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Zhuang K, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Qi X, Xu X, Meng F, Xu Z, Liu J, Shao L, Liu H, Liu H, Fang J, Deng D, Peng J, Zhou F, Liu L, Tang H, Xiong Y, Ho W, Guo D, Ke H, Gui X. Isolation and characterization of spontaneously immortalized B-lymphocyte lines from HIV-infected patients with and without non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:6741-6755. [PMID: 31538749 PMCID: PMC6825990 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation of viable circulating tumor cells (CTC) holds the promise for improving screening, early diagnosis, and personalized treatment of lymphoma. In this study, we isolated and characterized spontaneously immortalized B‐lymphocyte (SIBC) lines from HIV‐infected patients with and without Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma (AIDS‐NHL). A total of 22 SIBC lines was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HIV‐infected patients with (n = 40) and without (n = 77) clinically detectable NHL, but not from healthy individuals (n = 34). Of these, 8 SIBC lines named HIV‐SIBC were generated from HIV‐infected patients without AIDS‐NHL (10%, 8/77), while 14 SIBCs named AIDS‐NHL‐SIBC were from 13 of the AIDS‐NHL patients (32.5%, 13/40). Among the 14 AIDS‐NHL‐SIBCs, 12 were derived from AIDS‐NHL patients with poor prognoses (survival time less than 1 year). SIBCs displayed markers typical of memory B cells (CD3‐CD20+CD27+) with EBV infection. Moreover, AIDS‐NHL‐SIBCs were representative of CTC as evidenced by monoclonal Ig gene rearrangement, abnormal chromosomal karyotype, and the formation of xenograft tumors, while HIV‐SIBCs generated harbored some features of tumor cells, none had the capacity of xenograft tumor formation, suggesting HIV‐SIBC present the precursor of CTC. These results indicate that SIBCs is associated with poor prognosis in AIDS‐NHL patients and can be isolated from HIV‐infected patients with NHL and without NHL. This findings point to the need for further molecular characterization and functional studies of SIBCs, which may prove the value of SIBCs in the diagnosis, prognoses, and screening for NHL among HIV‐infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhuang
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongxi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoying Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiqiu Xu
- Basic Medical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengzhen Meng
- Basic Medical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigao Xu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinbiao Liu
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Basic Medical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Fang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Di Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhong Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongbin Tang
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- Basic Medical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deying Guo
- School of Basic Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Hengning Ke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xien Gui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Calvello C, Rocca B, Klersy C, Zappatore R, Giardini I, Dambruoso I, Pasi F, Caresana M, Zappasodi P, Nano R, Boni M, Bernasconi P. Alternative splicing of hTERT: a further mechanism for the control of active hTERT in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:702-709. [PMID: 28679326 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1346252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
hTERT component is the key regulator of telomerase. Alternatively spliced variants of hTERT generate different telomerase activity. The goal of the study was to determine the role of different hTERT isoforms in the regulation of telomerase expression in AML patients. Among the 97 studied patients, 45 had a complex karyotype and 52 a normal karyotype. hTERT isoforms expression was determined in bone marrow samples by q-RT-PCR, using SYBR Green I. hTERT expression was lower in AML patients than controls (median 2.5 vs. 10.1, p = .003), though no difference was observed between the complex and normal karyotype (median 3.2 vs. 2.3, p = .37). High trans-dominant negative isoform expression increased the response rate by two. High expression of inactive product (-α - β) was shown to increase the risk of relapse by about three times. In conclusion, our data suggest an intriguing link between the control of hTERT isoforms expression and AML outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Calvello
- a Division of Hematology , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Barbara Rocca
- a Division of Hematology , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Catherine Klersy
- b Service of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
| | - Rita Zappatore
- a Division of Hematology , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Ilaria Giardini
- a Division of Hematology , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Irene Dambruoso
- a Division of Hematology , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Francesca Pasi
- c Division of Radiotherapy , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy.,d Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Neuro Radio Experimental Biology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Marilena Caresana
- a Division of Hematology , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Patrizia Zappasodi
- a Division of Hematology , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Rosanna Nano
- d Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Neuro Radio Experimental Biology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Marina Boni
- a Division of Hematology , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Paolo Bernasconi
- a Division of Hematology , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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Tchinda J, Volpert S, McNeil N, Neumann T, Kennerknecht I, Ried T, Büchner T, Serve H, Berdel WE, Horst J, Hilgenfeld E. Multicolor Karyotyping in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 44:1843-53. [PMID: 14738135 DOI: 10.1080/10428190310001603605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic data have significantly contributed to our understanding of the heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In AML, numerous recurrent chromosomal aberrations have been identified, and several of them, e.g. t(8;21)(q22;q22), t(15;17)(q22;q11-12), inv(16)(p13q22), are specific for distinct subgroups. Furthermore, chromosomal aberrations have proved to be of paramount prognostic importance for remission induction and survival. Chromosome analysis using classical cytogenetic banding techniques often fails to completely resolve complex karyotypes and cryptic translocations not identifiable by these techniques have been detected using molecular cytogenetic methods. While fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has become an indispensable tool for screening and follow-up of known aberrations, the techniques of spectral karyotyping (SKY) and multiplex-fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) allow for the simultaneous visualization of all chromosomes of a metaphase in a single hybridization step, and thereby enable screening for the aberrations present without their prior knowledge. Therefore, with the introduction of these techniques in 1996 the comprehensive analysis of complex karyotypes and the identification of new, hitherto cryptic translocations and, ultimately, the identification of new disease subgroups seemed possible. Since, more than 600 cases of AML and MDS have been analyzed. Herein, we attempt to summarize the data published and discuss what has been achieved towards realization of these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Tchinda
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Vesaliusweg 12-14, 48129 Münster, Germany.
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SNP analyses in cytarabine metabolizing enzymes in AML patients and their impact on treatment response and patient survival: identification of CDA SNP C-451T as an independent prognostic parameter for survival. Leukemia 2009; 23:1929-32. [PMID: 19458626 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ou JJ, Bagg A. Diagnostic challenges in the myelodysplastic syndromes: the current and future role of genetic and immunophenotypic studies. EXPERT OPINION ON MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 2009; 3:275-91. [PMID: 23488463 DOI: 10.1517/17530050902813947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a clinically and pathologically diverse collection of hematopoietic neoplasms, most commonly presenting with peripheral cytopenias typically in the context of bone marrow hypercellularity. Mechanistically, at least in the early phases of the disease, this apparently paradoxical picture is primarily due to ineffective hematopoiesis, which is accompanied by a variety of morphologic abnormalities in hematopoietic cells. The identification of recurrent, clinically relevant cytogenetic defects in MDS has spurred the research of molecular mechanisms that contribute to its inception as well as to the development of heterogeneous subtypes. Although conventional cytogenetic analyses remain a diagnostic mainstay in MDS, the application of contemporary techniques including molecular cytogenetics, microarray technologies and multiparametric flow cytometry may ultimately reveal new diagnostic parameters that are theoretically more objective and sensitive than current morphologic approaches. This review aims to outline the role of genetic and immunophenotypic studies in the evaluation of MDS, including findings that may potentially influence future diagnostic classifications, which could refine prognostication and ultimately facilitate the growth of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce J Ou
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, 6 Founders Pavilion, PA 19406-4283, USA
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Guo Y, Köck K, Ritter CA, Chen ZS, Grube M, Jedlitschky G, Illmer T, Ayres M, Beck JF, Siegmund W, Ehninger G, Gandhi V, Kroemer HK, Kruh GD, Schaich M. Expression of ABCC-type nucleotide exporters in blasts of adult acute myeloid leukemia: relation to long-term survival. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1762-9. [PMID: 19240178 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a therapeutic challenge, with a high percentage of patients suffering from persistent or relapsed disease. Resistance to drug therapy can develop from increased drug export and/or altered intracellular signaling. Both mechanisms are mediated by the efflux transporters ABCC4 (MRP4), ABCC5 (MRP5), and ABCC11 (MRP8), which are involved in cellular efflux of endogenous signaling molecules (e.g., cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate) and nucleoside analogues. The nucleoside analogue cytosine arabinoside (AraC) is administered to all patients with AML. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of ABCC transporters MRP4, MRP5, and MRP8 in blast samples from 50 AML patients was investigated by real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis and correlated with clinical outcome measures. Accumulation of radiolabeled AraC, transport of AraC metabolites, and AraC cytotoxicity were analyzed in MRP8-transfected LLC-PK1 cells. RESULTS Regression analysis revealed that high expression of MRP8 is associated with a low probability of overall survival assessed over 4 years (P<0.03). MRP8-transfected LLC-PK1 cells accumulated reduced intracellular levels of AraC (63% of the parental vector-transfected LLC-PK1 control cells) as well as AraC metabolites. Furthermore, AraC monophosphate was transported by MRP8-enriched membrane vesicles (116+/-6 versus 65+/-13 pmol/mg/10 minutes by control vesicles), and MRP8-transfected cells were resistant to AraC. CONCLUSION These data suggest that MRP8 is differentially expressed in AML blasts, that expression of MRP8 serves as a predictive marker for treatment outcome in AML, and that efflux of AraC metabolites by MRP8 is a mechanism that contributes to resistance of AML blasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Guo
- Medical Science Division, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) harboring three or more acquired chromosome aberrations in the absence of the prognostically favorable t(8;21)(q22;q22), inv(16)(p13q22)/t(6;16)(p13;q22), and t(15;17)(q22;q21) aberrations form a separate category - AML with a complex karyotype. They constitute 10% to 12% of all AML patents, with the incidence of complex karyotypes increasing with the more advanced age. Recent studies using molecular-cytogenetic techniques (spectral karyotyping [SKY], multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization [M-FISH]) and array comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH) considerably improved characterization of previously unidentified, partially identified, or cryptic chromosome aberrations, and allowed precise delineation of genomic imbalances. The emerging nonrandom pattern of abnormalities includes relative paucity, but not absence, of balanced rearrangements (translocations, insertions, or inversions), predominance of aberrations leading to loss of chromosome material (monosomies, deletions, and unbalanced translocations) that involve, in decreasing order, chromosome arms 5q, 17p, 7q, 18q, 16q, 17q, 12p, 20q, 18p, and 3p, and the presence of recurrent, albeit less frequent and often hidden (in marker chromosomes and unbalanced translocations) aberrations leading to overrepresentation of segments from 8q, 11q, 21q, 22q, 1p, 9p, and 13q. Several candidate genes have been identified as targets of genomic losses, for example, TP53, CTNNA1, NF1, ETV6, and TCF4, and amplifications, for example, ERG, ETS2, APP, ETS1, FLI1, MLL, DDX6, GAB2, MYC, TRIB1, and CDX2. Treatment outcomes of complex karyotype patients receiving chemotherapy are very poor. They can be improved to some extent by allogeneic stem cell transplantation in younger patients. It is hoped that better understanding of genomic alterations will result in identification of novel therapeutic targets and improved prognosis in patients with complex karyotypes.
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Gerr HD, Nassin ML, Davis EM, Jayathilaka N, Neilly ME, Schlegelberger B, Zhang Y, Rowley JD. Cytogenetic and molecular study of the PRDX4 gene in a t(X;18)(p22;q23): a cautionary tale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 176:131-6. [PMID: 17656256 PMCID: PMC2083648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The PRDX4 gene located at Xp22 encodes for a member of the peroxiredoxin gene family. Genes within this family exhibit thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase activity and have been implicated in cellular functioning, including proliferation and differentiation. Recently, PRDX4 has been identified as a partner gene in a t(X;21) translocation in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. To determine whether PRDX4 was involved in other translocations, leukemia cells from 15 patients with Xp22 abnormalities were screened for involvement of the gene using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). One sample from a 41-year-old woman with acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed three signals when hybridized with the PRDX4 probe. Cytogenetic analysis of the sample had identified a t(X;18)(p22;q23). Assuming that the three signals indicated a break within the PRDX4 gene, we performed FISH experiments and successfully narrowed the breakpoint on chromosome 18 to a 50-kb region. Subsequent analysis using spectral karyotyping showed that the leukemic cells had undergone multiple rearrangements and that a third X chromosome was present, albeit rearranged. Additional FISH experiments revealed that the third PRDX4 signal was the result of a third copy of the gene. Analysis of the other rearrangements has helped to characterize the multiple abnormalities within the leukemic cells. The findings underscore the importance of using multiple techniques when analyzing complex chromosomal rearrangements in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun D. Gerr
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover Germany
| | - Michele L. Nassin
- Department of Medicine, Section Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Section Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nimanthi Jayathilaka
- Department of Medicine, Section Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mary E. Neilly
- Department of Medicine, Section Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brigitte Schlegelberger
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover Germany
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Section Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Janet D. Rowley
- Department of Medicine, Section Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Serra A, Schackert HK, Mohr B, Weise A, Liehr T, Fitze G. t(11;19)(q21;p12~p13.11) and MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript expression as a prognostic marker in infantile lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42:E23-9. [PMID: 17618868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MECs) are the third most frequent pulmonary malignant neoplasm in children, and new molecular diagnostics may prove useful in determining the biologic course of such tumors. METHODS We analyzed the presence of a balanced t(11;19)(q21; p12~p13.11) and the MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript in a 9-year-old girl with mucoepidermoid lung carcinoma using conventional cytogenetics, fluorescence in-situ hybridization, spectral karyotyping, high-resolution multicolor banding, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We confirmed the t(11;19)(q21; p12~p13.11) in the tumor. Molecular analysis of the translocation breakpoint confirmed the presence of the MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript postulated to lead to an altered cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling in MEC. CONCLUSIONS Our data concur with previously reported cases, in which t(11;19) appears to be the primary chromosomal aberration for pulmonary MEC in children, and that the MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript is associated with a better prognosis in MEC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Serra
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Paulsson K, Johansson B. Trisomy 8 as the sole chromosomal aberration in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:37-48. [PMID: 16697122 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 8 as the sole abnormality is the most common karyotypic finding in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), occurring in approximately 5% and 10% of the cytogenetically abnormal cases, respectively. However, despite the high frequency of +8, much remains to be elucidated as regards its epidemiology, etiology, clinical impact, association with other chromosomal abnormalities, cell of origin, and functional and pathogenetic consequences. Here, we summarize and review these various aspects of trisomy 8, focusing on AMLs and MDS harboring this abnormality as a single change.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Paulsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Mrózek K, Marcucci G, Paschka P, Whitman SP, Bloomfield CD. Clinical relevance of mutations and gene-expression changes in adult acute myeloid leukemia with normal cytogenetics: are we ready for a prognostically prioritized molecular classification? Blood 2007; 109:431-48. [PMID: 16960150 PMCID: PMC1785102 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-001149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent molecular analyses of leukemic blasts from pretreatment marrow or blood of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and a normal karyotype, the largest cytogenetic subset (ie, 40%-49%) of AML, have revealed a striking heterogeneity with regard to the presence of acquired gene mutations and changes in gene expression. Multiple submicroscopic genetic alterations with prognostic significance have been discovered, including internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene, mutations in the NPM1 gene, partial tandem duplication of the MLL gene, high expression of the BAALC gene, and mutations in the CEBPA gene. Application of gene-expression profiling has also identified a gene-expression signature that appears to separate cytogenetically normal AML patients into prognostic subgroups, although gene-expression signature-based classifiers predicting outcome for individual patients with greater accuracy are needed. These and similar future findings are likely to have a major impact on the clinical management of cytogenetically normal AML not only in prognostication but also in selection of appropriate treatment, since many of the identified genetic alterations already constitute or will potentially become targets for specific therapeutic intervention. In this report, we review prognostic genetic findings in karyotypically normal AML and discuss their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mrózek
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Room 1248B, The Ohio State University, 300 West Tenth Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1228, USA.
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12
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Kearney L. Multiplex-FISH (M-FISH): technique, developments and applications. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 114:189-98. [PMID: 16954655 DOI: 10.1159/000094202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiplex FISH (M-FISH) represents one of the most significant developments in molecular cytogenetics of the past decade. Originally designed to generate 24 colour karyotyping, the technique has spawned many variations and an equally diverse range of applications. In tumour and leukaemia cytogenetics, the two groups that have been targeted represent both ends of the cytogenetic spectrum: those with an apparently normal karyotype (suspected of harbouring small rearrangements not detectable by conventional cytogenetics) and those with a complex aberrant karyotype (which are difficult to karyotype accurately due to the sheer number of aberrations). In research, mouse M-FISH provides a powerful tool to characterize mouse models of a disease. In addition, the ability to accurately karyotype single metaphases without selection makes M-FISH the perfect tool in chromosome breakage studies and for characterizing clonal evolution of tumours. Finally, M-FISH has emerged as the perfect partner for the developing genomic microarray (array CGH) technologies, providing a powerful approach to gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kearney
- Section of Haemato-Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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13
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Schrock E, Zschieschang P, O'Brien P, Helmrich A, Hardt T, Matthaei A, Stout-Weider K. Spectral karyotyping of human, mouse, rat and ape chromosomes--applications for genetic diagnostics and research. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 114:199-221. [PMID: 16954656 DOI: 10.1159/000094203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectral karyotyping (SKY) is a widely used methodology to identify genetic aberrations. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome painting probes in individual colors for all metaphase chromosomes at once is combined with a unique spectral measurement and analysis system to automatically classify normal and aberrant chromosomes. Based on countless studies and investigations in many laboratories worldwide, numerous new chromosome translocations and other aberrations have been identified in clinical and tumor cytogenetics. Thus, gene identification studies have been facilitated resulting in the dissection of tumor development and progression. For example, different translocation partners of the TEL/ETV6 transcription factor that is specially required for hematopoiesis within the bone marrow were identified. Also, the correct classification of complex karyotypes of solid tumors supports the prognostication of cancer patients. Important accomplishments for patients with genetic diseases, leukemias and lymphomas, mesenchymal tumors and solid cancers are summarized and exemplified. Furthermore, studies of disease mechanisms such as centromeric DNA breakage, DNA double strand break repair, telomere shortening and radiation-induced neoplastic transformation have been accompanied by SKY analyses. Besides the hybridization of human chromosomes, mouse karyotyping has also contributed to the comprehensive characterization of mouse models of human disease and for gene therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schrock
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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14
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Panani AD, Roussos C. Cytogenetic aspects of adult primary myelodysplastic syndromes: Clinical implications. Cancer Lett 2006; 235:177-90. [PMID: 15935553 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2005] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous disease from the clinical, biological and morphological point of view. The pathogenesis of MDS is not well established and it appears to occur complex changes in the stem cell biology. Clonal chromosomal aberrations are found in 30-50% of primary MDS and no specific cytogenetic abnormality has as yet been defined. The chromosomal abnormalities are predominantly characterized by partial/total chromosomal losses or chromosomal gains. These chromosomal abnormalities include mainly -5/del(5q), -7/del(7q), del(11q), del(12p), del(20q), -Y, and +8. The role of cytogenetic analysis in the diagnosis, prognosis, taking treatment decisions and follow up of patients with MDS has been clearly defined. Despite its difficulties in obtaining for analysis high quality metaphases conventional cytogenetics continues to be the basic technique for cytogenetic evaluation of a MDS patient. Other molecular cytogenetic methods have been shown to be complementary, without replacing the information obtained with this technique. Further investigations with both conventional and molecular cytogenetics in relation to clinical features as well as other molecular methods will undoubtedly contribute to improve understanding of the underlying genetic events responsible for the development and evolution of MDS leading to more accurate classification and management of MDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D Panani
- Critical Care Department, Research Unit, Medical School of Athens University, Evangelismos Hospital, Ipsilandou 45-47, Athens 10676, Greece.
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15
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Abstract
The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are common, acquired, clinically challenging hematologic conditions that are characterized by bone marrow failure and a risk of progression to acute leukemia. These disorders can arise de novo, especially in elderly patients or, less often, as a consequence of prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy for an unrelated disease. The MDS classification systems were revised recently and updated. These refined classification and prognostic schemes help stratify patients by their risk of leukemia progression and death; this knowledge can help clinicians select appropriate therapy. Although many treatments for MDS have been proposed and evaluated, at present, only hematopoietic stem cell transplantation offers any real hope for cure, and no available therapy beyond general supportive care offers benefit to more than a minority of patients. However, recent clinical trials enrolling patients with MDS have reported encouraging results with use of newer drugs, including lenalidomide, decitabine, and darbepoetin alfa. Other exciting treatment regimens are being tested. Here, we present a contemporary, practical clinical approach to the diagnosis and risk-stratified treatment of MDS. We review when to suspect MDS, detail how to evaluate patients who may have a form of the condition, explain key features of treatments that are currently available in the United States, and summarize a general, common-sense therapeutic approach to patients with MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Steensma
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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16
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Yamamoto K, Ito M, Minagawa K, Urahama N, Sada A, Okamura A, Matsui T. A der(13)t(7;13)(p13;q14) with monoallelic loss of RB1 and D13S319 in myelodysplastic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 162:160-5. [PMID: 16213365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Deletions or translocations of chromosome band 13q14, the locus of the retinoblastoma gene (RB1), have been observed in a variety of hematological malignancies including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We describe here a novel unbalanced translocation der(13)t(7;13)(p13;q14) involving 13q14 in a patient with MDS. A 66-year-old woman was diagnosed as having MDS, refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB-1) because of 7.4% blasts and trilineage dysplasia in the bone marrow cells. G-banding and spectral karyotyping analyses showed complex karyotypes as follows: 46,XX,der(6)t(6;7)(q11;?),der(7)del(7)(?p13)t(6;7)(q?;q11)t(6;13)(q?;q?),der(13)t(7;13)(p13;q14). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses demonstrated that one allele of the RB1 gene and the microsatellite locus D13S319, located at 13q14 and telomeric to the RB1 gene, was deleted. Considering other reported cases, our results indicate that submicroscopic deletions accompanying 13q14 translocations are recurrent cytogenetic aberrations in MDS. The RB1 gene or another tumor suppressor gene in the vicinity of D13S319, or both, may be involved in the pathogenesis of MDS with 13q14 translocations by monoallelic deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Yamamoto
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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17
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MacKinnon RN, Zordan A, Campbell LJ. Recurrent duplication of Xq27∼qter in hematological malignancies revealed by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization and multicolor banding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 161:125-9. [PMID: 16102582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) experiments were performed to determine the composition of abnormal complex karyotypes in 15 cases of hematological malignancy. Four cases were found to have unsuspected unbalanced X chromosome translocations, which resulted in the presence of extra X chromosome material. We determined the identity of the duplicated chromosome regions using the multicolor banding (mBAND) technique. Xq27-qter was duplicated in three of the four male cases with an X chromosome abnormality (i.e., in one third of male cases and one fifth of all cases). These preliminary results may point to the existence of a recurrent chromosome abnormality, either translocation at a specific Xq27 locus or duplication of Xq27-qter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N MacKinnon
- University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Kearney L, Horsley SW. Molecular cytogenetics in haematological malignancy: current technology and future prospects. Chromosoma 2005; 114:286-94. [PMID: 16003502 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-005-0002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetics has played a pivotal role in haematological malignancy, both as an aid to diagnosis and in identifying recurrent chromosomal rearrangements, an essential prerequisite to identifying genes involved in leukaemia and lymphoma pathogenesis. In the late 1980s, a series of technologies based around fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) revolutionised the field. Interphase FISH, multiplex-FISH (M-FISH, SKY) and comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) have emerged as the most significant of these. More recently, microarray technologies have come to prominence. In the acute leukaemias, the finding of characteristic gene expression signatures corresponding to biological subgroups has heralded gene expression profiling as a possible future alternative to current cytogenetic and morphological methods for diagnosis. In the lymphomas, high-resolution array CGH has successfully identified new regions of deletion and amplification, providing the prospect of disease-specific arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndal Kearney
- Section of Haemato-Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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19
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Beyer V, Mühlematter D, Parlier V, Cabrol C, Bougeon-Mamin S, Solenthaler M, Tobler A, Pugin P, Gregor M, Hitz F, Hess U, Chapuis B, Laurencet F, Schanz U, Schmidt PM, van Melle G, Jotterand M. Polysomy 8 defines a clinico-cytogenetic entity representing a subset of myeloid hematologic malignancies associated with a poor prognosis: report on a cohort of 12 patients and review of 105 published cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 160:97-119. [PMID: 15993266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tetrasomy, pentasomy, and hexasomy 8 (polysomy 8) are relatively rare compared to trisomy 8. Here we report on a series of 12 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), or myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) associated with polysomy 8 as detected by conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In an attempt to better characterize the clinical and hematological profile of this cytogenetic entity, our data were combined with those of 105 published patients. Tetrasomy 8 was the most common presentation of polysomy 8. In 60.7% of patients, polysomy 8 occurred as part of complex changes (16.2% with 11q23 rearrangements). No cryptic MLL rearrangements were found in cases in which polysomy 8 was the only karyotypic change. Our study demonstrates the existence of a polysomy 8 syndrome, which represents a subtype of AML, MDS, and MPD characterized by a high incidence of secondary diseases, myelomonocytic or monocytic involvement in AML and poor overall survival (6 months). Age significantly reduced median survival, but associated cytogenetic abnormalities did not modify it. Cytogenetic results further demonstrate an in vitro preferential growth of the cells with a high level of aneuploidy suggesting a selective advantage for polysomy 8 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Beyer
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
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20
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Marcucci G, Mrózek K, Bloomfield CD. Molecular heterogeneity and prognostic biomarkers in adults with acute myeloid leukemia and normal cytogenetics. Curr Opin Hematol 2005; 12:68-75. [PMID: 15604894 DOI: 10.1097/01.moh.0000149608.29685.d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and normal karyotype constitute the single largest cytogenetic group of AML, estimated to account for 45% of adults with de novo AML. This article critically reviews the recent literature that addresses the molecular heterogeneity of this group of patients and how this relates to prognostic stratification and novel therapeutic approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Four prognostic biomarkers-the internal tandem duplication and point mutations in the FLT3 gene, partial tandem duplication of the MLL gene, mutations of the CEBPA gene, and overexpression of the BAALC gene-have been found to predict outcome in patients with AML and normal cytogenetics. In addition, one study using gene expression profiling identified two subgroups of AML patients with a normal karyotype whose survival differs significantly. Because mutations in FLT3 result in an autophosphorylated, leukemogenesis-driving protein, molecular targeting therapy with a new class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors is being explored in early clinical trials. SUMMARY Considerable progress has been made in molecular characterization of AML patients with normal cytogenetics. The challenge for the future is to incorporate these biologic discoveries into novel risk-adapted therapeutic strategies that will improve the currently disappointing cure rate (approximately 25-40%) of this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Marcucci
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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21
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Steensma DP, List AF. Genetic testing in the myelodysplastic syndromes: molecular insights into hematologic diversity. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80:681-98. [PMID: 15887439 DOI: 10.4065/80.5.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are associated with a diverse set of acquired somatic genetic abnormalities. Bone marrow karyotyping provides important diagnostic and prognostic information and should be attempted in all patients who are suspected of having MDS. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) studies on blood or marrow may also be valuable in selected cases, such as patients who may have 5q- syndrome or those who have undergone hematopoletic stem cell transplantation. The MDS-associated cytogenetic abnormalities that have been defined by karyotyping and FISH studies have already contributed substantially to our current understanding of the biology of malignant myeloid disorders, but the pathobiological meaning of common, recurrent chromosomal lesions such as del(5q), del(20q), and monosomy 7 is still unknown. The great diversity of the cytogenetic findings described in MDS highlights the molecular heterogeneity of this cluster of diseases. We review the common and pathophysiologically interesting genetic abnormalities associated with MDS, focusing on the clinical utility of conventional cytogenetic assays and selected FISH studies. In addition, we discuss a series of well-defined MDS-associated point mutations and outline the potential for further insights from newer techniques such as global gene expression profiling and array-based comparative genomic hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Steensma
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA
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22
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Barouk-Simonet E, Soenen-Cornu V, Roumier C, Cosson A, Laï JL, Fenaux P, Preudhomme C. Role of multiplex FISH in identifying chromosome involvement in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemias with complex karyotypes: a report on 28 cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 157:118-26. [PMID: 15721632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities are found by conventional cytogenetic (CC) analysis in about 50% of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and 70% of acute myeloid leukemias (AML). When cytogenetic abnormalities are complex, multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) can help clarify complex chromosomal abnormalities and identify rearrangements with prognostic value or cryptic translocations, which could be preliminary steps in identifying new genes. We studied by M-FISH 28 cases of MDS and AML with complex chromosomal abnormalities, 10 of them were therapy-related. M-FISH allowed the characterization of unidentified chromosomal material in 26 cases (93%). One or several unbalanced rearrangements were observed in 27 cases (96%), generally interpreted as deletions or additional material by CC. Among those translocations, 4 involved 3 chromosomes. Eighteen cryptic translocations undetected by CC were found in 13 cases. By FISH analysis using locus specific probes, TP53 deletion, additional copies of MLL, and additional copies or deletions of RUNX1/AML1 were observed in 16, 4, and 3 cases, respectively. Thus, M-FISH is an important tool to characterize complex chromosomal abnormalities which identified unbalanced and cryptic translocations in 96% and 46% of the cases studied, respectively. Complementary FISH helped us identify involvement of TP53, MLL, and RUNX1/AML1 genes in 82% of cases, confirming their probable role in leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Barouk-Simonet
- Institut de Recherches sur le Cancer de Lille, Unite Inserm 524, 1 place de Verdun, 59045 Lille, France
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23
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Alvarez S, Cigudosa JC. Gains, losses and complex karyotypes in myeloid disorders: a light at the end of the tunnel. Hematol Oncol 2005; 23:18-25. [PMID: 16142824 DOI: 10.1002/hon.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Complex karyotypes are seen in approximately 15% of de novo MDS/AML and in up to 50% of therapy-related MDS/AML. These patients represent a therapeutic challenge for which no current treatment approach is satisfactory. Therefore, a large number of genetic studies using cytogenetic molecular techniques have been performed to better define the chromosomal abnormalities in this poor-prognosis group. On the basis of the available data from several studies of AML with complex karyotypes, similar findings on recurrent breakpoints and frequently lost and gained chromosomal regions have been observed. The most frequent rearrangements, in all the published series, were unbalanced translocations leading to loss of chromosomal material. Overall, loss of 5q and/or 7q chromosomal material seemed the more common event, and losses of 5q, 7q, and 17p in combination were observed in many cases. Overrepresented chromosomal material from 8q, 11q23, 21q and 22q was found recurrently and in several cases this was due to the amplification of the MLL (located at 11q23) and AML1/RUNX1 (located at 22q22) genes. As a result of these findings, the presence of MLL copy gain/amplifications or losses of the short arm of chromosome 17, in association with 5/5q, have been found to be indicators of an extremely poor prognosis. Interestingly, this non-random pattern of DNA gains and losses, that characterizes AML cases with complex karyotypes, affects the gene expression pattern, and a specific expression profile, characterized by the upregulation of genes involved in the DNA repair and chromosome segregation pathways, has been recently reported. Therefore, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of patients with AML or MDS with complex karyotypes has led to a better characterization of chromosomal aberrations. These specific alterations could be used in the near future as therapeutic targets or markers for the risk stratification of patients, detection of minimal residual disease and the development of new therapeutic interventions.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Segregation/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/metabolism
- DNA Repair/genetics
- Gene Amplification/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics
- Genome, Human/genetics
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/metabolism
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/therapy
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/genetics
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm, Residual/genetics
- Neoplasm, Residual/metabolism
- Neoplasm, Residual/therapy
- Risk Factors
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alvarez
- Cytogenetics Unit, Centro Nacional de de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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24
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Schaich M, Soucek S, Thiede C, Ehninger G, Illmer T. MDR1 and MRP1 gene expression are independent predictors for treatment outcome in adult acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2005; 128:324-32. [PMID: 15667534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multi drug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle for cancer therapy. The three major candidates accounting for the development of MDR in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) are multi drug resistance gene (MDR1), multi drug resistance-related protein gene (MRP1) and lung resistance protein gene (LRP). So far, the differential impact of resistance gene expression on treatment outcome in AML is not clear. Therefore, we examined MDR1, MRP1 and LRP gene expression at diagnosis in 331 adult AML patients in the context of other known prognostic factors, such as age, disease status, cytogenetics and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)-internal tandem duplication mutational status. Median observation time was longer than 5 years [64.1 months (40.0-87.6)]. MDR1 expression proved to be an independent prognostic factor for outcome of induction therapy (P <0.001) and overall survival (P=0.02), whereas MRP1 expression was an independent predictor for disease-free survival (P=0.01) in the multivariate analysis. This prognostic impact of both resistance genes was also found in patients with intermediate risk cytogenetics. LRP expression, however, had no impact on treatment outcome in AML. Our study shows that resistance gene expression should be considered together with age, cytogenetics and FLT3 mutational status for risk-adapted treatment strategies in AML in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schaich
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum C. G. Carus, Dresden, Germany.
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25
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Bram S, Rödjer S, Swolin B. Several chromosomes involved in translocations with chromosome 5 shown with fluorescence in situ hybridization in patients with malignant myeloid disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 155:74-8. [PMID: 15527906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Revised: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In many patients with myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukemia, complex chromosome aberrations can be seen, among which aberrations of chromosome 5 constitute a substantial part. With conventional cytogenetic technique, these aberrations are often identified as deletions or monosomy 5. We analyzed nine patients who, under conventional cytogenetic analysis, showed deletion or monosomy 5. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization with whole-chromosome painting probes to identify the counterpart chromosome and locus-specific identifiers for 5q31 and 5q33 approximately q34. A deletion of 5q was found concomitant with unbalanced translocations. Our results and cases from the literature showed that material from chromosome 5 could be translocated to almost all chromosomes. All patients but one had short survival; this one patient had a preserved 5q31 and 5q33 approximately q34 but a deletion of the q-arm more centromeric than these bands. In eight of the nine patients, further 14 translocations were revealed, not involving chromosome 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bram
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, SE 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
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26
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Abstract
Cytogenetic analyses in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have revealed a great number of non-random chromosome abnormalities. In many instances, molecular studies of these abnormalities identified specific genes implicated in the process of leukemogenesis. The more common chromosome aberrations have been associated with specific laboratory and clinical characteristics, and are now being used as diagnostic and prognostic markers guiding the clinician in selecting the most effective therapies. Specific chromosome aberrations and their molecular counterparts have been included in the World Health Organization classification of hematologic malignancies, and together with morphology, immunophenotype and clinical features are used to define distinct disease entities. However, the prognostic importance of less frequent recurrent aberrations in AML and ALL, both primary and secondary, is still to be determined. This review summarizes current views on clinical relevance of major cytogenetic findings in adult AML and ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mrózek
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Room 1248B, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1228, USA.
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27
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Schlenk RF, Benner A, Krauter J, Büchner T, Sauerland C, Ehninger G, Schaich M, Mohr B, Niederwieser D, Krahl R, Pasold R, Döhner K, Ganser A, Döhner H, Heil G. Individual Patient Data–Based Meta-Analysis of Patients Aged 16 to 60 Years With Core Binding Factor Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Survey of the German Acute Myeloid Leukemia Intergroup. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:3741-50. [PMID: 15289486 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeTo evaluate prognostic factors for relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) and to assess the impact of different postremission therapies in adult patients with core binding factor (CBF) acute myeloid leukemias (AML).Patients and MethodsIndividual patient data–based meta-analysis was performed on 392 adults (median age, 42 years; range, 16 to 60 years) with CBF AML (t(8;21), n = 191; inv(16), n = 201) treated between 1993 and 2002 in prospective German AML treatment trials.ResultsRFS was 60% and 58% and OS was 65% and 74% in the t(8;21) and inv(16) groups after 3 years, respectively. For postremission therapy, intention-to-treat analysis revealed no difference between intensive chemotherapy and autologous transplantation in the t(8;21) group and between chemotherapy, autologous, and allogeneic transplantation in the inv(16) group. In the t(8;21) group, significant prognostic variables for longer RFS and OS were lower WBC and higher platelet counts; loss of the Y chromosome in male patients was prognostic for shorter OS. In the inv(16) group, trisomy 22 was a significant prognostic variable for longer RFS. For patients who experienced relapse, second complete remission rate was significantly lower in patients with t(8;21), resulting in a significantly inferior survival duration after relapse compared with patients with inv(16).ConclusionWe provide novel prognostic factors for CBF AML and show that patients with t(8;21) who experience relapse have an inferior survival duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Schlenk
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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28
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Tchinda J, Neumann TE, Volpert S, Berdel WE, Büchner T, Horst J. Characterization of Chromosomal Rearrangements in Hematological Diseases Using Spectral Karyotyping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 13:190-5. [PMID: 15322432 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000124338.49401.ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since chromosomal changes are used both as independent prognostic factors and for therapy design in hematological disorders, it is necessary to elucidate chromosomal changes as accurately as possible. We used spectral karyotyping (SKY) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to further characterize chromosomal abnormalities in 35 patients with hematological disorders. SKY confirmed 149 aberrations, refined 117, and detected 11 hidden changes. Eighteen abnormalities were detected only by G-banding. Ten monosomies and two deletions described by G-banding were shown to be involved in translocations or ring chromosomes. These results demonstrate that SKY increases the accuracy of karyotype interpretation, which is important for proper diagnosis and management of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Tchinda
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany.
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29
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Martínez-Ramírez A, Urioste M, Alvarez S, Vizmanos JL, Calasanz MJ, Cigudosa JC, Benítez J. Cytogenetic profile of myelodysplastic syndromes with complex karyotypes: an analysis using spectral karyotyping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 153:39-47. [PMID: 15325092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2003.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have performed a cytogenetic analysis of 23 myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with complex karyotypes (CK) using GTG-banding and spectral karyotyping techniques. Fifty-five percent of cases were hypodiploid, 34% were hyperdiploid, and 11% were pseudodiploid. The most recurrent alterations were monosomy of chromosomes 18, 5, and 7; trisomy of chromosome 8; and deletion of 5q, 11q, and 12p. Ninety-two structural alterations were mostly identified as unbalanced. The chromosomes and regions more frequently affected were 16q12, 17p11, and 20q11. Eight of 92 structural alterations were reciprocal translocations. Two translocations were recurrent, t(X;20)(p11.4;q11.2) and der(17)t(5;17)(?;p11.2); each one was present in about 10% of cases (2 cases, t[X:20] and 3 cases, t[5:17]). Mutations of TP53 were observed in five cases (22%), all with rearrangements affecting 17p. Total or partial inactivation of TP53 was detected in six cases (26%) as a result of loss of either both copies (four cases) or just one copy (two cases). Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed amplification of genes previously identified in myeloid and/or hematological processes, such as HER2neu, MLL, and AML1, which could represent frequent events in MDS with CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Martínez-Ramírez
- Department of Human Genetics, Spanish National Cancer Centre, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Abstract
Robertsonian translocations are the most common constitutional structural abnormalities but are rarely reported as acquired aberrations in hematologic malignancies. The nonhomologous acrocentric rearrangements are designated as Robertsonian translocations, whereas the homologous acrocentric rearrangements are referred to as isochromosomes. Robertsonian rearrangements have the highest mutation rates of structural chromosome rearrangements based on surveys of newborns and spontaneous abortions. It would be expected that Robertsonian recombinations would be more common than suggested by the literature. A survey of the cytogenetics database from a single institution found 17 patients with acquired Robertsonian rearrangement and hematologic malignancies. This is combined with data from the literature for a total of 237 patients. All of the possible types of Robertsonian rearrangements have been reported in hematologic malignancies, with the i(13q), i(14q), and i(21q) accounting for nearly 60%. Complex karyotypic changes are seen in the majority of cases, corresponding with disease evolution. These karyotypes consistently show loss of chromosomes 5 and/or 7 in the myelocytic disorders, nonacrocentric isochromosomes, and centromeric breakage and reunion. However, nearly 25% of the acquired rearrangements were found as the sole abnormality or in addition to an established cytogenetic aberration. Most of these were the i(14q) with the myelodysplasia subtypes refractory anemia and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanna Welborn
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pathology, University of California at Davis Medical Center Cancer Center, Room 3017, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA.
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31
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Brizard F, Cividin M, Villalva C, Guilhot F, Brizard A. Comparison of M-FISH and conventional cytogenetic analysis in accelerated and acute phases of CML. Leuk Res 2004; 28:345-8. [PMID: 15109532 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2003] [Accepted: 08/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
FISH and multicolor FISH (M-FISH) techniques have greatly enhanced the resolution of conventional cytogenetic analysis, thus enabling the identification of novel regions of rearrangement in hematological malignancies. We report on the analysis of cells from 24 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients, in either accelerated phase (14 cases) or blast crisis (10 cases) aimed at searching for previously unidentified additional abnormalities related to disease evolution. Indeed, in 6 of 24 cases (25%) M-FISH allowed a more precise description of chromosomal aberrations, the finding of cryptic rearrangements, characterization of markers, identification of additional material and a better interpretation of complex aberrations. However, new recurrent aberration did not emerge from M-FISH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Brizard
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie (EA 2224), Poitiers University Hospital, CHU La Milétrie BP 577, 86021 Poitiers Cedex, France.
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32
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Cherry AM, Brockman SR, Paternoster SF, Hicks GA, Neuberg D, Higgins RR, Bennett JM, Greenberg PL, Miller K, Tallman MS, Rowe J, Dewald GW. Comparison of interphase FISH and metaphase cytogenetics to study myelodysplastic syndrome: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) study. Leuk Res 2003; 27:1085-90. [PMID: 12921944 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(03)00104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis can be important in determining the prognosis and diagnosis of a number of hematological disorders, including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Here, we compared metaphase chromosomal analyses on bone marrow aspirates from MDS patients with interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using probes specific for chromosomes nos. 5, 7, 8, 11, 13 and 20. Forty-three patients enrolled in ECOG protocol E1996 for low risk MDS and five patients enrolled in ECOG protocol E3996 for high risk MDS were studied by both metaphase chromosomal analysis and interphase FISH. Excluding those with a clonal loss of the Y chromosome, an abnormal clone was detected by cytogenetic analysis in 18 of 48 samples (37.5%). In comparison, our FISH panel detected an abnormal clone in 17 of 48 samples (35.4%). Twenty-nine of 30 samples with apparently normal karyotypes, including those with a missing Y chromosome, were also normal by our FISH panel. One patient had an occult deletion of chromosome 11 that was detected by FISH. These results indicate that around 60% of patients with MDS do not have abnormalities that are detectable by either chromosomal or FISH studies. In addition, it appears that interphase FISH studies are nearly as sensitive as cytogenetic analyses and can be a useful tool in studying bone marrow aspirates where cytogenetic analysis is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena M Cherry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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33
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Raynaud SD. [Biologic and clinical relevance of cytogenetic analysis in primary myelodysplastic syndromes]. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2003; 51:346-55. [PMID: 12927892 DOI: 10.1016/s0369-8114(03)00111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic abnormalities in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are complex and heterogeneous. The most frequent rearrangements (gains or losses of genetic material) vary from patient to patient, and within the same patient. The prognostic value of these rearrangements has been extensively studied. They allowed the definition of a risk based classification system for MDS (the International Scoring System for evaluating Prognosis, IPSS), proven to be a highly useful method for evaluating prognosis in MDS patients. Despite recent progress in mapping and definition of minimally deleted chromosomal regions, the primary critical genetic events remain to be determined. The recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities associated with MDS are likely to be secondary events contributing to but not initiating the neoplastic phenotype of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Raynaud
- Unité de cytogénétique des hémopathies malignes, hôpital de l'Archet, BP 79, 06202 Nice, France.
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34
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Khoury H, Lestou VS, Gascoyne RD, Bruyere H, Li CH, Nantel SH, Dalal BI, Naiman SC, Horsman DE. Multicolor karyotyping and clinicopathological analysis of three intravascular lymphoma cases. Mod Pathol 2003; 16:716-24. [PMID: 12861069 DOI: 10.1097/01.mp.0000077515.68734.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular lymphoma (IVL) is a rare neoplastic disease characterized by the presence of large malignant lymphoid cells in small vessels. It is often diagnosed at autopsy. Clinical manifestations are typically neurologic and dermatologic. Karyotypic abnormalities have been described in a small number of cases and have revealed complex alterations in the majority of cases. We have identified three cases of IVL with varied clinicopathological findings. Karyotypic analysis was undertaken by standard G-banding and supplemented by multi-colored karyotyping (M-FISH) to decipher the chromosomal content of marker chromosomes and undefined additions. M-FISH clarified the chromosomal abnormalities in two cases and unveiled cryptic translocations der(10)t(10;22), der(17)t(17;22), and balanced t(11;14). Comparison with previously published karyotypes revealed prominent involvement of chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 11, 14, and 18, similar to the pattern of clonal evolution in other B-cell lymphomas. The most frequent alterations seen were -6 or 6q- and +18 or dup(18q), with a minimally deleted region located at 6q21-q23 and a commonly amplified region located at 18q13-q23, respectively. Few differences between the classical and Asian variant of this disease were apparent at the karyotypic level. Cytogenetic analysis of additional cases supplemented by multicolor karyotyping may help identify the full spectrum of genetic alterations associated with IVL and assist in the delineation of the critical mutations associated with initiation and progression of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haytham Khoury
- Leukemia/BMT Program of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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35
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Paulsson K, Fioretos T, Strömbeck B, Mauritzson N, Tanke HJ, Johansson B. Trisomy 8 as the sole chromosomal aberration in myelocytic malignancies: a multicolor and locus-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization study. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2003; 140:66-9. [PMID: 12550762 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 8 is the most common chromosomal aberration in myelocytic malignancies, occurring both as a sole change as well as in addition to other abnormalities. In spite of this, next to nothing is known about its pathogenetic importance or its molecular genetic consequences. Possible mechanisms involved in the transformation process include dosage effects of genes mapping to chromosome 8 and presence of specific mutations or cryptic fusion genes on the duplicated chromosome. In the latter case, +8 would be secondary to a cryptic primary rearrangement and not involved in leukemogenesis as such, but rather in tumor evolution. Although hidden genetic changes have been found in some trisomies, for example, mutations in KIT in acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) with +4 and in MET in hereditary papillary kidney carcinoma with trisomy 7, none associated with +8 have so far been discovered. To address this issue, we have investigated a total of 13 cases of AML, myelodysplastic syndromes, and chronic myeloproliferative disorders with trisomy 8 as the sole chromosomal anomaly. All cases were studied by combined binary ratio multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and with FISH using locus-specific probes for both arms of chromosome 8, the subtelomeric regions of 8p and 8q, and the leukemia-associated genes FGFR1, MOZ, ETO, and MYC. No cryptic changes were detected, thus excluding the possibility of gross genetic rearrangements or aberrations involving these loci on chromosome 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Paulsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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36
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Miyagi JI, Kakazu N, Masuda M, Miyagi T, Toyohama T, Nakazato T, Tomoyose T, Shinjyo T, Nagasaki A, Taira N, Ohki M, Abe T, Takasu N. Acute myeloid leukemia (FAB-M2) with a masked type of t(8;21) translocation revealed by spectral karyotyping. Int J Hematol 2002; 76:338-43. [PMID: 12463597 DOI: 10.1007/bf02982693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), M2 subtype according to the French-American-British (FAB) classification, with extramedullary myeloblastoma of the uterus and a masked type of variant translocation of t(8;21)(q22;q22). A 45-year-old Japanese woman presented with metrorrhagia, and AML (M2) with uterine invasion was diagnosed. The patient received an allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation after remission, and her pelvis was irradiated locally. Cytogenetic study at first showed t(8;17)(q22;p13) by G-banding. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) analysis modified this interpretation to a 3-way translocation involving chromosomes 8,17, and 21 and identified a masked type of variant t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocation. Results of fluorescence in situ hybridization using the AML1/ETO probe, and of detection of the AML1/ETO fusion transcript by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were consistent with the karyotyping result. SKY analysis is useful to compensate for the limitations of cytogenetic studies.
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37
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Lu XY, Harris CP, Cooley L, Margolin J, Steuber PC, Sheldon M, Rao PH, Lau CC. The utility of spectral karyotyping in the cytogenetic analysis of newly diagnosed pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2002; 16:2222-7. [PMID: 12399965 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2002] [Accepted: 05/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We applied multicolor spectral karyotyping (SKY) to a panel of 29 newly diagnosed pediatric pre B-cell ALLs with normal and abnormal G-banded karyotypes to identify cryptic translocations and define complex chromosomal rearrangements. By this method, it was possible to define all add chromosomes in six cases, a cryptic t(12;21)(p13;q11) translocation in six cases, marker chromosomes in two cases and refine the misidentified aberrations by G-banding in two cases. In addition, we identified five novel non-recurrent translocations - t(2;9)(p11.2;p13), t(2;22) (p11.2;q11.2), t(6;8)(p12;p11), t(12;14)(p13;q32) and t(X;8)(p22.3;q?). Of these translocations, t(2;9), t(2;22) and t(12;14) were identified by G-banding analysis and confirmed by SKY. We characterized a t(12;14)( p13;q32) translocation by FISH, and identified a fusion of TEL with IGH for the first time in ALL. We identified a rearrangement of PAX5 locus in a case with t(2;9)(p11.2;p13) by FISH and defined the breakpoint telomeric to PAX5 in der(9)t(3;9)(?;p13). These studies demonstrate the utility of using SKY in combination with G-banding and FISH to augment the precision with which chromosomal aberrations may be identified in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Lu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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38
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Cohen N, Trakhtenbrot L, Yukla M, Manor Y, Gaber E, Yosef G, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Amiel A. SKY detection of chromosome rearrangements in two cases of tMDS with a complex karyotype. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 138:128-32. [PMID: 12505257 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used spectral karyotyping (SKY) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as complementary techniques for the analysis of two therapy-related secondary myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) cases with complex karyotypes, previously analyzed by G-banding. Different types of SKY's cytogenetic contributions include confirmation of G-banding results, identification of partially characterized rearrangements, identification of marker chromosomes unidentified by G-banding, and detection of cryptic reciprocal translocations. In particular, the ability of SKY to clarify a number of markers led to the comprehension of clonal evolution. The common aberration found in these two t-MDS cases was the fragility of chromosome 5 and monosomy of chromosome 18. We clearly present that the use of SKY combined with conventional G-banding analysis and FISH has assisted in the identification of important chromosomal events that may play a key role in the development of t-MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninette Cohen
- Institute of Hematology and Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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39
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Schoch C, Haferlach T, Bursch S, Gerstner D, Schnittger S, Dugas M, Kern W, Löffler H, Hiddemann W. Loss of genetic material is more common than gain in acute myeloid leukemia with complex aberrant karyotype: a detailed analysis of 125 cases using conventional chromosome analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization including 24-color FISH. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 35:20-9. [PMID: 12203786 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and a complex aberrant karyotype have a poor outcome despite intensive antileukemic treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze in detail the genetic abnormalities in this subgroup of AML. Therefore, 125 AML cases with complex aberrant karyotype detected by G-banding were examined in addition with 24-color FISH and FISH with locus-specific probes for EGR1 (5q31), D7S522 (7q31), and TP53 (17p13), given that these regions are known to be commonly deleted in AML with a complex aberrant karyotype. The number of chromosome abnormalities per case varied from 3 to 30 (median 10). A gain of a whole chromosome was observed 131 times, with +8 (n = 30), +10 (n = 11), and +22 (n = 10) being the most frequent trisomies. A loss of a whole chromosome occurred 128 times. The chromosomes most often lost were 7 (n = 25), 18 (n = 24), and 17 (n = 17). Structural aberrations, leading to a gain or loss of chromosomal material, were detected 104 times and 433 times, respectively. Aberrations including only two chromosomes that seemed to be balanced were found only 19 times. Losses resulting from structural abnormalities most frequently involved 5q (n = 100), 17p (n = 47), and 12p (n = 29), whereas gains of 11q (n = 21), 21q (n = 19), and 8q (n = 11) were observed. Using locus-specific probes, deletions of the EGR1 locus (5q31), of 7q31, and the TP53 gene were observed in 103 (82%), 57 (46%), and 66 (53%) cases, respectively. In conclusion, in AML with a complex aberrant karyotype, loss of chromosomal material was observed much more often than gain. Unbalanced rearrangements leading to loss of chromosomal material are much more frequent than loss of whole chromosomes. These data suggest that in AML with a complex aberrant karyotype, loss of tumor-suppressor genes is a more important mechanism of leukemogenesis than activation of oncogenes, and that gene-dosage effects may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of this AML subtype.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosome Aberrations/classification
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Painting/methods
- Female
- Gene Amplification/genetics
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Ring Chromosomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schoch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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40
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Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis is the most important diagnostic tool for determining prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In the majority of patients with AML, acquired clonal chromosome aberrations can be observed. Numerous recurrent karyotype abnormalities have been discovered in AML. These findings on the chromosomal level have paved the way for molecular studies that have identified genes involved in the process of leukemogenesis. The identification of specific chromosomal abnormalities and their correlation with cytomorphologic features, immunophenotype, and clinical outcome have led to a new understanding of AML as a heterogeneous group of distinct biologic entities. The importance of cytogenetic findings in AML for classification and for the understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms is increasingly appreciated in the clinical context, and the new World Health Organization classification of AML uses cytogenetic abnormalities as a major criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schoch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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41
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Abstract
While chromosome-banding analysis has set the standard for karyotyping from 1970 onwards, fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) has more recently been used to complement the study of chromosomal rearrangements. Especially useful has been the appearance of FISH methodologies with screening abilities, namely comparative genome hybridisation (CGH), multicolour-FISH (m-FISH), and cross-species colour banding (RxFISH). These FISH-based screening techniques are reviewed here together with methodologies using chromosome- or locus-specific probes. Emphasis is put on the strengths and limitations of these FISH techniques to complement standard chromosome banding analysis. Judicious choice from the molecular cytogenetic techniques now available has significantly improved our ability to characterise the genomic rearrangements of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
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42
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Anderson K, Arvidsson I, Jacobsson B, Hast R. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for the study of cell lineage involvement in myelodysplastic syndromes with chromosome 5 anomalies. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 136:101-7. [PMID: 12237232 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a locus-specific dual DNA probe (LSI EGR-1SO/D5S23SG) for chromosome 5 was used in combination with morphology to study bone marrow cell lineage involvement of the abnormal chromosomal clone in 13 patients with deletion 5q [del(5q)], either as a sole aberration or as part of a complex karyotype, and in six cases with monosomy 5 by metaphase cytogenetics, all with complex karyotypes including 2-6 marker chromosomes. In the monosomy 5 group, only one case displayed the expected one orange and one green (1O + 1G) FISH pattern in a majority of the cells. The other five patients instead showed 1O + 2G FISH signals in 17-86% of the bone marrow cells, which is the typical pattern for del(5q). In the del(5q) group, 26-98% of the bone marrow cells exhibited 1O + 2G FISH signals. All patients showed clonal involvement of the myeloid cell lineages, including the megakaryocytes in a few cases, whereas lymphoid cells generally exhibited the normal 2O + 2G FISH pattern. No difference was seen between patients with 5q- syndrome, those with del(5q) and a complex karyotype, and the monosomy 5 group. We were thus unable to confirm the recent suggestion that B-cells are a part of the abnormal clone in MDS with del(5q). Furthermore, true monosomy 5 seems to be rare in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Anderson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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43
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Thiede C, Steudel C, Mohr B, Schaich M, Schäkel U, Platzbecker U, Wermke M, Bornhäuser M, Ritter M, Neubauer A, Ehninger G, Illmer T. Analysis of FLT3-activating mutations in 979 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia: association with FAB subtypes and identification of subgroups with poor prognosis. Blood 2002; 99:4326-35. [PMID: 12036858 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.12.4326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1305] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase, either by internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the juxtamembrane region or by point mutations in the second tyrosine kinase domain (TKD), has been described in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). We analyzed the prevalence and the potential prognostic impact of FLT3 mutations in 979 AML patients. Results were correlated with cytogenetic data and the clinical response. FLT3-ITD mutations were found in 20.4% and FLT3-TKD mutations in 7.7% of the patients. Each mutation was associated with similar clinical characteristics and was more prevalent in patients with normal karyotype. Significantly more FLT3 aberrations were found in patients with FAB M5, and fewer were found in patients with FAB M2 and M6. Although less frequent in patients with cytogenetic aberrations, FLT3-ITDs were found in 13 of 42 patients with t(15;17) and in 9 of 10 patients with t(6;9). The prevalence of the ITD allele on the DNA level was heterogeneous, ranging from faint mutant bands in some patients to predominant mutant bands in others. Based on quantitative analysis, the mutant-wild-type (wt) ratio ranged from 0.03 to 32.56 (median, 0.78). Patients with a high mutant/wt ratio (ie, greater than 0.78) had significantly shorter overall and disease-free survival, whereas survival in patients with ratios below 0.78 did not differ from those without FLT3 aberrations. Multivariate analysis confirmed a high mutant/wt ratio to be a strong independent prognostic factor. Taken together, these data confirm that FLT mutations represent a common alteration in adult AML. Constitutive activation may be associated with monocytoid differentiation. A high mutant/wt ratio in ITD-positive patients appears to have a major impact on the prognostic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thiede
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus der Technischen Universität, Dresden, Germany.
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44
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Mrózek K, Heinonen K, Theil KS, Bloomfield CD. Spectral karyotyping in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and a complex karyotype shows hidden aberrations, including recurrent overrepresentation of 21q, 11q, and 22q. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 34:137-53. [PMID: 11979548 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We used spectral karyotyping (SKY) to study 29 adults with acute myeloid leukemia and a complex karyotype containing one to nine abnormalities that were not fully identifiable by G-banding. SKY showed the origin of rings and unidentified material in unbalanced translocations in all cases and the origin of markers in most, allowing reinterpretation of 136 aberrations and discovery of three aberrations hidden in normal chromosomes. SKY confirmed 10 and refined the interpretation of three balanced aberrations recognized by G-banding and identified another nine balanced aberrations, including a novel translocation involving the RUNX1 gene. Eleven of 32 deletions found by G-banding were shown to be cryptic translocations or insertions, including three of four chromosome 3 deletions, two of three del(7q), and two of 12 del(5q). Of the 92 chromosomes deemed lost entirely by G-banding, 63 (68%) were shown to be involved in structural aberrations. This was especially true for -21 (eight of eight patients), -5 (five of six patients), -20 (seven of nine patients), and -18 (six of 12 patients). Unexpectedly, SKY uncovered a hidden overrepresentation of segments from at least one chromosome in 21 patients. The most frequently overrepresented was 21q, found in eight patients, including four with high-level 21q amplification. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the RUNX1 gene was not the target of amplification in seven of these patients. Also frequently gained were 11q (in seven patients, including three with high-level MLL gene amplification) and 22q (in seven patients). We conclude that SKY considerably enhances the accuracy of karyotype interpretation, and that amplification of chromosomal material may play a greater role in leukemogenesis than has been recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mrózek
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1228, USA.
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45
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Gandini D, De Angeli C, Aguiari G, Manzati E, Lanza F, Pandolfi PP, Cuneo A, Castoldi GL, del Senno L. Preferential expression of the transcription coactivator HTIF1alpha gene in acute myeloid leukemia and MDS-related AML. Leukemia 2002; 16:886-93. [PMID: 11986951 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2000] [Accepted: 12/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
HTIF1alpha, a transcription coactivator which is able to mediate RARalpha activity and functionally interact with PML, is encoded by a gene on chromosome 7q32-34, which is a critical region in acute myeloid leukemias (AML). With the assumption that this gene may be related to AML, we investigated the HTIF1alpha DNA structure and RNA expression in leukemic cells from 36 M1-M5 AML patients (28 "de novo" and eight "secondary" to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)). Abnormal HTIF1alpha DNA fragments were never found, whereas loss of HTIF1alpha DNA was observed in the patients with chromosome 7q32 deletion and translocation, and in one case without detectable chromosome 7 abnormality. HTIF1alpha RNA was found in acute myelocytic leukemic blasts, and was almost undetectable in normal mononuclear cells. The expression varied among the patients: higher in M1 to M3 subtypes, with the highest values in M1; low levels were constantly observed in M4 and M5 AML. In addition, HTIF1alpha was significantly overexpressed in MDS-related AML (MDR-AML), but not in MDS. We also found that HTIF1alpha expression was high in myeloid cell lines. In myeloblastic HL60 and promyelocytic NB4 cells, induced to differentiate along the monocytic-macrophage pathway by TPA or vitamin D3, HTIF1alpha expression decreased, whereas it was maintained at high levels on induction to granulocytic differentiation by RA or DMSO. In K562 cells, HTIF1alpha RNA levels did not change after hemin-induced erythroid differentiation. These results suggest that HTIF1alpha could play a role in myeloid differentiation, being distinctly regulated in hematopoietic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gandini
- Centro di Biotecnologie, Sezione di Studi Biochimici, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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46
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Nanjangud G, Rao PH, Hegde A, Teruya-Feldstein J, Donnelly G, Qin J, Jhanwar SC, Zelenetz AD, Chaganti RSK. Spectral karyotyping identifies new rearrangements, translocations, and clinical associations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2002; 99:2554-61. [PMID: 11895793 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.7.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a histologically well-defined subset of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is clinically and genetically heterogenous. By G-banding, most cases showed complex hyperdiploid karyotypes and diverse cytogenetic abnormalities that included recurring and nonrecurring translocations, deletions, duplications, and marker chromosomes. While G-banding provided valuable leads to identification of specific rearrangements that enabled gene discovery and clinical correlations, many aberrations remained uncharacterized because of their complexity. The molecular cytogenetic technique spectral karyotyping (SKY), on the other hand, enables complete characterization of all aberrations in a tumor cell karyotype and, hence, precise quantitation of chromosome instability. We report here, for the first time, SKY analysis of a panel of 46 DLBCL cases previously analyzed by G-banding, ascertained at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. This analysis provided a cytogenetic profile of DLBCL that was characterized by a higher level of instability, qualitatively as well as quantitatively, compared with G-banding. Thus, 551 breakpoints were detected by SKY, in contrast to the 295 by G-banding. Several new recurring breakpoints, translocations, and regions of gain and loss were identified, which included 13 breakpoints not previously identified by G-banding, 10 breakpoints that were underrepresented by G-banding, and 4 previously unrecognized translocations: der(14)t(3;14)(q21;q32), t(1;13)(p32;q14), t(1;7)(q21;q22), and der(6)t(6;8)(q11;q11). We identified new clinical associations involving recurring breakpoints detected by SKY. These studies emphasize the value of SKY analysis for redefinition of chromosomal instability in DLBCL to enhance gene discovery as well as clinical correlation analysis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouri Nanjangud
- Cell Biology Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Kelly L, Clark J, Gilliland DG. Comprehensive genotypic analysis of leukemia: clinical and therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Oncol 2002; 14:10-8. [PMID: 11790974 DOI: 10.1097/00001622-200201000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, the application of a spectrum of cytogenetic and molecular diagnostic techniques has dramatically improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of leukemia. These techniques include chromosomal translocations visualized by G-banding techniques, fluorescence in-situ hybridization, spectral karyotyping, comparative genomic hybridization, loss of heterozygosity analysis, and characterization of point mutations by DNA sequence analysis. We will review the application of these techniques, update novel findings utilizing these techniques over the past year as they apply to specific leukemias, and review the clinical and therapeutic implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Kelly
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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48
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Van Limbergen H, Poppe B, Michaux L, Herens C, Brown J, Noens L, Berneman Z, De Bock R, De Paepe A, Speleman F. Identification of cytogenetic subclasses and recurring chromosomal aberrations in AML and MDS with complex karyotypes using M-FISH. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 33:60-72. [PMID: 11746988 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex chromosomal aberrations (CCAs) can be detected in a substantial proportion of AML and MDS patients, de novo as well as secondary or therapy-related, and are associated with an adverse prognosis. Comprehensive analysis of the chromosomal rearrangements in these complex karyotypes has been hampered by the limitations of conventional cytogenetics. As a result, our knowledge concerning the cytogenetics of these malignancies is sparse. Here we describe a multiplex-FISH (M-FISH) study of CCAs in 36 patients with AML and MDS. M-FISH generated a genome-wide analysis of chromosomal aberrations in CCAs, establishing several cytogenetic subgroups. -5/5q- was demonstrated in the majority of patients (86%). Other rearrangements (present with or without -5/5q-) included: deletion of 7q (47%), 3q rearrangements (19%), and MLL copy gain or amplification (17%). These genetic subgroups seem to display biological heterogeneity: MLL copy gain or amplification in association with 5q- was detected only in AML patients and was significantly associated with extremely short survival (median overall survival: 30 days, P = 0.0102). A partially cryptic t(4;5)(q31;q31), a balanced t(1;8)(p31;q22), and an unbalanced der(7)t(7;14)(q21;q13) were detected as possible new recurrent rearrangements in association with CCAs. Novel reciprocal translocations included t(5;11)(q33;p15)del(5)(q13q31) and t(3;6)(q26;q25). We conclude that AML and MDS with CCAs can be subdivided into molecular cytogenetic subclasses, which could reflect different clinical behavior and prognosis, and that three recurrent chromosomal aberrations are associated with karyotype complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Van Limbergen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Odero MD, Carlson KM, Calasanz MJ, Rowley JD. Further characterization of complex chromosomal rearrangements in myeloid malignancies: spectral karyotyping adds precision in defining abnormalities associated with poor prognosis. Leukemia 2001; 15:1133-6. [PMID: 11455985 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Abstract
Cytogenetic abnormalities are seen in approximately 50% of cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and 80% of cases of secondary MDS (following chemotherapy or radiotherapy). These abnormalities generally consist of partial or complete chromosome deletion or addition (del5q, -7, +8, -Y, del20q), whereas balanced or unbalanced translocations are rarely found in MDS. Fluorescence hybridization techniques (fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH], multiplex FISH, and spectral karyotyping) are useful in detecting chromosomal anomalies in cases in which few mitoses are obtained or rearrangements are complex. Ras mutations are the molecular abnormalities most frequently found in MDS, followed by p15 gene hypermethylation, FLT3 duplications, and p53 mutations, but none of these abnormalities are specific for MDS. The rare cases of balanced translocations in MDS have allowed the identification of genes whose rearrangements appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of some cases of MDS. These genes include MDS1-EVI1 in t(3;3) or t(3;21) translocations, TEL in t(5;12), HIP1 in t(5;7), MLF1 in t(3;5), and MEL1 in t(1;3). Genes more frequently implicated in the pathogenesis of MDS cases, such as those involving del5q, remain unknown, although some candidate genes are currently being studied. Cytogenetic and known molecular abnormalities generally carry a poor prognosis in MDS and can be incorporated into prognostic scoring systems such as the International Prognostic Scoring System.
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