García F, Sánchez-Gonzalo A, Martínez-Arroyo A, Díez-Tejedor E, Gutiérrez-Fernández M. NogoA Neutralization Promotes Axonal Restoration After White Matter Injury In Subcortical Stroke. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9431. [PMID: 28842591 PMCID: PMC5573364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking axonal growth inhibitor NogoA has been of great interest for promoting axonal recovery from neurological diseases. The present study investigates the therapeutic effects of blocking NogoA, inducing functional recovery and promoting white matter repair in an experimental animal model of stroke. Adult male rats were subjected to white matter injury by subcortical ischemic stroke. Twenty-four hours after surgery, 250 ug of anti-NogoA or anti-IgG-1 were administered through the tail vein. The quantity of NogoA protein was determined by immunohistochemistry in the brain and peripheral organs. In addition, functional status, lesion size, fiber tract integrity, axonal sprouting and white matter repair markers were analyzed. Moreover, an in vitro study was performed in order to strengthen the results obtained in vivo. A lower quantity of NogoA protein was found in the brain and peripheral organs of the animals that received anti-NogoA treatment. The animals receiving anti-NogoA treatment showed significantly better results in terms of functional recovery, fiber tract integrity, axonal sprouting and white matter repair markers compared with the control group at 28 days. White matter integrity was in part restored by antibody-mediated inhibition of NogoA administration in those animals that were subjected to an axonal injury by subcortical stroke. This white matter restoration triggered functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Otero-Ortega
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Gómez-de Frutos
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Laso-García
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Sánchez-Gonzalo
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Martínez-Arroyo
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Díez-Tejedor
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Shepherd DJ, Tsai SY, Cappucci SP, Wu JY, Farrer RG, Kartje GL. The Subventricular Zone Response to Stroke Is Not a Therapeutic Target of Anti-Nogo-A Immunotherapy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:683-696. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Shepherd
- From the Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois (DJS, SPC, GLK); and Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Research Service, Hines, Illinois (DJS, S-YT, SPC, JYW, RGF, GLK)
| | - Shih-Yen Tsai
- From the Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois (DJS, SPC, GLK); and Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Research Service, Hines, Illinois (DJS, S-YT, SPC, JYW, RGF, GLK)
| | - Stefanie P. Cappucci
- From the Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois (DJS, SPC, GLK); and Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Research Service, Hines, Illinois (DJS, S-YT, SPC, JYW, RGF, GLK)
| | - Joanna Y. Wu
- From the Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois (DJS, SPC, GLK); and Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Research Service, Hines, Illinois (DJS, S-YT, SPC, JYW, RGF, GLK)
| | - Robert G. Farrer
- From the Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois (DJS, SPC, GLK); and Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Research Service, Hines, Illinois (DJS, S-YT, SPC, JYW, RGF, GLK)
| | - Gwendolyn L. Kartje
- From the Loyola University Health Sciences Division, Maywood, Illinois (DJS, SPC, GLK); and Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Research Service, Hines, Illinois (DJS, S-YT, SPC, JYW, RGF, GLK)
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20
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Boghdadi AG, Teo L, Bourne JA. The Involvement of the Myelin-Associated Inhibitors and Their Receptors in CNS Plasticity and Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1831-1846. [PMID: 28229330 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The limited capacity for the central nervous system (CNS) to repair itself was first described over 100 years ago by Spanish neuroscientist Ramon Y. Cajal. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this failure in neuronal regeneration remain unclear and, as such, no effective therapeutics yet exist. Numerous studies have attempted to elucidate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that inhibit neuronal repair with increasing evidence suggesting that several inhibitory factors and repulsive guidance cues active during development actually persist into adulthood and may be contributing to the inhibition of repair. For example, in the injured adult CNS, there are various inhibitory factors that impede the outgrowth of neurites from damaged neurons. One of the most potent of these neurite outgrowth inhibitors is the group of proteins known as the myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs), present mainly on the membranes of oligodendroglia. Several studies have shown that interfering with these proteins can have positive outcomes in CNS injury models by promoting neurite outgrowth and improving functional recovery. As such, the MAIs, their receptors, and downstream effectors are valid drug targets for the treatment of CNS injury. This review will discuss the current literature on MAIs in the context of CNS development, plasticity, and injury. Molecules that interfere with the MAIs and their receptors as potential candidates for the treatment of CNS injury will additionally be introduced in the context of preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Boghdadi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Leon Teo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk (Building 75), Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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21
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Neurodegeneration and Glial Response after Acute Striatal Stroke: Histological Basis for Neuroprotective Studies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3173564. [PMID: 28090244 PMCID: PMC5165163 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3173564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and neurological disability worldwide and striatal ischemic stroke is frequent in humans due to obstruction of middle cerebral artery. Several pathological events underlie damage progression and a comprehensive description of the pathological features following experimental stroke in both acute and chronic survival times is a necessary step for further functional studies. Here, we explored the patterns of microglial activation, astrocytosis, oligodendrocyte damage, myelin impairment, and Nogo-A immunoreactivity between 3 and 30 postlesion days (PLDs) after experimental striatal stroke in adult rats induced by microinjections of endothelin-1 (ET-1). The focal ischemia induced tissue loss concomitant with intense microglia activation between 3 and 14 PLDs (maximum at 7 PLDs), decreasing afterward. Astrocytosis was maximum around 7 PLDs. Oligodendrocyte damage and Nogo-A upregulation were higher at 3 PLDs. Myelin impairment was maximum between 7 and 14 PLDs. Nogo-A expression was higher in the first week in comparison to control. The results add important histopathological features of ET-1 induced stroke in subacute and chronic survival times. In addition, the establishment of the temporal evolution of these neuropathological events is an important step for future studies seeking suitable neuroprotective drugs targeting neuroinflammation and white matter damage.
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22
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Shepherd DJ, Tsai SY, O'Brien TE, Farrer RG, Kartje GL. Anti-Nogo-A Immunotherapy Does Not Alter Hippocampal Neurogenesis after Stroke in Adult Rats. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:467. [PMID: 27803646 PMCID: PMC5067305 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of adult disability, including cognitive impairment. Our laboratory has previously shown that treatment with function-blocking antibodies against the neurite growth inhibitory protein Nogo-A promotes functional recovery after stroke in adult and aged rats, including enhancing spatial memory performance, for which the hippocampus is critically important. Since spatial memory has been linked to hippocampal neurogenesis, we investigated whether anti-Nogo-A treatment increases hippocampal neurogenesis after stroke. Adult rats were subject to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion followed 1 week later by 2 weeks of antibody treatment. Cellular proliferation in the dentate gyrus was quantified at the end of treatment, and the number of newborn neurons was determined at 8 weeks post-stroke. Treatment with both anti-Nogo-A and control antibodies stimulated the accumulation of new microglia/macrophages in the dentate granule cell layer, but neither treatment increased cellular proliferation or the number of newborn neurons above stroke-only levels. These results suggest that anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy does not increase post-stroke hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Shepherd
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences DivisionMaywood, IL, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA HospitalHines, IL, USA
| | - Shih-Yen Tsai
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital Hines, IL, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Brien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Loyola University Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert G Farrer
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital Hines, IL, USA
| | - Gwendolyn L Kartje
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences DivisionMaywood, IL, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA HospitalHines, IL, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences DivisionMaywood, IL, USA
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23
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Carmichael ST, Kathirvelu B, Schweppe CA, Nie EH. Molecular, cellular and functional events in axonal sprouting after stroke. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:384-394. [PMID: 26874223 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Yet there is a limited degree of recovery in this disease. One of the mechanisms of recovery is the formation of new connections in the brain and spinal cord after stroke: post-stroke axonal sprouting. Studies indicate that post-stroke axonal sprouting occurs in mice, rats, primates and humans. Inducing post-stroke axonal sprouting in specific connections enhances recovery; blocking axonal sprouting impairs recovery. Behavioral activity patterns after stroke modify the axonal sprouting response. A unique regenerative molecular program mediates this aspect of tissue repair in the CNS. The types of connections that are formed after stroke indicate three patterns of axonal sprouting after stroke: reactive, reparative and unbounded axonal sprouting. These differ in mechanism, location, relationship to behavioral recovery and, importantly, in their prospect for therapeutic manipulation to enhance tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomas Carmichael
- Departments of Neurology and of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Balachandar Kathirvelu
- Departments of Neurology and of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Catherine A Schweppe
- Departments of Neurology and of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Esther H Nie
- Departments of Neurology and of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Blocking the Nogo-A Signaling Pathway to Promote Regeneration and Plasticity After Spinal Cord Injury and Stroke. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Siebert JR, Eade AM, Osterhout DJ. Biomaterial Approaches to Enhancing Neurorestoration after Spinal Cord Injury: Strategies for Overcoming Inherent Biological Obstacles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:752572. [PMID: 26491685 PMCID: PMC4600545 DOI: 10.1155/2015/752572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
While advances in technology and medicine have improved both longevity and quality of life in patients living with a spinal cord injury, restoration of full motor function is not often achieved. This is due to the failure of repair and regeneration of neuronal connections in the spinal cord after injury. In this review, the complicated nature of spinal cord injury is described, noting the numerous cellular and molecular events that occur in the central nervous system following a traumatic lesion. In short, postinjury tissue changes create a complex and dynamic environment that is highly inhibitory to the process of neural regeneration. Strategies for repair are outlined with a particular focus on the important role of biomaterials in designing a therapeutic treatment that can overcome this inhibitory environment. The importance of considering the inherent biological response of the central nervous system to both injury and subsequent therapeutic interventions is highlighted as a key consideration for all attempts at improving functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Siebert
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - Amber M. Eade
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - Donna J. Osterhout
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Dickson HM, Wilbur A, Reinke AA, Young MA, Vojtek AB. Targeted inhibition of the Shroom3-Rho kinase protein-protein interaction circumvents Nogo66 to promote axon outgrowth. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:34. [PMID: 26077244 PMCID: PMC4467669 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory molecules in the adult central nervous system, including NogoA, impede neural repair by blocking axon outgrowth. The actin-myosin regulatory protein Shroom3 directly interacts with Rho kinase and conveys axon outgrowth inhibitory signals from Nogo66, a C-terminal inhibitory domain of NogoA. The purpose of this study was to identify small molecules that block the Shroom3-Rho kinase protein-protein interaction as a means to modulate NogoA signaling and, in the longer term, enhance axon outgrowth during neural repair. RESULTS A high throughput screen for inhibitors of the Shroom3-Rho kinase protein-protein interaction identified CCG-17444 (Chem ID: 2816053). CCG-17444 inhibits the Shroom3-Rho kinase interaction in vitro with micromolar potency. This compound acts through an irreversible, covalent mechanism of action, targeting Shroom3 Cys1816 to inhibit the Shroom3-Rho kinase protein-protein interaction. Inhibition of the Shroom3-Rho kinase protein-protein interaction with CCG-17444 counteracts the inhibitory action of Nogo66 and enhances neurite outgrowth. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a small molecule inhibitor of the Shroom3-Rho kinase protein-protein interaction that circumvents the inhibitory action of Nogo66 in neurons. Identification of a small molecule compound that blocks the Shroom3-Rho kinase protein-protein interaction provides a first step towards a potential new strategy for enhancing neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Dickson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Amanda Wilbur
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Ashley A Reinke
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Mathew A Young
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Anne B Vojtek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Vaagenes IC, Tsai SY, Ton ST, Husak VA, McGuire SO, O’Brien TE, Kartje GL. Binge ethanol prior to traumatic brain injury worsens sensorimotor functional recovery in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120356. [PMID: 25768795 PMCID: PMC4359156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant number of patients suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI) have a high blood alcohol level at the time of injury. Furthermore, drinking alcohol in a binge-like pattern is now recognized as a national problem, leading to a greater likelihood of being injured. Our objective was to determine the consequences of a binge paradigm of alcohol intoxication at the time of TBI on long-term functional outcome using a sensitive test of sensorimotor function. We trained adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats on the skilled forelimb reaching task and then administered a single binge dose of ethanol (2g/kg, i.p.) or saline for three consecutive days (for a total of 3 doses). One hour after the final ethanol dose, rats underwent a TBI to the sensorimotor cortex corresponding to the preferred reaching forelimb. Animals were then tested for seven weeks on the skilled forelimb reaching task to assess the profile of recovery. We found that the group given ethanol prior to TBI displayed a slower recovery curve with a lower recovery plateau as compared to the control group. Therefore, even a relatively short (3 day) episode of binge alcohol exposure can negatively impact long-term recovery from a TBI, underscoring this significant public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Vaagenes
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shih-Yen Tsai
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Son T. Ton
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States of America
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vicki A. Husak
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Susan O. McGuire
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Timothy E. O’Brien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gwendolyn L. Kartje
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
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Liu Z, Li Y, Qian J, Cui Y, Chopp M. Plasminogen deficiency causes reduced corticospinal axonal plasticity and functional recovery after stroke in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94505. [PMID: 24732409 PMCID: PMC3986098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been implicated in neurite outgrowth and neurological recovery post stroke. tPA converts the zymogen plasminogen (Plg) into plasmin. In this study, using plasminogen knockout (Plg-/-) mice and their Plg-native littermates (Plg+/+), we investigated the role of Plg in axonal remodeling and neurological recovery after stroke. Plg+/+ and Plg-/- mice (n = 10/group) were subjected to permanent intraluminal monofilament middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). A foot-fault test and a single pellet reaching test were performed prior to and on day 3 after stroke, and weekly thereafter to monitor functional deficit and recovery. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the left motor cortex to anterogradely label the corticospinal tract (CST). Animals were euthanized 4 weeks after stroke. Neurite outgrowth was also measured in primary cultured cortical neurons harvested from Plg+/+ and Plg-/- embryos. In Plg+/+ mice, the motor functional deficiency after stroke progressively recovered with time. In contrast, recovery in Plg-/- mice was significantly impaired compared to Plg+/+ mice (p<0.01). BDA-positive axonal density of the CST originating from the contralesional cortex in the denervated side of the cervical gray matter was significantly reduced in Plg-/- mice compared with Plg+/+ mice (p<0.05). The behavioral outcome was highly correlated with the midline-crossing CST axonal density (R2>0.82, p<0.01). Plg-/- neurons exhibited significantly reduced neurite outgrowth. Our data suggest that plasminogen-dependent proteolysis has a beneficial effect during neurological recovery after stroke, at least in part, by promoting axonal remodeling in the denervated spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jianyong Qian
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yisheng Cui
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
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Espinosa-García C, Aguilar-Hernández A, Cervantes M, Moralí G. Effects of progesterone on neurite growth inhibitors in the hippocampus following global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2014; 1545:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Lindau NT, Bänninger BJ, Gullo M, Good NA, Bachmann LC, Starkey ML, Schwab ME. Rewiring of the corticospinal tract in the adult rat after unilateral stroke and anti-Nogo-A therapy. Brain 2013; 137:739-56. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Yu CY, Ng G, Liao P. Therapeutic antibodies in stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:477-83. [PMID: 24098313 PMCID: PMC3787786 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy represents an active area of biomedical research to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. In stroke, recanalization therapy is effective in reducing brain tissue damage after acute ischemic stroke. However, the narrow time window restricts its application for the majority of stroke patients. There is an urgent need to develop adjuvant therapies such as immunotherapy, stem cell replacement, and neuroprotective drugs. A number of molecules have been targeted for immunotherapy in stroke management, including myelin-associated proteins and their receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors, cytokines, and cell adhesion molecules. Both active vaccination and passive antibodies were tested in animal models of acute ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of immunotherapy are different for each target protein. Blocking myelin-associated proteins may enhance neuroplasticity, whereas blocking adhesion molecules may yield neuroprotection by suppressing the immune response after stroke. Although results from animal studies are encouraging, clinical trials using therapeutic antibodies failed to improve stroke outcome due to severe side effects. It remains a challenge to generate specific therapeutic antibodies with minimal side effects on other organs and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chye Yun Yu
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Singapore
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A behavioral method for identifying recovery and compensation: Hand use in a preclinical stroke model using the single pellet reaching task. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:950-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Immunotherapeutic approaches in prion disease: progress, challenges and potential directions. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:615-28. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic trials utilizing animal models of prion disease have explored a variety of compounds and a number of approaches with varying success, including several immunotherapeutic strategies, such as passive immunization through the delivery of viruses carrying nucleic acid inserts encoding prion protein-specific immunoglobulin. Targeted, organ-specific cellular production of therapeutic proteins is a relatively unexplored approach in the treatment of neurodegeneration despite many successful experimental outcomes in animal models and human trials of other diseases of the CNS. Emphasizing studies utilizing mouse models of disease, this review outlines developments and limitations of immunological approaches to the treatment of prion diseases. In addition, the authors discuss the potential of an experimental therapeutic strategy, utilizing hybridoma cells injected directly into the CNS to establish long-term production of anti-prion antibodies in vivo within the organ associated with the greatest pathogenic change in prion disease, the brain.
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Guo F, Jin WL, Li LY, Song WY, Wang HW, Gou XC, Mi YJ, Wang Q, Xiong L. M9, a novel region of amino-Nogo-A, attenuates cerebral ischemic injury by inhibiting NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide production in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:319-28. [PMID: 23490284 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In acute stroke, neurological damage is due to oxidative stress and neuronal apoptotic death. This study investigated whether Nogo-A 290-562 residues region (M9), fused to the transduction domain of the HIV trans-activator (TAT) protein, is neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia and the mechanisms. METHODS Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in male C57BL/6J mice. TAT-M9, its mutation or vehicle was applied via intraperitoneal injection at the onset of reperfusion. The neurobehavioral scores, infarction volumes, neuronal apoptosis, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were evaluated. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and NADPH oxidase activation were measured in the presence or absence of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin or activator tetrabromocinnamic acid (TBCA). RESULTS Immunofluorescence results confirmed that TAT-M9 was transduced into brain parenchyma, and it significantly improved neurological behavior, reduced infarct volumes, protected neuronal cells from apoptosis, inhibited activation of NADPH oxidase, and decreased MDA and ROS contents. Furthermore, apocynin imitated the beneficial effects of TAT-M9, while TBCA abolished them. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that TAT-M9 administration attenuates cerebral ischemia by inhibiting NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative damage and neuronal apoptosis in mice. TAT-M9 may be a potential treatment for cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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35
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Tong J, Liu W, Wang X, Han X, Hyrien O, Samadani U, Smith DH, Huang JH. Inhibition of Nogo-66 receptor 1 enhances recovery of cognitive function after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:247-58. [PMID: 22967270 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) axons recover poorly following injury because of the expression of myelin-derived inhibitors of axonal outgrowth such as Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), all of which bind to the Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgR1). Herein we examine the role of NgR1 in the recovery of motor and cognitive function after traumatic brain injury (TBI) using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model in NgR1 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Four weeks post-injury, scores on the Novel Object Recognition test were significantly increased in NgR1 KO mice compared with WT mice (p<0.05), but motor behavior test scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. Nissl staining showed that NgR1 KO mice had less brain injury volume 2 weeks after CCI (p<0.05). Histological analysis revealed more doublecortin (DCX+) cells (p<0.01) and more Ki-67+ cells in the contralateral dentate gyrus (DG) (p<0.05) 2 weeks after CCI in NgR1 KO mice than in WT. Furthermore, DCX+ cells still retained their longer processes in KO mice (p<0.01) 4 weeks following trauma. The number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)+ cells did not differ between the two groups at 4 weeks post-trauma, but KO mice had higher numbers of cells that co-stained with NeuN, a marker of mature neurons. Increased transcription of growth-associated protein (GAP)-43 in both the injured and contralateral sides of the hippocampus (both p<0.05) was detected in NgR1 KO mice relative to WT. These data suggest that NgR1 negatively influences plasticity and cognitive recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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36
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Guo F, Wang H, Li L, Zhou H, Wei H, Jin W, Wang Q, Xiong L. A novel domain of amino-Nogo-A protects HT22 cells exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation by inhibiting NADPH oxidase activity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:443-52. [PMID: 23354671 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of the M9 region (residues 290-562) of amino-Nogo-A fused to the human immunodeficiency virus trans-activator TAT in an in vitro model of ischemia-reperfusion induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in HT22 hippocampal neurons, and to investigate the role of NADPH oxidase in this protection. Transduction of TAT-M9 was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. The biologic activity of TAT-M9 was assessed by its effects against OGD-induced HT22 cell damage, compared with a mutant M9 fusion protein or vehicle. Cellular viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were assessed. Neuronal apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was determined by western blotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and NADPH oxidase activity were also measured in the presence or absence of an inhibitor or activator of NADPH oxidase. Our results confirmed the delivery of the protein into HT22 cells by immunofluorescence and western blot. Addition of 0.4 μmol/L TAT-M9 to the culture medium effectively improved neuronal cell viability and reduced LDH release induced by OGD. The fusion protein also protected HT22 cells from apoptosis, suppressed overexpression of Bax, and inhibited the reduction in Bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, TAT-M9, as well as apocynin, decreased NADPH oxidase activity and ROS content. The protective effects of the TAT-M9 were reversed by TBCA, an agonist of NADPH oxidase. In conclusion, TAT-M9 could be successfully transduced into HT22 cells, and protected HT22 cells against OGD damage by inhibiting NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress. These findings suggest that the TAT-M9 protein may be an efficient therapeutic agent for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
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Béduer A, Vaysse L, Loubinoux I, Vieu C. [Micro/nano-engineering to control growth of neuronal cells and tissue engineering applied to the central nervous system]. Biol Aujourdhui 2013; 207:291-307. [PMID: 24594577 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2013019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system pathologies are often characterized by the loss of cell populations. A promising therapy now being developed consists in using bioactive materials, associating grafted cells to biopolymers which provide a scaffold for the in vitro building of new tissues, to be implanted in vivo. In the present article, the state of the art of this field, at crossroads between microtechnology and neuroscience, is described in detail; thereafter our own approach and results about interactions between adult human neural stem cells and microstructured polymers are summarized and discussed. In a second part, some central nervous system repair strategies, based on cerebral tissue engineering, are presented. We will report the main results of our studies to work out and characterize in vivo a cerebral bioprosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Béduer
- LAAS, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INSA, IAES), 7 avenue du Colonel Roche, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Vaysse
- INSERM, Imagerie Cérébrale et Handicaps Neurologiques UMR 825, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- INSERM, Imagerie Cérébrale et Handicaps Neurologiques UMR 825, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Vieu
- LAAS, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INSA, IAES), 7 avenue du Colonel Roche, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Hamadjida A, Wyss AF, Mir A, Schwab ME, Belhaj-Saif A, Rouiller EM. Influence of anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment on the reorganization of callosal connectivity of the premotor cortical areas following unilateral lesion of primary motor cortex (M1) in adult macaque monkeys. Exp Brain Res 2012; 223:321-40. [PMID: 22990293 PMCID: PMC3483106 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Following unilateral lesion of the primary motor cortex, the reorganization of callosal projections from the intact hemisphere to the ipsilesional premotor cortex (PM) was investigated in 7 adult macaque monkeys, in absence of treatment (control; n = 4) or treated with function blocking antibodies against the neurite growth inhibitory protein Nogo-A (n = 3). After functional recovery, though incomplete, the tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected in the ipsilesional PM. Retrogradely labelled neurons were plotted in the intact hemisphere and their number was normalized with respect to the volume of the core of BDA injection sites. (1) The callosal projections to PM in the controls originate mainly from homotypic PM areas and, but to a somewhat lesser extent, from the mesial cortex (cingulate and supplementary motor areas). (2) In the lesioned anti-Nogo-A antibody-treated monkeys, the normalized number of callosal retrogradely labelled neurons was up to several folds higher than in controls, especially in the homotypic PM areas. (3) Except one control with a small lesion and a limited, transient deficit, the anti-Nogo-A antibody-treated monkeys recovered to nearly baseline levels of performance (73–90 %), in contrast to persistent deficits in the control monkeys. These results are consistent with a sprouting and/or sparing of callosal axons promoted by the anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment after lesion of the primary motor cortex, as compared to untreated monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjia Hamadjida
- Program in Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences and Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alexander F. Wyss
- Program in Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences and Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anis Mir
- Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin E. Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich and ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Abderaouf Belhaj-Saif
- Program in Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences and Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Eric M. Rouiller
- Program in Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences and Fribourg Centre for Cognition, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Nogo-A is associated with secondary degeneration of substantia nigra in hypertensive rats with focal cortical infarction. Brain Res 2012; 1469:153-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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A role for ephrin-A5 in axonal sprouting, recovery, and activity-dependent plasticity after stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2230-9. [PMID: 22837401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204386109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes loss of neurological function. Recovery after stroke is facilitated by forced use of the affected limb and is associated with sprouting of new connections, a process that is sharply confined in the adult brain. We show that ephrin-A5 is induced in reactive astrocytes in periinfarct cortex and is an inhibitor of axonal sprouting and motor recovery in stroke. Blockade of ephrin-A5 signaling using a unique tissue delivery system induces the formation of a new pattern of axonal projections in motor, premotor, and prefrontal circuits and mediates recovery after stroke in the mouse through these new projections. Combined blockade of ephrin-A5 and forced use of the affected limb promote new and surprisingly widespread axonal projections within the entire cortical hemisphere ipsilateral to the stroke. These data indicate that stroke activates a newly described membrane-bound astrocyte growth inhibitor to limit neuroplasticity, activity-dependent axonal sprouting, and recovery in the adult.
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Chao PK, Lu KT, Jhu JY, Wo YYP, Huang TC, Ro LS, Yang YL. Indomethacin protects rats from neuronal damage induced by traumatic brain injury and suppresses hippocampal IL-1β release through the inhibition of Nogo-A expression. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:121. [PMID: 22676811 PMCID: PMC3416695 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nogo-A is a member of the reticulon family of membrane-associated proteins and plays an important role in axonal remodeling. The present study aimed to investigate alterations in Nogo-A expression following traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced inflammation and neuronal damage. METHODS A weight-drop device was used to deliver a standard traumatic impact to rats. Western blot, RT-PCR and ELISA were used to analyze the expression of Nogo-A and IL-1β. Nogo-A antisense, and an irrelevant control oligonucleotide was intracerebroventricularly infused. We also performed H & E staining and luxol fast blue staining to evaluate the neuronal damage and demyelination resulting from TBI and various treatments. RESULTS Based on RT-PCR and western blot analyses, the expression of Nogo-A was found to be significantly upregulated in the hippocampus beginning eight hours after TBI. In addition, TBI caused an apparent elevation in IL-1β levels and severe neuronal damage and demyelination in the tested animals. All of the TBI-associated molecular and cellular consequences could be effectively reversed by treating the animals with the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin. More importantly, the TBI-associated stimulation in the levels of both Nogo-A and IL-1β could be effectively inhibited by a specific Nogo-A antisense oligonucleotide. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the suppression of Nogo-A expression appears to be an early response conferred by indomethacin, which then leads to decreases in the levels of IL-1β and TBI-induced neuron damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kuan Chao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88 Section 4, Ting-Chou Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Intracerebral chondroitinase ABC and heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican improve outcome from chronic stroke in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9155-60. [PMID: 22615373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205697109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical and chemical constraints imposed by the periinfarct glial scar may contribute to the limited clinical improvement often observed after ischemic brain injury. To investigate the role of some of these mediators in outcome from cerebral ischemia, we treated rats with the growth-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan neurocan, the growth-stimulating heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican, or the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-degrading enzyme chondroitinase ABC. Neurocan, glypican, or chondroitinase ABC was infused directly into the infarct cavity for 7 d, beginning 7 d after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Glypican and chondroitinase ABC reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity and increased microtubule-associated protein-2 immunoreactivity in the periinfarct region, and glypican- and chondroitinase ABC-treated rats showed behavioral improvement compared with neurocan- or saline-treated rats. Glypican and chondroitinase ABC also increased neurite extension in cortical neuron cultures. Glypican increased fibroblast growth factor-2 expression and chondroitinase ABC increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in these cultures, whereas no such effects were seen following neurocan treatment. Thus, treatment with glypican or enzymatic disruption of neurocan with chondroitinase ABC improves gross anatomical, histological, and functional outcome in the chronic phase of experimental stroke in rats. Changes in growth factor expression and neuritogenesis may help to mediate these effects.
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Abstract
Cerebral palsy is caused by injury or developmental disturbances to the immature brain and leads to substantial motor, cognitive, and learning deficits. In addition to developmental disruption associated with the initial insult to the immature brain, injury processes can persist for many months or years. We suggest that these tertiary mechanisms of damage might include persistent inflammation and epigenetic changes. We propose that these processes are implicit in prevention of endogenous repair and regeneration and predispose patients to development of future cognitive dysfunction and sensitisation to further injury. We suggest that treatment of tertiary mechanisms of damage might be possible by various means, including preventing the repressive effects of microglia and astrocyte over-activation, recapitulating developmentally permissive epigenetic conditions, and using cell therapies to stimulate repair and regeneration Recognition of tertiary mechanisms of damage might be the first step in a complex translational task to tailor safe and effective therapies that can be used to treat the already developmentally disrupted brain long after an insult.
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Yamashita T, Abe K. Potential treatment strategies for enhancing neuroplasticity and regeneration after ischemic stroke. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Strokes are a major cause of death and result in a drastic reduction in quality of life. Novel therapeutic strategies for patients suffering from stroke are thus required. Two possible strategies can be proposed for treating ischemic stroke: enhancing neuroplasticity, allowing the surviving neuronal cells to compensate for stroke-related impairment through brain reorganization, sprouting and rewiring of neuronal cells, or regeneration of neuronal cells, including enhancement of intrinsic neurogenesis and stem cell transplantation therapy with neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. Endogenous neurogenesis or transplanted neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells are able to not only supply newborn neurons integrated into a damaged neuronal network, but also produce growth factors into the recovering brains. These secretory factors enhance sprouting and angiogenesis and may be important in neuroplasticity and recovery in the poststroke brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2–5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700–8558, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2–5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700–8558, Japan
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45
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Schoch KM, Madathil SK, Saatman KE. Genetic manipulation of cell death and neuroplasticity pathways in traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9:323-37. [PMID: 22362424 PMCID: PMC3337028 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-0107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a complex cascade of secondary neurodegenerative mechanisms contributing to cell dysfunction and necrotic and apoptotic cell death. The injured brain responds by activating endogenous reparative processes to counter the neurodegeneration or remodel the brain to enhance functional recovery. A vast array of genetically altered mice provide a unique opportunity to target single genes or proteins to better understand their role in cell death and endogenous repair after TBI. Among the earliest targets for transgenic and knockout studies in TBI have been programmed cell death mediators, such as the Bcl-2 family of proteins, caspases, and caspase-independent pathways. In addition, the role of cell cycle regulatory elements in the posttraumatic cell death pathway has been explored in mouse models. As interest grows in neuroplasticity in TBI, the use of transgenic and knockout mice in studies focused on gliogenesis, neurogenesis, and the balance of growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting molecules has increased in recent years. With proper consideration of potential effects of constitutive gene alteration, traditional transgenic and knockout models can provide valuable insights into TBI pathobiology. Through increasing sophistication of conditional and cell-type specific genetic manipulations, TBI studies in genetically altered mice will be increasingly useful for identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Schoch
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, B473 Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Sindhu K. Madathil
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, B473 Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Kathryn E. Saatman
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, B473 Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
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VanGuilder HD, Bixler GV, Sonntag WE, Freeman WM. Hippocampal expression of myelin-associated inhibitors is induced with age-related cognitive decline and correlates with deficits of spatial learning and memory. J Neurochem 2012; 121:77-98. [PMID: 22269040 PMCID: PMC3341628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of cognitive functions including hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory affects nearly half of the aged population. Age-related cognitive decline is associated with synaptic dysfunction that occurs in the absence of neuronal cell loss, suggesting that impaired neuronal signaling and plasticity may underlie age-related deficits of cognitive function. Expression of myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) of synaptic plasticity, including the ligands myelin-associated glycoprotein, neurite outgrowth inhibitor A, and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, and their common receptor, Nogo-66 receptor, was examined in hippocampal synaptosomes and Cornu ammonis area (CA)1, CA3 and dentate gyrus subregions derived from adult (12-13 months) and aged (26-28 months) Fischer 344 × Brown Norway rats. Rats were behaviorally phenotyped by Morris water maze testing and classified as aged cognitively intact (n = 7-8) or aged cognitively impaired (n = 7-10) relative to adults (n = 5-7). MAI protein expression was induced in cognitively impaired, but not cognitively intact, aged rats and correlated with cognitive performance in individual rats. Immunohistochemical experiments demonstrated that up-regulation of MAIs occurs, in part, in hippocampal neuronal axons and somata. While a number of pathways and processes are altered with brain aging, we report a coordinated induction of myelin-associated inhibitors of functional and structural plasticity only in cognitively impaired aged rats. Induction of MAIs may decrease stimulus-induced synaptic strengthening and structural remodeling, ultimately impairing synaptic mechanisms of spatial learning and memory and resulting in cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D. VanGuilder
- Department of Pharmacology, R130, Hershey Center for Applied Research, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Georgina V. Bixler
- Department of Pharmacology, R130, Hershey Center for Applied Research, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - William E. Sonntag
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC-1303, Oklahoma City OK 73104 USA
| | - Willard M. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology, R130, Hershey Center for Applied Research, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
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Kopp MA, Liebscher T, Niedeggen A, Laufer S, Brommer B, Jungehulsing GJ, Strittmatter SM, Dirnagl U, Schwab JM. Small-molecule-induced Rho-inhibition: NSAIDs after spinal cord injury. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:119-32. [PMID: 22350947 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Limited axonal plasticity within the central nervous system (CNS) is a major restriction for functional recovery after CNS injury. The small GTPase RhoA is a key molecule of the converging downstream cascade that leads to the inhibition of axonal re-growth. The Rho-pathway integrates growth inhibitory signals derived from extracellular cues, such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, Nogo-A, myelin-associated glycoprotein, oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein, Ephrins and repulsive guidance molecule-A, into the damaged axon. Consequently, the activation of RhoA results in growth cone collapse and finally outgrowth failure. In turn, the inhibition of RhoA-activation blinds the injured axon to its growth inhibitory environment resulting in enhanced axonal sprouting and plasticity. This has been demonstrated in various CNS-injury models for direct RhoA-inhibition and for downstream/upstream blockade of the RhoA-associated pathway. In addition, RhoA-inhibition reduces apoptotic cell death and secondary damage and improves locomotor recovery in clinically relevant models after experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Unexpectedly, a subset of "small molecules" from the group of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly the FDA-approved ibuprofen, has recently been identified as (1) inhibiting RhoA-activation, (2) enhancing axonal sprouting/regeneration, (3) protecting "tissue at risk" (neuroprotection) and (4) improving motor recovery confined to realistic therapeutical time-frames in clinically relevant SCI models. Here, we survey the effect of small-molecule-induced RhoA-inhibition on axonal plasticity and neurofunctional outcome in CNS injury paradigms. Furthermore, we discuss the body of preclinical evidence for a possible clinical translation with a focus on ibuprofen and illustrate putative risks and benefits for the treatment of acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kopp
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Gonzenbach RR, Zoerner B, Schnell L, Weinmann O, Mir AK, Schwab ME. Delayed Anti-Nogo-A Antibody Application after Spinal Cord Injury Shows Progressive Loss of Responsiveness. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:567-78. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjoern Zoerner
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Schnell
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Weinmann
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin E. Schwab
- University and ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland, Zürich, Switzerland
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Herz J, Reitmeir R, Hagen SI, Reinboth BS, Guo Z, Zechariah A, ElAli A, Doeppner TR, Bacigaluppi M, Pluchino S, Kilic U, Kilic E, Hermann DM. Intracerebroventricularly delivered VEGF promotes contralesional corticorubral plasticity after focal cerebral ischemia via mechanisms involving anti-inflammatory actions. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:1077-85. [PMID: 22198574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has potent angiogenic and neuroprotective effects in the ischemic brain. Its effect on axonal plasticity and neurological recovery in the post-acute stroke phase was unknown. Using behavioral tests combined with anterograde tract tracing studies and with immunohistochemical and molecular biological experiments, we examined effects of a delayed i.c.v. delivery of recombinant human VEGF(165), starting 3 days after stroke, on functional neurological recovery, corticorubral plasticity and inflammatory brain responses in mice submitted to 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. We herein show that the slowly progressive functional improvements of motor grip strength and coordination, which are induced by VEGF, are accompanied by enhanced sprouting of contralesional corticorubral fibres that branched off the pyramidal tract in order to cross the midline and innervate the ipsilesional parvocellular red nucleus. Infiltrates of CD45+ leukocytes were noticed in the ischemic striatum of vehicle-treated mice that closely corresponded to areas exhibiting Iba-1+ activated microglia. VEGF attenuated the CD45+ leukocyte infiltrates at 14 but not 30 days post ischemia and diminished the microglial activation. Notably, the VEGF-induced anti-inflammatory effect of VEGF was associated with a downregulation of a broad set of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in both brain hemispheres. These data suggest a link between VEGF's immunosuppressive and plasticity-promoting actions that may be important for successful brain remodeling. Accordingly, growth factors with anti-inflammatory action may be promising therapeutics in the post-acute stroke phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Herz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
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50
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Myelin associated inhibitors: a link between injury-induced and experience-dependent plasticity. Exp Neurol 2011; 235:43-52. [PMID: 21699896 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the adult, both neurologic recovery and anatomical growth after a CNS injury are limited. Two classes of growth inhibitors, myelin associated inhibitors (MAIs) and extracellular matrix associated inhibitors, limit both functional recovery and anatomical rearrangements in animal models of spinal cord injury. Here we focus on how MAIs limit a wide spectrum of growth that includes regeneration, sprouting, and plasticity in both the intact and lesioned CNS. Three classic myelin associated inhibitors, Nogo-A, MAG, and OMgp, signal through their common receptors, Nogo-66 Receptor-1 (NgR1) and Paired-Immunoglobulin-like-Receptor-B (PirB), to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and inhibit growth. Initially described as inhibitors of axonal regeneration, subsequent work has demonstrated that MAIs also limit activity and experience-dependent plasticity in the intact, adult CNS. MAIs therefore represent a point of convergence for plasticity that limits anatomical rearrangements regardless of the inciting stimulus, blurring the distinction between injury studies and more "basic" plasticity studies.
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